1
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Wang B, Zhou Z, Zhou JM, Li J. Myosin XI-mediated BIK1 recruitment to nanodomains facilitates FLS2-BIK1 complex formation during innate immunity in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312415121. [PMID: 38875149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312415121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on immune receptor complexes at the cell surface to perceive microbial molecules and transduce these signals into the cell to regulate immunity. Various immune receptors and associated proteins are often dynamically distributed in specific nanodomains on the plasma membrane (PM). However, the exact molecular mechanism and functional relevance of this nanodomain targeting in plant immunity regulation remain largely unknown. By utilizing high spatiotemporal resolution imaging and single-particle tracking analysis, we show that myosin XIK interacts with remorin to recruit and stabilize PM-associated kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) within immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2)-containing nanodomains. This recruitment facilitates FLS2/BIK1 complex formation, leading to the full activation of BIK1-dependent defense responses upon ligand perception. Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence that myosin XI functions as a molecular scaffold to enable a spatially confined complex assembly within nanodomains. This ensures the presence of a sufficient quantity of preformed immune receptor complex for efficient signaling transduction from the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572024, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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2
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Safaeizadeh M, Boller T, Becker C. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana response to AtPep1 and flg22, reveals the identification of PP2-B13 and ACLP1 as new members in pattern-triggered immunity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297124. [PMID: 38833485 PMCID: PMC11149889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, a high-throughput RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis technique (RNA-Seq) was used to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the wild type Arabidopsis seedlings in response to AtPep1, a well-known peptide representing an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and flg22, a well-known microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). We compared and dissected the global transcriptional landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to AtPep1 and flg22 and could identify shared and unique DEGs in response to these elicitors. We found that while a remarkable number of flg22 up-regulated genes were also induced by AtPep1, 256 genes were exclusively up-regulated in response to flg22, and 328 were exclusively up-regulated in response to AtPep1. Furthermore, among down-regulated DEGs upon flg22 treatment, 107 genes were exclusively down-regulated by flg22 treatment, while 411 genes were exclusively down-regulated by AtPep1. We found a number of hitherto overlooked genes to be induced upon treatment with either flg22 or with AtPep1, indicating their possible involvement general pathways in innate immunity. Here, we characterized two of them, namely PP2-B13 and ACLP1. pp2-b13 and aclp1 mutants showed increased susceptibility to infection by the virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and its mutant Pst DC3000 hrcC (lacking the type III secretion system), as evidenced by increased proliferation of the two pathogens in planta. Further, we present evidence that the aclp1 mutant is deficient in ethylene production upon flg22 treatment, while the pp2-b13 mutant is deficient in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results from this research provide new information for a better understanding of the immune system in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Safaeizadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Becker
- LMU Biocentre, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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3
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Logistics of defense: The contribution of endomembranes to plant innate immunity. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307066. [PMID: 38551496 PMCID: PMC10982075 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens cause plant diseases that threaten food security. Unlike mammals, plants lack an adaptive immune system and rely on their innate immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens. Plant response to a pathogen attack requires precise coordination of intracellular traffic and signaling. Spatial and/or temporal defects in coordinating signals and cargo can lead to detrimental effects on cell development. The role of intracellular traffic comes into a critical focus when the cell sustains biotic stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the post-immune activation logistics of plant defense. Specifically, we focus on packaging and shipping of defense-related cargo, rerouting of intracellular traffic, the players enabling defense-related traffic, and pathogen-mediated subversion of these pathways. We highlight the roles of the cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton-organelle bridging proteins, and secretory vesicles in maintaining pathways of exocytic defense, acting as sentinels during pathogen attack, and the necessary elements for building the cell wall as a barrier to pathogens. We also identify points of convergence between mammalian and plant trafficking pathways during defense and highlight plant unique responses to illustrate evolutionary adaptations that plants have undergone to resist biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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4
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Wang Q, Cang X, Yan H, Zhang Z, Li W, He J, Zhang M, Lou L, Wang R, Chang M. Activating plant immunity: the hidden dance of intracellular Ca 2+ stores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2430-2439. [PMID: 38586981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as a versatile and conserved second messenger in orchestrating immune responses. In plants, plasma membrane-localized Ca2+-permeable channels can be activated to induce Ca2+ influx from extracellular space to cytosol upon pathogen infection. Notably, different immune elicitors can induce dynamic Ca2+ signatures in the cytosol. During pattern-triggered immunity, there is a rapid and transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+, whereas in effector-triggered immunity, the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is strong and sustained. Numerous Ca2+ sensors are localized in the cytosol or different intracellular organelles, which are responsible for detecting and converting Ca2+ signals. In fact, Ca2+ signaling coordinated by cytosol and subcellular compartments plays a crucial role in activating plant immune responses. However, the complete Ca2+ signaling network in plant cells is still largely ambiguous. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the collaborative role of intracellular Ca2+ stores in shaping the Ca2+ signaling network during plant immunity, and several intriguing questions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Laiqing Lou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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5
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Naveed ZA, Jamil M, Asif N, Waqas M, Ajaz S, Khan SH. Cross-regulation of cytoskeleton and calcium signaling at plant-pathogen interface. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111100. [PMID: 38360248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, cytoskeleton and calcium signaling work independently as well as in coordination with each other for developing preformed and induced defense responses. A cell wall (CW) - plasma membrane (PM) - cytoskeleton (CS) continuum is maintained by coordination of cytoskeleton and calcium signaling. The current review is focused on the current knowledge of cytoskeleton‑calcium cross-regulation during plant-pathogen interactions. Implications of recent technological developments in the existing toolkit that can address the outstanding questions of cytoskeleton‑calcium coordination plant immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Jamil
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Asif
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ajaz
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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6
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Gao X, Yang B, Zhang J, Wang C, Ren H, Fu Y, Yang Z. PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 maintains actin microfilament integrity to regulate pavement cell morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:356-369. [PMID: 38227494 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Actin dynamics are critical for plant cell morphogenesis, but the underlying signaling mechanisms regulating these dynamics are not well understood. Here, we established that PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 (PRL1) modulates leaf pavement cell (PC) morphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of actin microfilaments (MF). Our previous studies indicated that PC shape was determined by antagonistic RHO-RELATED GTPase FROM PLANTS 2 (ROP2) and RHO-RELATED GTPase FROM PLANTS 6 (ROP6) signaling pathways that promote cortical MF and microtubule organization, respectively. Our genetic screen for additional components in ROP6-mediated signaling identified prl1 alleles. Genetic analysis confirmed that PRL1 plays a key role in PC morphogenesis. Mutations in PRL1 caused cortical MF depolymerization, resulting in defective PC morphogenesis. Further genetic analysis revealed that PRL1 is epistatic to ROP2 and ROP6 in PC morphogenesis. Mutations in PRL1 enhanced the effects of ROP2 and ROP6 in PC morphogenesis, leading to a synergistic phenotype in the PCs of ROP2 prl1 and ROP6 prl1. Furthermore, the activities of ROP2 and ROP6 were differentially altered in prl1 mutants, suggesting that ROP2 and ROP6 function downstream of PRL1. Additionally, cortical MF depolymerization in prl1 mutants occurred independently of ROP2 and ROP6, implying that these proteins impact PC morphogenesis in the prl1 mutant through other cellular processes. Our research indicates that PRL1 preserves the structural integrity of actin and facilitates pavement cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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7
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Xu L, Cao L, Li J, Staiger CJ. Cooperative actin filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and formins maintains the homeostatic cortical array in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:764-789. [PMID: 38057163 PMCID: PMC10896301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over how and where actin filaments are created leads to the construction of unique cytoskeletal arrays within a common cytoplasm. Actin filament nucleators are key players in this activity and include the conserved actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex as well as a large family of formins. In some eukaryotic cells, these nucleators compete for a common pool of actin monomers and loss of one favors the activity of the other. To test whether this mechanism is conserved, we combined the ability to image single filament dynamics in the homeostatic cortical actin array of living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal cells with genetic and/or small molecule inhibitor approaches to stably or acutely disrupt nucleator activity. We found that Arp2/3 mutants or acute CK-666 treatment markedly reduced the frequency of side-branched nucleation events as well as overall actin filament abundance. We also confirmed that plant formins contribute to side-branched filament nucleation in vivo. Surprisingly, simultaneous inhibition of both classes of nucleator increased overall actin filament abundance and enhanced the frequency of de novo nucleation events by an unknown mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple actin nucleation mechanisms cooperate to generate and maintain the homeostatic cortical array of plant epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- EMBRIO Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Hsiao AS. Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation: From Late Embryogenesis Abundant to Other Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1178. [PMID: 38256256 PMCID: PMC10816898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Global climate change has caused severe abiotic and biotic stresses, affecting plant growth and food security. The mechanical understanding of plant stress responses is critical for achieving sustainable agriculture. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are a group of proteins without unique three-dimensional structures. The environmental sensitivity and structural flexibility of IDPs contribute to the growth and developmental plasticity for sessile plants to deal with environmental challenges. This article discusses the roles of various disordered proteins in plant stress tolerance and resistance, describes the current mechanistic insights into unstructured proteins such as the disorder-to-order transition for adopting secondary structures to interact with specific partners (i.e., cellular membranes, membrane proteins, metal ions, and DNA), and elucidates the roles of liquid-liquid phase separation driven by protein disorder in stress responses. By comparing IDP studies in animal systems, this article provides conceptual principles of plant protein disorder in stress adaptation, reveals the current research gaps, and advises on the future research direction. The highlighting of relevant unanswered questions in plant protein disorder research aims to encourage more studies on these emerging topics to understand the mechanisms of action behind their stress resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Shan Hsiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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9
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Kim P, Mahboob S, Nguyen HT, Eastman S, Fiala O, Sousek M, Gaussoin RE, Brungardt JL, Jackson-Ziems TA, Roston R, Alfano JR, Clemente TE, Guo M. Characterization of Soybean Events with Enhanced Expression of the Microtubule-Associated Protein 65-1 (MAP65-1). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:62-71. [PMID: 37889205 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0134-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 65-1 (MAP65-1) protein plays an essential role in plant cellular dynamics through impacting stabilization of the cytoskeleton by serving as a crosslinker of microtubules. The role of MAP65-1 in plants has been associated with phenotypic outcomes in response to various environmental stresses. The Arabidopsis MAP65-1 (AtMAP65-1) is a known virulence target of plant bacterial pathogens and is thus a component of plant immunity. Soybean events were generated that carry transgenic alleles for both AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1, the soybean AtMAP65-1 homolog, under control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Both AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1 transgenic soybeans are more resistant to challenges by the soybean bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae, but not the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Soybean plants expressing AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1 also display a tolerance to the herbicide oryzalin, which has a mode of action to destabilize microtubules. In addition, GmMAP65-1-expressing soybean plants show reduced cytosol ion leakage under freezing conditions, hinting that ectopic expression of GmMAP65-1 may enhance cold tolerance in soybean. Taken together, overexpression of AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1 confers tolerance of soybean plants to various biotic and abiotic stresses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panya Kim
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Samira Mahboob
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Olivia Fiala
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Sousek
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Roch E Gaussoin
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Jae L Brungardt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Tamra A Jackson-Ziems
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Roston
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - James R Alfano
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A. (deceased)
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Jiménez-Guerrero I, Sonawane M, Eckshtain-Levi N, Tuang ZK, da Silva GM, Pérez-Montaño F, Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Noda-Garcia L, Bar M, Burdman S. Natural variation in a short region of the Acidovorax citrulli type III-secreted effector AopW1 is associated with differences in cytotoxicity and host adaptation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:516-540. [PMID: 37864805 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch, caused by Acidovorax citrulli, is a serious disease of melon and watermelon. The strains of the pathogen belong to two major genetic groups: group I strains are strongly associated with melon, while group II strains are more aggressive on watermelon. A. citrulli secretes many protein effectors to the host cell via the type III secretion system. Here we characterized AopW1, an effector that shares similarity to the actin cytoskeleton-disrupting effector HopW1 of Pseudomonas syringae and with effectors from other plant-pathogenic bacterial species. AopW1 has a highly variable region (HVR) within amino acid positions 147 to 192, showing 14 amino acid differences between group I and II variants. We show that group I AopW1 is more toxic to yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana cells than group II AopW1, having stronger actin filament disruption activity, and increased ability to induce cell death and reduce callose deposition. We further demonstrated the importance of some amino acid positions within the HVR for AopW1 cytotoxicity. Cellular analyses revealed that AopW1 also localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and plant endosomes. We also show that overexpression of the endosome-associated protein EHD1 attenuates AopW1-induced cell death and increases defense responses. Finally, we show that sequence variation in AopW1 plays a significant role in the adaptation of group I and II strains to their preferred hosts, melon and watermelon, respectively. This study provides new insights into the HopW1 family of bacterial effectors and provides first evidence on the involvement of EHD1 in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez-Guerrero
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monica Sonawane
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Eckshtain-Levi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Za Khai Tuang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gustavo Mateus da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francisco Pérez-Montaño
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Lianet Noda-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Hlaváčková K, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Cytoskeleton as a roadmap navigating rhizobia to establish symbiotic root nodulation in legumes. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108263. [PMID: 37775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter into symbiotic associations with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, culminating in the creation of new organs, root nodules. This complex process relies on chemical and physical interaction between legumes and rhizobia, including early signalling events informing the host legume plant of a potentially beneficial microbe and triggering the nodulation program. The great significance of this plant-microbe interaction rests upon conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen not accessible to plants into a biologically active form of ammonia available to plants. The plant cytoskeleton consists in a highly dynamic network and undergoes rapid remodelling upon sensing various developmental and environmental cues, including response to attachment, internalization, and accommodation of rhizobia in plant root and nodule cells. This dynamic nature is governed by cytoskeleton-associated proteins that modulate cytoskeletal behaviour depending on signal perception and transduction. Precisely localized cytoskeletal rearrangements are therefore essential for the uptake of rhizobia, their targeted delivery, and establishing beneficial root nodule symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about rhizobia-dependent rearrangements and functions of the cytoskeleton in legume roots and nodules. General patterns and nodule type-, nodule stage-, and species-specific aspects of actin filaments and microtubules remodelling are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence is provided about fine-tuning the root nodulation process through cytoskeleton-associated proteins. We also consider future perspectives on dynamic localization studies of the cytoskeleton during early symbiosis utilizing state of the art molecular and advanced microscopy approaches. Based on acquired detailed knowledge of the mutualistic interactions with microbes, these approaches could contribute to broader biotechnological crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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12
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Bhandari DD, Ko DK, Kim SJ, Nomura K, He SY, Brandizzi F. Defense against phytopathogens relies on efficient antimicrobial protein secretion mediated by the microtubule-binding protein TGNap1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6357. [PMID: 37821453 PMCID: PMC10567756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on the secretion of antimicrobial proteins, which occurs through yet-largely unknown mechanisms. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), a hub for intracellular and extracellular trafficking pathways, and the cytoskeleton, which is required for antimicrobial protein secretion, are emerging as pathogen targets to dampen plant immunity. In this work, we demonstrate that tgnap1-2, a loss-of-function mutant of Arabidopsis TGNap1, a TGN-associated and microtubule (MT)-binding protein, is susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae (Pst DC3000). Pst DC3000 infected tgnap1-2 is capable of mobilizing defense pathways, accumulating salicylic acid (SA), and expressing antimicrobial proteins. The susceptibility of tgnap1-2 is due to a failure to efficiently transport antimicrobial proteins to the apoplast in a partially MT-dependent pathway but independent from SA and is additive to the pathogen-antagonizing MIN7, a TGN-associated ARF-GEF protein. Therefore, our data demonstrate that plant immunity relies on TGNap1 for secretion of antimicrobial proteins, and that TGNap1 is a key immunity element that functionally links secretion and cytoskeleton in SA-independent pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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13
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Stephan OOH. Effects of environmental stress factors on the actin cytoskeleton of fungi and plants: Ionizing radiation and ROS. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:330-355. [PMID: 37066976 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an abundant and multifaceted protein in eukaryotic cells that has been detected in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. In cooperation with numerous interacting accessory-proteins, monomeric actin (G-actin) polymerizes into microfilaments (F-actin) which constitute ubiquitous subcellular higher order structures. Considering the extensive spatial dimensions and multifunctionality of actin superarrays, the present study analyses the issue if and to what extent environmental stress factors, specifically ionizing radiation (IR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affect the cellular actin-entity. In that context, this review particularly surveys IR-response of fungi and plants. It examines in detail which actin-related cellular constituents and molecular pathways are influenced by IR and related ROS. This comprehensive survey concludes that the general integrity of the total cellular actin cytoskeleton is a requirement for IR-tolerance. Actin's functions in genome organization and nuclear events like chromatin remodeling, DNA-repair, and transcription play a key role. Beyond that, it is highly significant that the macromolecular cytoplasmic and cortical actin-frameworks are affected by IR as well. In response to IR, actin-filament bundling proteins (fimbrins) are required to stabilize cables or patches. In addition, the actin-associated factors mediating cellular polarity are essential for IR-survivability. Moreover, it is concluded that a cellular homeostasis system comprising ROS, ROS-scavengers, NADPH-oxidases, and the actin cytoskeleton plays an essential role here. Consequently, besides the actin-fraction which controls crucial genome-integrity, also the portion which facilitates orderly cellular transport and polarized growth has to be maintained in order to survive IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, 91058, Germany
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14
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Li WB, Song SW, Zhong MM, Liu LG, Su L, Han LB, Xia GX, Sun YD, Wang HY. VILLIN2 regulates cotton defense against Verticillium dahliae by modulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:666-679. [PMID: 36881883 PMCID: PMC10152694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The active structural change of actin cytoskeleton is a general host response upon pathogen attack. This study characterized the function of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) actin-binding protein VILLIN2 (GhVLN2) in host defense against the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that GhVLN2 possessed actin-binding, -bundling, and -severing activities. A low concentration of GhVLN2 could shift its activity from actin bundling to actin severing in the presence of Ca2+. Knockdown of GhVLN2 expression by virus-induced gene silencing reduced the extent of actin filament bundling and interfered with the growth of cotton plants, resulting in the formation of twisted organs and brittle stems with a decreased cellulose content of the cell wall. Upon V. dahliae infection, the expression of GhVLN2 was downregulated in root cells, and silencing of GhVLN2 enhanced the disease tolerance of cotton plants. The actin bundles were less abundant in root cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants than in control plants. However, upon infection by V. dahliae, the number of actin filaments and bundles in the cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants was raised to a comparable level as those in control plants, with the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton appearing several hours in advance. GhVLN2-silenced plants exhibited a higher incidence of actin filament cleavage in the presence of Ca2+, suggesting that pathogen-responsive downregulation of GhVLN2 could activate its actin-severing activity. These data indicate that the regulated expression and functional shift of GhVLN2 contribute to modulating the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in host immune responses against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang-Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lan-Gong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Hsiao AS, Huang JY. Microtubule Regulation in Plants: From Morphological Development to Stress Adaptation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040627. [PMID: 37189374 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. This article summarizes the recent progress in plant MT studies from morphological development to stress responses, discusses the latest techniques applied, and encourages more research into plant MT regulation.
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16
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Wang B, Zou M, Pan Q, Li J. Analysis of Actin Array Rearrangement During the Plant Response to Bacterial Stimuli. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:263-270. [PMID: 36773241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to various environmental stresses, among which, microbial pathogens are one of the major threats. Studies have shown that the host actin cytoskeleton undergoes active rearrangement during the plant-microbe interaction. This actin remodeling is required for plant resistance to bacterial infection. In this chapter, we introduce a protocol routinely used in our laboratory to investigate actin dynamics in response to bacterial cues. We describe the bacterial inoculation methods, plant sample preparation, and imaging techniques used to monitor actin responses in different Arabidopsis cell types including epidermal cells from light-grown leaves and dark-grown hypocotyls, as well as guard cells. We further introduce a high-throughput image analysis method for quantifying cytoskeletal changes. This protocol has allowed us to dissect the host cell contribution to actin remodeling and identify actin-binding proteins as stimulus-response regulators of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Kumar S, Jeevaraj T, Yunus MH, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. The plant cytoskeleton takes center stage in abiotic stress responses and resilience. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:5-22. [PMID: 36151598 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stress resilience behaviours in plants are defensive mechanisms that develop under adverse environmental conditions to promote growth, development and yield. Over the past decades, improving stress resilience, especially in crop species, has been a focus of intense research for global food security and economic growth. Plants have evolved specific mechanisms to sense external stress and transmit information to the cell interior and generate appropriate responses. Plant cytoskeleton, comprising microtubules and actin filaments, takes a center stage in stress-induced signalling pathways, either as a direct target or as a signal transducer. In the past few years, it has become apparent that the function of the plant cytoskeleton and other associated proteins are not merely limited to elementary processes of cell growth and proliferation, but they also function in stress response and resilience. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of plant cytoskeleton and associated proteins in abiotic stress management. We provide a thorough overview of the mechanisms that plant cells employ to withstand different abiotic stimuli such as hypersalinity, dehydration, high temperature and cold, among others. We also discuss the crucial role of the plant cytoskeleton in organellar positioning under the influence of high light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Theboral Jeevaraj
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd H Yunus
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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18
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Jiang Y, Ding P. Calcium signaling in plant immunity: a spatiotemporally controlled symphony. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:74-89. [PMID: 36504136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are prominent intracellular messengers in all eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have emphasized the crucial roles of Ca2+ in plant immunity. Here, we review the latest progress on the spatiotemporal control of Ca2+ function in plant immunity. We discuss discoveries of how Ca2+ influx is triggered upon the activation of immune receptors, how Ca2+-permeable channels are activated, how Ca2+ signals are decoded inside plant cells, and how these signals are switched off. Despite recent advances, many open questions remain and we highlight the existing toolkit and the new technologies to address the outstanding questions of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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19
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The Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity: Dynamics, Regulation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415553. [PMID: 36555194 PMCID: PMC9779068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, coordinating the formation of microdomain immune complexes, the dynamic and turnover of pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs), the movement and aggregation of organelles, and the transportation of defense compounds, thus serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. Recent findings have uncovered several cytoskeleton-associated proteins mediating cytoskeletal remodeling and defense signaling. Furthermore, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is revealed to further feedback-regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and trigger salicylic acid (SA) signaling, suggesting an extremely complex role of the cytoskeleton in plant immunity. Here, we describe recent advances in understanding the host cytoskeleton dynamics upon sensing pathogens and summarize the effectors that target the cytoskeleton. We highlight advances in the regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling associated with the defense response and assess the important function of the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the immune response. Finally, we propose suggestions for future research in this area.
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20
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Aphelenchoides besseyi Ab-FAR-1 Interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana AtADF3 to Interfere with Actin Cytoskeleton, and Promotes Nematode Parasitism and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012280. [PMID: 36293146 PMCID: PMC9603084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid and retinol binding proteins (FAR) are unique proteins found in nematodes and are considered potential targets for controlling these parasites. However, their functions in nematode parasitism and pathogenicity and interaction with hosts are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific roles of rice white tip nematodes (RWTNs), Aphelenchoides besseyi, and a protein, Ab-FAR-1, to elucidate the parasitic and pathogenic processes of nematodes. The results showed that the expression level of Ab-far-1 was significantly up-regulated after A. besseyi infection of the plant. The immunofluorescence and subcellular localisation showed that Ab-FAR-1 was secreted into plant tissues mainly through the body wall of nematodes and might act in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. The pathogenicity of RWTNs was enhanced in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and inhibited in Ab-far-1 RNAi A. thaliana. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, BiFC, and nematode inoculation experiments showed that Ab-FAR-1 could interact with the A. thaliana actin-depolymerizing factor protein AtADF3, and the A. thaliana adf3 mutant was more susceptible to nematodes. An in vitro actin filament depolymerisation assay demonstrated that Ab-FAR-1 could inhibit AtADF3-mediated depolymerisation of actin filaments, and the turnover process of cellular actin filaments was also affected in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1. In addition, flg22-mediated host defence responses were suppressed in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and adf3 mutants. Therefore, this study confirmed that RWTNs can affect the turnover of actin filament remodelling mediated by AtADF3 through Ab-FAR-1 secretion and thus inhibit plant PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), promoting the parasitism and pathogenicity of nematodes.
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21
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Gao P, Qin L, Nguyen H, Sheng H, Quilichini TD, Xiang D, Kochian LV, Wei Y, Datla R. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9-generated diallelic mutants reveal Arabidopsis actin-related protein 2 function in the trafficking of syntaxin PEN1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934002. [PMID: 36204067 PMCID: PMC9531028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in defense against diverse pathogens. The formation of actin patches is essential for the intracellular transport of organelles and molecules toward pathogen penetration sites and the formation of papillae for an early cellular response to powdery mildew attack in Arabidopsis thaliana. This response process is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR complex (W/SRC). The ARP2/3 complex is also required for maintaining steady-state levels of the defense-associated protein, PENETRATION 1 (PEN1), at the plasma membrane and for its deposition into papillae. However, specific ARP2 functionalities in this context remain unresolved, as knockout mutants expressing GFP-PEN1 reporter constructs could not be obtained by conventional crossing approaches. In this study, employing a CRISPR/Cas9 multiplexing-mediated genome editing approach, we produced an ARP2 knockout expressing the GFP-PEN1 marker in Arabidopsis. This study successfully identified diallelic somatic mutations with both ARP2 alleles edited among the primary T1 transgenic plants, and also obtained independent lines with stable arp2/arp2 mutations in the T2 generation. Further analyses on these arp2/arp2 mutants showed similar biological functions of ARP2 to ARP3 in the accumulation of PEN1 against fungal invasion. Together, this CRISPR/Cas9-based approach offers highly efficient simultaneous disruption of the two ARP2 alleles in GFP-PEN1-expressing lines, and a rapid method for performing live-cell imaging to facilitate the investigation of important plant-pathogen interactions using a well-established and widely applied GFP marker system, thus gaining insights and elucidating the contributions of ARP2 upon fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Li Qin
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Huajin Sheng
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Teagen D. Quilichini
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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22
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Guan P, Schmidt F, Fischer J, Riemann M, Thines E, Nick P. The fungal elicitor eutypine from Eutypa lata activates basal immunity through its phenolic side chains. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac120. [PMID: 35928402 PMCID: PMC9343913 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) affect grape production and reduce vineyard longevity worldwide. Since the causative fungi also occur in asymptomatic trunks, we address disease outbreak in terms of altered chemical communication between host and endophyte. Here, we identified four chemically similar secondary metabolites secreted by the GTD-associated fungus Eutypa lata to analyse their modes of action in a grapevine cell culture of Vitis rupestris, where microtubules were tagged by GFP. Treatment with the metabolite eutypine activated defence responses, evident from extracellular alkalinisation and induction of defence genes. Eutypinol, instead, eliminated microtubules, in contrast to the other three compounds. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of four corresponding chemical analogues of these compounds, sharing the phenolic but lacking the alkyne moiety. These analogues were able to induce similar defence responses in V. rupestris cells, albeit at reduced amplitude. Since closely related moieties differing only in details of the side groups at the phenolic ring differ significantly with respect to the response of the host cell, we propose that these fungal compounds act through a specific binding site at the membrane of grapevine cells. We corroborate this specificity by combination experiments, where the eutypine and the eutypinol analogues behave competitively with respect to the elicited responses. In summary, Eutypa lata secretes compounds that elicit host defence in a specific manner by interfering with early events of immunity signalling. This supports the notion that a real understanding of GTDs has to address inter-organismic chemical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Ma Z, Zhu K, Gao Y, Tan S, Miao Y. Molecular condensation and mechanoregulation of plant class I formin, an integrin‐like actin nucleator. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yong‐Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Suet‐Mien Tan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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24
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Baez LA, Tichá T, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity regulation across plant species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:483-504. [PMID: 35674976 PMCID: PMC9213367 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as ensure containment of turgor. Recently evidence has accumulated that a dedicated mechanism exists in plants, which is monitoring the functional integrity of cell walls and initiates adaptive responses to maintain integrity in case it is impaired during growth, development or exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The available evidence indicates that detection of impairment involves mechano-perception, while reactive oxygen species and phytohormone-based signaling processes play key roles in translating signals generated and regulating adaptive responses. More recently it has also become obvious that the mechanisms mediating cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern triggered immunity are interacting with each other to modulate the adaptive responses to biotic stress and cell wall integrity impairment. Here we will review initially our current knowledge regarding the mode of action of the maintenance mechanism, discuss mechanisms mediating responses to biotic stresses and highlight how both mechanisms may modulate adaptive responses. This first part will be focused on Arabidopsis thaliana since most of the relevant knowledge derives from this model organism. We will then proceed to provide perspective to what extent the relevant molecular mechanisms are conserved in other plant species and close by discussing current knowledge of the transcriptional machinery responsible for controlling the adaptive responses using selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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25
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Singh Y, Verma PK. Guiding the guards: MPK3/6-VLN3 module regulating stomatal defense. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:513-515. [PMID: 35279364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomata offer an effortless opportunity for pathogens to enter host plants and exploit that resource. Upon pathogen attack, stomatal closure is a commonly observed response to prevent microbial invasion. A recent study by Zou et al. shows that stomatal closure following exposure to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) is mediated by altered actin dynamics in an MPK3/6 phosphorylation- and VLN3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshveer Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi 110067, India; Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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26
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Li L, Du C, Wang L, Lai M, Fan H. Exogenous melatonin improves the resistance to cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13724. [PMID: 35611707 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans (Psl) is a bacterial pathogen that causes cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot (BALS). It is known that melatonin (MT), as a pleiotropic signal molecule, can improve plant stress tolerance, but less information is available about the function of MT on plant resistance to bacteria disease. Here, we investigated the effect of MT on cucumber BALS. Our results show that MT inhibited the bacteria Psl growth significantly in vitro and attenuated cucumber BALS remarkably in vivo. The concentration of bacteria in leaves treated with 0.1 mM MT was approximately 10,000 times reduced at 5 days-post-inoculation (dpi), compared to the control without MT. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 225 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced in leaves after just MT treatment for 3 h. The functions of these DEGs were mainly associated with hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and photosynthesis, suggesting that MT could regulate plant growth and induce plant immunity. Moreover, 665 DEGs were induced when leaves were treated with exogenous MT in combination with the bacteria inoculation for 12 h. The functions of these DEGs were much related to plant-pathogen interaction, hormone signal transduction, and amino acids biosynthesis pathways. Many MT-induced DEGs were involved in some distinct signal transduction pathways, such as calmodulin (CaM), polyamines (PAs), nitric oxide (NO), and salicylic acid (SA). The physiological analysis shows that exogenous MT spray reduced the stomatal aperture and enhanced the activities of antioxidant and defense enzymes, which were in consistent with the results of the transcriptome analysis. In addition, MT may function in regulating the metabolic balance between plant growth and defense. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MT could alleviate the cucumber BALS via inhibiting propagation and invasion of Psl, activating plant signaling, enhancing antioxidative and defense systems, inducing stress-related genes expression, and regulating the plant growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changxia Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengxia Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaifu Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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27
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Ku YS, Cheng SS, Ng MS, Chung G, Lam HM. The Tiny Companion Matters: The Important Role of Protons in Active Transports in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052824. [PMID: 35269965 PMCID: PMC8911182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the translocation of molecules, such as ions, metabolites, and hormones, between different subcellular compartments or different cells is achieved by transmembrane transporters, which play important roles in growth, development, and adaptation to the environment. To facilitate transport in a specific direction, active transporters that can translocate their substrates against the concentration gradient are needed. Examples of major active transporters in plants include ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters, monosaccharide transporters (MSTs), sucrose transporters (SUTs), and amino acid transporters. Transport via ABC transporters is driven by ATP. The electrochemical gradient across the membrane energizes these secondary transporters. The pH in each cell and subcellular compartment is tightly regulated and yet highly dynamic, especially when under stress. Here, the effects of cellular and subcellular pH on the activities of ABC transporters, MATE transporters, MSTs, SUTs, and amino acid transporters will be discussed to enhance our understanding of their mechanics. The relation of the altered transporter activities to various biological processes of plants will also be addressed. Although most molecular transport research has focused on the substrate, the role of protons, the tiny counterparts of the substrate, should also not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-S.C.); (M.-S.N.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-S.K.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +852-3943-8132 (Y.-S.K.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-S.C.); (M.-S.N.)
| | - Ming-Sin Ng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-S.C.); (M.-S.N.)
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea;
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-S.C.); (M.-S.N.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-S.K.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +852-3943-8132 (Y.-S.K.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
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28
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Cao L, Wang W, Zhang W, Staiger CJ. Lipid Signaling Requires ROS Production to Elicit Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling during Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052447. [PMID: 35269589 PMCID: PMC8910749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial plants a basal innate immune system, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), has evolved to limit infection by diverse microbes. The remodeling of actin cytoskeletal arrays is now recognized as a key hallmark event during the rapid host cellular responses to pathogen attack. Several actin binding proteins have been demonstrated to fine tune the dynamics of actin filaments during this process. However, the upstream signals that stimulate actin remodeling during PTI signaling remain poorly characterized. Two second messengers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphatidic acid (PA), are elevated following pathogen perception or microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) treatment, and the timing of signaling fluxes roughly correlates with actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. Here, we combined genetic analysis, chemical complementation experiments, and quantitative live-cell imaging experiments to test the role of these second messengers in actin remodeling and to order the signaling events during plant immunity. We demonstrated that PHOSPHOLIPASE Dβ (PLDβ) isoforms are necessary to elicit actin accumulation in response to flg22-associated PTI. Further, bacterial growth experiments and MAMP-induced apoplastic ROS production measurements revealed that PLDβ-generated PA acts upstream of ROS signaling to trigger actin remodeling through inhibition of CAPPING PROTEIN (CP) activity. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that PLDβ/PA functions upstream of RBOHD-mediated ROS production to elicit actin rearrangements during the innate immune response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.J.S.)
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29
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Ma Z, Sun Y, Zhu X, Yang L, Chen X, Miao Y. Membrane nanodomains modulate formin condensation for actin remodeling in Arabidopsis innate immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:374-394. [PMID: 34726756 PMCID: PMC8774048 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of macromolecules on the plasma membrane concentrates cell surface biomolecules into nanometer- to micrometer-scale clusters (nano- or microdomains) that help the cell initiate or respond to signals. In plant-microbe interactions, the actin cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The nanoclustering of formin-actin nucleator proteins at the cell surface has been identified as underlying actin nucleation during plant innate immune responses. Here, we show that the condensation of nanodomain constituents and the self-assembly of remorin proteins enables this mechanism of controlling formin condensation and activity during innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Through intrinsically disordered region-mediated remorin oligomerization and formin interaction, remorin gradually recruits and condenses formins upon PTI activation in lipid bilayers, consequently increasing actin nucleation in a time-dependent manner postinfection. Such nanodomain- and remorin-mediated regulation of plant surface biomolecules is expected to be a general feature of plant innate immune responses that creates spatially separated biochemical compartments and fine tunes membrane physicochemical properties for transduction of immune signals in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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30
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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31
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Guan P, Shi W, Riemann M, Nick P. Dissecting the membrane-microtubule sensor in grapevine defence. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:260. [PMID: 34848701 PMCID: PMC8632924 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Specific populations of plant microtubules cooperate with the plasma membrane to sense and process abiotic stress signals, such as cold stress. The current study derived from the question, to what extent this perception system is active in biotic stress signalling. The experimental system consisted of grapevine cell lines, where microtubules or actin filaments are visualised by GFP, such that their response became visible in vivo. We used the bacterial elicitors harpin (inducing cell-death related defence), or flg22 (inducing basal immunity) in combination with modulators of membrane fluidity, or microtubules. We show that DMSO, a membrane rigidifier, can cause microtubule bundling and trigger defence responses, including activation of phytoalexin transcripts. However, DMSO inhibited the gene expression in response to harpin, while promoting the gene expression in response to flg22. Treatment with DMSO also rendered microtubules more persistent to harpin. Paradoxically, Benzylalcohol (BA), a membrane fluidiser, acted in the same way as DMSO. Neither GdCl3, nor diphenylene iodonium were able to block the inhibitory effect of membrane rigidification on harpin-induced gene expression. Treatment with taxol stabilised microtubule against harpin but amplified the response of PAL transcripts. Therefore, the data support implications of a model that deploys specific responses to pathogen-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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32
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MPK3- and MPK6-mediated VLN3 phosphorylation regulates actin dynamics during stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6474. [PMID: 34753953 PMCID: PMC8578381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon perception of pathogens, plants can rapidly close their stomata to restrict pathogen entry into internal tissue, leading to stomatal immunity as one aspect of innate immune responses. The actin cytoskeleton is required for plant defense against microbial invaders. However, the precise functions of host actin during plant immunity remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Arabidopsis villin3 (VLN3) is critical for plant resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity. Our in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation assays show that VLN3 is a physiological substrate of two pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK3/6. Quantitative analyses of actin dynamics and genetic studies reveal that VLN3 phosphorylation by MPK3/6 modulates actin remodeling to activate stomatal defense in Arabidopsis. Plants can rapidly close stomata to restrict pathogen entry into leaves. Here the authors show that phosphorylation of villin3 by mitogen-activated protein kinases modulates actin remodeling to activate stomatal defense in Arabidopsis.
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33
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Chung PJ, Singh GP, Huang CH, Koyyappurath S, Seo JS, Mao HZ, Diloknawarit P, Ram RJ, Sarojam R, Chua NH. Rapid Detection and Quantification of Plant Innate Immunity Response Using Raman Spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746586. [PMID: 34745179 PMCID: PMC8566886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid Raman spectroscopy-based method for the detection and quantification of early innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants. Arabidopsis plants challenged with flg22 and elf18 elicitors could be differentiated from mock-treated plants by their Raman spectral fingerprints. From the difference Raman spectrum and the value of p at each Raman shift, we derived the Elicitor Response Index (ERI) as a quantitative measure of the response whereby a higher ERI value indicates a more significant elicitor-induced immune response. Among various Raman spectral bands contributing toward the ERI value, the most significant changes were observed in those associated with carotenoids and proteins. To validate these results, we investigated several characterized Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) mutants. Compared to wild type (WT), positive regulatory mutants had ERI values close to zero, whereas negative regulatory mutants at early time points had higher ERI values. Similar to elicitor treatments, we derived an analogous Infection Response Index (IRI) as a quantitative measure to detect the early PTI response in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants infected with bacterial pathogens. The Raman spectral bands contributing toward a high IRI value were largely identical to the ERI Raman spectral bands. Raman spectroscopy is a convenient tool for rapid screening for Arabidopsis PTI mutants and may be suitable for the noninvasive and early diagnosis of pathogen-infected crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Joong Chung
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gajendra P. Singh
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung-Hao Huang
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sayuj Koyyappurath
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Sung Seo
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui-Zhu Mao
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piyarut Diloknawarit
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev J. Ram
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
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34
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Qin L, Liu L, Tu J, Yang G, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Gao P, Wang H, Peng G, Blancaflor EB, Datla R, Xiang D, Wilson KE, Wei Y. The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3151-3175. [PMID: 34181022 PMCID: PMC8462814 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant-microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant-pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Jiangying Tu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Gary Peng
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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35
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Hilleary R. Battle of the bulge: the ARP2/3 complex form(in)s an actin phalanx to thwart fungal infection. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2910-2911. [PMID: 35233629 PMCID: PMC8462804 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hilleary
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell
- Department of Biology, Duke University, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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36
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Sun H, Zhu X, Li C, Ma Z, Han X, Luo Y, Yang L, Yu J, Miao Y. Xanthomonas effector XopR hijacks host actin cytoskeleton via complex coacervation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4064. [PMID: 34210966 PMCID: PMC8249405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is a preserved signature of phytobacterial type III effectors (T3Es). The T3E IDR is thought to mediate unfolding during translocation into the host cell and to avoid host defense by sequence diversification. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of host subversion via the T3E IDR. We report that the Xanthomonas campestris T3E XopR undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via multivalent IDR-mediated interactions that hijack the Arabidopsis actin cytoskeleton. XopR is gradually translocated into host cells during infection and forms a macromolecular complex with actin-binding proteins at the cell cortex. By tuning the physical-chemical properties of XopR-complex coacervates, XopR progressively manipulates multiple steps of actin assembly, including formin-mediated nucleation, crosslinking of F-actin, and actin depolymerization, which occurs through competition for actin-depolymerizing factor and depends on constituent stoichiometry. Our findings unravel a sophisticated strategy in which bacterial T3E subverts the host actin cytoskeleton via protein complex coacervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuanxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Microtubule Dynamics Plays a Vital Role in Plant Adaptation and Tolerance to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115957. [PMID: 34073070 PMCID: PMC8199277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies suggest that the plant cytoskeleton is associated with plant stress responses, such as salt, cold, and drought, the molecular mechanism underlying microtubule function in plant salt stress response remains unclear. We performed a comparative proteomic analysis between control suspension-cultured cells (A0) and salt-adapted cells (A120) established from Arabidopsis root callus to investigate plant adaptation mechanisms to long-term salt stress. We identified 50 differentially expressed proteins (45 up- and 5 down-regulated proteins) in A120 cells compared with A0 cells. Gene ontology enrichment and protein network analyses indicated that differentially expressed proteins in A120 cells were strongly associated with cell structure-associated clusters, including cytoskeleton and cell wall biogenesis. Gene expression analysis revealed that expressions of cytoskeleton-related genes, such as FBA8, TUB3, TUB4, TUB7, TUB9, and ACT7, and a cell wall biogenesis-related gene, CCoAOMT1, were induced in salt-adapted A120 cells. Moreover, the loss-of-function mutant of Arabidopsis TUB9 gene, tub9, showed a hypersensitive phenotype to salt stress. Consistent overexpression of Arabidopsis TUB9 gene in rice transgenic plants enhanced tolerance to salt stress. Our results suggest that microtubules play crucial roles in plant adaptation and tolerance to salt stress. The modulation of microtubule-related gene expression can be an effective strategy for developing salt-tolerant crops.
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Takáč T, Křenek P, Komis G, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Ohnoutková L, Pechan T, Kašpárek P, Tichá T, Basheer J, Arick M, Šamaj J. TALEN-Based HvMPK3 Knock-Out Attenuates Proteome and Root Hair Phenotypic Responses to flg22 in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666229. [PMID: 33995462 PMCID: PMC8117018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate elicitor perception with both early and late responses associated with plant defense and innate immunity. Much of the existing knowledge on the role of plant MAPKs in defense mechanisms against microbes stems from extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare) MPK3 in response to flagellin peptide flg22, a well-known bacterial elicitor. Using differential proteomic analysis we show that TALEN-induced MPK3 knock-out lines of barley (HvMPK3 KO) exhibit constitutive downregulation of defense related proteins such as PR proteins belonging to thaumatin family and chitinases. Further analyses showed that the same protein families were less prone to flg22 elicitation in HvMPK3 KO plants compared to wild types. These results were supported and validated by chitinase activity analyses and immunoblotting for HSP70. In addition, differential proteomes correlated with root hair phenotypes and suggested tolerance of HvMPK3 KO lines to flg22. In conclusion, our study points to the specific role of HvMPK3 in molecular and root hair phenotypic responses of barley to flg22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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39
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Zhang G, Yang J, Chen X, Zhao D, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao J. Phospholipase D- and phosphatidic acid-mediated phospholipid metabolism and signaling modulate symbiotic interaction and nodulation in soybean (Glycine max). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:142-158. [PMID: 33377234 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic rhizobium-legume interactions, such as root hair curling, rhizobial invasion, infection thread expansion, cell division and proliferation of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, and nodule formation, involve extensive membrane synthesis, lipid remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics. However, little is known about these membrane-cytoskeleton interfaces and related genes. Here, we report the roles of a major root phospholipase D (PLD), PLDα1, and its enzymatic product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in rhizobium-root interaction and nodulation. PLDα1 was activated and the PA content transiently increased in roots after rhizobial infection. Levels of PLDα1 transcript and PA, as well as actin and tubulin cytoskeleton-related gene expression, changed markedly during root-rhizobium interactions and nodule development. Pre-treatment of the roots of soybean seedlings with n-butanol suppressed the generation of PLD-derived PA, the expression of early nodulation genes and nodule numbers. Overexpression or knockdown of GmPLDα1 resulted in changes in PA levels, glycerolipid profiles, nodule numbers, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, early nodulation gene expression and hormone levels upon rhizobial infection compared with GUS roots. The transcript levels of cytoskeleton-related genes, such as GmACTIN, GmTUBULIN, actin capping protein 1 (GmCP1) and microtubule-associating protein (GmMAP1), were modified in GmPLDα1-altered hairy roots compared with those of GUS roots. Phosphatidic acid physically bound to GmCP1 and GmMAP1, which could be related to cytoskeletal changes in rhizobium-infected GmPLDα1 mutant roots. These data suggest that PLDα1 and PA play important roles in soybean-rhizobium interaction and nodulation. The possible underlying mechanisms, including PLDα1- and PA-mediated lipid signaling, membrane remodeling, cytoskeleton dynamics and related hormone signaling, are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiangli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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40
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Bao Z, Xu Z, Zang J, Bürstenbinder K, Wang P. The Morphological Diversity of Plant Organs: Manipulating the Organization of Microtubules May Do the Trick. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649626. [PMID: 33842476 PMCID: PMC8033015 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingze Zang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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41
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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42
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Plant endomembranes and cytoskeleton: moving targets in immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 58:8-16. [PMID: 33099211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens attack plant cells to divert resources toward pathogen proliferation. To resist pathogens, plant cells rely on multilayered signaling pathways that hinge upon the secretory pathway for the synthesis and trafficking of pathogen sensors and defense molecules. In recent years, significant strides have been made in the understanding of the functional relationship between pathogen response and membrane traffic. Here we discuss how the plant cytoskeleton and endomembranes are targeted by pathogen effectors and highlight an emerging role of membrane contact sites in biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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43
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Elliott L, Moore I, Kirchhelle C. Spatio-temporal control of post-Golgi exocytic trafficking in plants. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs237065. [PMID: 32102937 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex and dynamic endomembrane system is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells and underpins the evolution of specialised cell types in multicellular organisms. Endomembrane system function critically depends on the ability of the cell to (1) define compartment and pathway identity, and (2) organise compartments and pathways dynamically in space and time. Eukaryotes possess a complex molecular machinery to control these processes, including small GTPases and their regulators, SNAREs, tethering factors, motor proteins, and cytoskeletal elements. Whereas many of the core components of the eukaryotic endomembrane system are broadly conserved, there have been substantial diversifications within different lineages, possibly reflecting lineage-specific requirements of endomembrane trafficking. This Review focusses on the spatio-temporal regulation of post-Golgi exocytic transport in plants. It highlights recent advances in our understanding of the elaborate network of pathways transporting different cargoes to different domains of the cell surface, and the molecular machinery underpinning them (with a focus on Rab GTPases, their interactors and the cytoskeleton). We primarily focus on transport in the context of growth, but also highlight how these pathways are co-opted during plant immunity responses and at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Elliott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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44
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Li P, Lu YJ, Chen H, Day B. The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 39:72-100. [PMID: 33343063 PMCID: PMC7748258 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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45
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Wang X, Mao T. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of plant cytoskeleton in response to environmental signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:86-96. [PMID: 31542697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive multiple physiological and environmental signals in order to fine-tune their growth and development. The highly dynamic plant cytoskeleton, including actin and microtubule networks, can rapidly alter their organization, stability and dynamics in response to internal and external stimuli, which is considered vital for plant growth and adaptation to the environment. The cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been shown to be key regulatory molecules in mediating cytoskeleton reorganization in response to multiple environmental signals, such as light, salt, drought and biotic stimuli. Recent findings, including our studies, have expanded knowledge about the functions and underlying mechanisms of the plant cytoskeleton in environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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46
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Actin Cytoskeleton and Action Potentials: Forgotten Connections. THE CYTOSKELETON 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33528-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Yoon SJ, Park YJ, Kim JS, Lee S, Lee SH, Choi S, Min JK, Choi I, Ryu CM. Pseudomonas syringae evades phagocytosis by animal cells via type III effector-mediated regulation of actin filament plasticity. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3980-3991. [PMID: 30251365 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Certain animal and plant pathogenic bacteria have developed virulence factors including effector proteins that enable them to overcome host immunity. A plant pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) secretes a large repertoire of effectors via a type III secretory apparatus, thereby suppressing plant immunity. Here, we show that Pto causes sepsis in mice. Surprisingly, the effector HopQ1 disrupted animal phagocytosis by inhibiting actin rearrangement via direct interaction with the LIM domain of the animal target protein LIM kinase, a key regulator of actin polymerization. The results provide novel insight into animal host-plant pathogen interactions. In addition, the current study firstly demonstrates that certain plant pathogenic bacteria such as Pto evade phagocytosis by animal cells due to cross-kingdom suppression of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Yoon
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Song Choi
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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