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Niño M, Harris CT, Tsuchiya K, Hearne B. Paternal Incarceration, Race and Ethnicity, and Maternal Health. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2081-2092. [PMID: 35969324 PMCID: PMC10440804 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increased attention has been placed on the potential deleterious consequences of paternal incarceration on maternal health, little empirical research has attempted to understand the physiological processes that might underlie this relationship. Moreover, exposure to incarceration and access to resources that shape family incarceration patterns are unequally distributed across racial and ethnic lines, yet few studies utilize analytic frameworks that account for this social reality. Using a within race/ethnicity analytic framework, the present study addresses these gaps by examining relationships between paternal incarceration and telomere length for Black, Latina/o, and White mothers. METHODS Data were drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal, stratified multistage probability sample of couples and children in 20 large U.S. cities. The final analytic sample consisted of 2174 mothers that were followed from pregnancy to age 9 of the focal child. RESULTS Findings revealed exposure to paternal incarceration was negatively associated with telomere length for Black mothers, but not for Latina/o and White mothers. Mediation analysis also showed paternal incarceration-telomere length relationships did not operate through secondary stressors, such as economic instability, poor mental health, and parenting stress. CONCLUSION Overall, results demonstrated that the detrimental physiological consequences of paternal incarceration for mothers depended on racial and ethnic background. Findings from this study can provide a foundation upon which health scholars and criminal justice stakeholders may better understand whether and how paternal incarceration shapes deleterious health patterns for the mothers who remain to care for the children of those incarcerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Niño
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Casey T Harris
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kazumi Tsuchiya
- Dalla Lana Social of Public Health, University of Toronto, 27 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Brittany Hearne
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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McKay T, Tadros E. Fatherhood, Behavioral Health, and Criminal Legal System Contact over the Life Course. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 64:417-436. [PMID: 36541142 DOI: 10.1177/00221465221139246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Life course theories suggest that fathers' lifetime criminal legal system contact could contribute to poor parent-child outcomes via deterioration in couple relationship quality and fathers' behavioral health. Using paired, longitudinal data from the Multi-site Family Study (N = 1,112 couples), the current study examines the influence of three dimensions of fathers' life course legal system contact on individual and parent-child outcomes. In fitted models, accumulated system contact in adulthood predicts fathers' later depressive symptoms and drug misuse, which in turn predict diminished father-child relationship quality (as reported by both co-parents). Fathers who were older at the time of their first arrest had poorer relationships with their children's mothers and, in turn, poorer behavioral health and parent-child outcomes. Conditions of confinement during fathers' most recent prison stay do not significantly predict later parent-child outcomes, net of the influence of age at first arrest and accumulated criminal legal system contact in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Tadros
- Governors State University, University Park, IL, USA
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Roettger ME, Houle B, Boardman JD. Parental imprisonment, delinquent behavior, and BMI gain in a U.S. nationally representative cohort study of adolescents and adults ages 12-32. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101425. [PMID: 37215156 PMCID: PMC10193003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Children who experience parental imprisonment report greater mental and physical health adversities in adolescence and adulthood relative to comparable individuals whose parents did not serve time in prison. Research has linked BMI gain with parental imprisonment among females, but other studies have shown null or negative associations between parental imprisonment and weight increases for their offspring. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study attempts to resolve these differential findings by examining the interrelationship between delinquent behavior and BMI associated with parental imprisonment as individuals progress from adolescence into adulthood (ages 12-32). We show that higher delinquency levels are associated with lower BMI among men and women. With the transition from adolescence to adulthood, parental imprisonment is linked with increased BMI gain and obesity among females who are not delinquent. These findings highlight the need to consider how the decline in delinquent behavior and increasing health disparities between adolescence and adulthood may intersect as individuals experiencing parental imprisonment transition from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Roettger
- School of Demography, 148 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, 148 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason D. Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science and Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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McKay T. When State Violence Comes Home: From Criminal Legal System Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in a Time of Mass Incarceration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2683-2715. [PMID: 35696614 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exceptionally high rates of partner violence perpetration are evident among men returning from prison. Two bodies of scholarship, one on family stress and another on exposure to state violence, each suggest that criminal legal system exposure could promote partner violence perpetration via changes in men's behavioral health and interpersonal approach and in couples' conflict dynamics. Such relationships have not been tested in quantitative research. Structural equation models were fitted to longitudinal, couples-based survey data from the Multi-site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting, and Partnering. Participants included men returning from a state prison term in five U.S. states (N = 1112) and their committed intimate or co-parenting partners (N = 1112). Models tested hypothesized pathways from three dimensions of criminal legal system exposure to later partner violence perpetration. In fitted models, men's childhood criminal legal system exposure predicts their post-prison partner violence perpetration via adult post-traumatic stress symptoms, reactivity, avoidance, and dysfunctional couple conflict dynamics. Men's cumulative criminal legal system exposure in adulthood predicts their post-prison partner violence perpetration via addiction and dysfunctional couple conflict. These initial results suggest that mass-scale incarceration could worsen partner violence via men's psychological and interpersonal adaptations to criminal legal system contact, particularly when such contact is sustained or occurs at a developmentally significant period in the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasseli McKay
- Department of Sociology, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Incarceration exposure and women's oral health experiences during pregnancy. Soc Sci Med 2022; 314:115467. [PMID: 36288649 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior research has documented an association between incarceration and poor oral health outcomes. Likewise, recent scholarship has also detailed that women exposed to incarceration either directly or vicariously through a partner during pregnancy incur worse health outcomes. However, no previous research has assessed the connection between incarceration exposure and oral health during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE The current study assesses the link between maternal incarceration exposure and oral health during pregnancy. METHODS Data are from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from years 2016-2019 (N = 60,342). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between incarceration and oral health. RESULTS Women exposed to incarceration exhibited worse oral health outcomes in the form of being more likely to report not knowing the importance of oral care, not having an oral health discussion with a provider, not getting a teeth cleaning, as well as being likely to report needing to see a dental provider, having visited a dental provider for a problem during pregnancy, and having more unmet dental care needs. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to a burgeoning literature that demonstrates a woman's prenatal exposure to incarceration poses risk for overall health and wellbeing. Given the influence of both incarceration exposure and oral health during pregnancy for maternal and infant health, the findings suggest that coordination between criminal justice, public health, and oral health experts can develop programmatic efforts that expand access to oral health care and improve oral health literacy among incarceration-exposed pregnant women.
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Talbert RD, Macy ED. Former Incarceration, Time Served, and Perceived Oral Health among African American Women and Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12906. [PMID: 36232206 PMCID: PMC9566785 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large body of research has documented the far-reaching health consequences of mass incarceration in the United States. Yet, less scholarship has examined the relationship between former incarceration and oral health, a key reflection of health and disease occurring within the rest of the body. Using data extracted from the National Survey of American Life (n = 3343), this study examines associations among former incarceration status, duration of detention, and self-reported oral health among African American women and men. Results from gender-stratified ordered logistic models reveal that formerly incarcerated African American men and women experience significantly poorer oral health than their never incarcerated counterparts even after controlling for important social determinants of health. Furthermore, oral health is curvilinearly associated with the length of time that men are incarcerated such that odds of poor health decrease as detention duration increases up to approximately 15 years incarcerated. After 15 years of detainment, the odds of poor health tend to increase as duration increases. Findings extend research identifying gendered spillover health consequences of contact with the criminal legal system. Health professionals and policymakers should be conscious of incarceration as an important deleterious experience for the immediate and long-term condition of people's teeth, mouth, and gums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Talbert
- Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Emma D. Macy
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Boen CE, Olson H, Lee H. Vicarious Exposure to the Criminal Legal System Among Parents and Siblings. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2022; 84:1446-1468. [PMID: 36567901 PMCID: PMC9787015 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study documents life course patterns of vicarious exposure to the criminal legal system among parents and siblings in the United States. Background The criminal legal system shapes family outcomes in important ways. Still, life course patterns of vicarious exposure to the system-especially to lower-level contacts-among parents and siblings are not well documented. Method Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and Cox regression models, we estimate cumulative risks of vicarious exposure to arrest, probation, and incarceration among parents (n=3,885 parents; 185,444 person-years) and siblings (n=1,875; 44,766 person-years) and examine disparities by race-ethnicity, gender, and education, and at their intersections. Results Vicarious exposure to the system is common-but highly unequal-among parents and siblings. Racially minoritized parents and siblings had greater levels and earlier risks of exposure. For example, by age 50, an estimated one in five Black parents experienced having a child incarcerated, a risk about twice as high as White and 50% higher than Latinx parents. By age 26, an estimated six in 10 Black young people with brothers experienced having a brother arrested; more than four in 10 experienced a brother on probation; and more than three in 10 experienced brother incarceration. For many estimates, racialized inequities in risks of vicarious system exposure widened at higher levels of education. Conclusion These findings provide essential context for understanding the role of the criminal legal system in maintaining and exacerbating family inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Boen
- Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, Population Aging Research Center, Leonard Davis Institute; University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, 232 McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6299
| | - Hannah Olson
- Department of Sociology and Graduate Group in Demography, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6299
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Brown School of Social Work, Center for the Study of Race, Ethnicity, and Equity, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130
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Roettger ME, Houle B, Najman J, McGee TR. Parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adolescent and adult offspring: A prospective Australian birth cohort study. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101107. [PMID: 35539365 PMCID: PMC9079096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Parental imprisonment is linked with child health in later life. The present study provides the first prospective cohort analysis and non-U.S. based study examining parental imprisonment and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence and adulthood. Methods The study followed 7,223 children born from live, singleton births from 1981 to 1984 in Brisbane, Australia. Data on parental imprisonment was collected at mother interview when the children were ages 5 and 14. Our sample analyzes offspring with biometric data collected by health professionals, including 3,794 at age 14, 2,136 at age 21, and 1,712 at age 30. Analyses used multivariate linear and logistic regression, and time-varying growth curve models. Results Among female respondents, parental imprisonment at ages ≤5 was associated with higher body-mass index (BMI) at ages 14, 21, and 30; higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at age 30; and increased sedentary hours, larger waist circumference, and odds of a high-risk waist circumference at age 30. Parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤14 was associated with increased BMI and SBP at age 30 for females. In growth-curve models, parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤5 and ≤ 14 among females was linked with increased BMI; parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤5 was associated with increased SBP and DBP. No significant associations were observed for males. Conclusions Using prospective cohort data, our results support research showing that parental imprisonment, particularly in early childhood, is associated with increased BMI, blood pressure, sedentary hours, and waist circumference in females in early adulthood. These findings implicate parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiometabolic health issues in later life among females. First prospective study examining parental imprisonment and cardiovascular risk using non-U.S. data. Study analyzes outcomes for children at ages 14, 21, and 30. Outcomes include BMI, waist circumference, systemic and diabolic blood pressure, and sedentary behaviors. Cardiometabolic risk factors strongest for females experiencing parental imprisonment at or below age 5. Findings hold in both cross-sectional and time-varying models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Roettger
- School of Demography, 146 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Demography, 1468 Ellory Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, 146 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jake Najman
- School of Public Health, Public Health Building, The University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Australia
| | - Tara R. McGee
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
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Incarceration exposure and prescription opioid use during pregnancy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 235:109434. [PMID: 35405460 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research demonstrates a high prevalence of substance use, including opioid use, among those who have had personal or vicarious contact with the correctional system. Relatedly, alongside patterns of rising opioid use in general, opioid use during pregnancy is becoming a growing public health concern. Still, risk factors for prescription opioid use during pregnancy remain understudied. This study is the first to assess the connection between a women's personal or vicarious exposure to incarceration in the 12 months prior to birth and patterns of prenatal opioid use. METHODS Data are from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in 2019 (N = 17,551 mothers). Logistic and multinomial logistic regression are used to assess the association between incarceration exposure and patterns of opioid use during pregnancy. RESULTS Incarceration-exposed women were more likely to use all eight types of prescription opioids assessed in this study (Hydrocodone, Codeine, Oxycodone, Tramadol, Hydromorphone/Meperidine, Oxymorphone, Morphine, and Fentanyl). After adjustment for control variables, incarceration-exposed women were significantly more likely to report any prescription opioid use during pregnancy (OR = 1.745, 95% CI = 1.194, 2.554). Furthermore, relative to no opioid use, incarceration exposure was also associated with illicit prescription opioid use (RRR = 2.979, 1.533, 5.791). CONCLUSIONS Incarceration exposure in the year prior to birth is associated with higher odds of prescription opioid use. These findings add to the burgeoning literature that details a women's exposure to incarceration is a risk marker for substance use and engagement in health risk behaviors that can jeopardize maternal and infant wellbeing.
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Testa A, Fahmy C, Jackson DB, Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Incarceration exposure during pregnancy and maternal disability: findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:744. [PMID: 35418044 PMCID: PMC9009053 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant research reveals that currently and formerly incarcerated individuals exhibit higher rates of disability. Moreover, recent research highlights that women exposed to incarceration during pregnancy -either personally or vicariously through a partner- face poorer health. However, prior research has not detailed the connection between incarceration exposure and risk for maternal disability. METHODS The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between a women's exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and disability including difficulty with: communication, hearing, remembering, seeing, self-care, or walking. Data are from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2019 (N = 12,712). Logistic and negative binomial regression were used to assess the relationship between incarceration exposure and maternal disability. RESULTS Among the sample of women who delivered a recent live birth, approximately 3.3% of the sample indicated they were personally or vicariously exposed to incarceration in the 12 months before birth. Compared to those who did not have incarceration exposure, women with incarceration exposure have elevated odds of several disabilities, including difficulty remembering (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.971; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.429, 2.718), difficulty seeing (AOR = 1.642, 95% CI = 1.179, 2.288), difficulty walking (AOR = 1.896, 95% CI = 1.413, 2.544), and a greater number of cumulative disabilities (Incidence Risk Ratio [IRR] = 1.483; 95% CI = 1.271, 1.731). CONCLUSIONS Women personally or vicariously exposed to incarceration during pregnancy endure greater odds of having a disability. Considering both incarceration and disability are important public health issues with implications for maternal and child well-being, these findings highlight the need for further research that can better understand the connection between incarceration and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Chantal Fahmy
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, US
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, US
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, US.
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit, 1472 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Smith NC. Black-White disparities in women's physical health: The role of socioeconomic status and racism-related stressors. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2021; 99:102593. [PMID: 34429206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Black women have elevated rates of multiple physical illnesses and conditions when compared to White women - disparities that are only partially explained by socioeconomic status (SES). Consequently, scholars have called for renewed attention to the significance of racism-related stress in explaining Black-White disparities in women's physical health. Drawing on the biopsychosocial model of racism as a stressor and the intersectionality perspective, this study examines the extent to which SES and racism-related stressors - i.e., discrimination, criminalization, and adverse neighborhood conditions - account for disparities in self-rated physical health and chronic health conditions between Black and White women. Results indicate that Black women have lower SES and report greater exposure to racism-related stressors across all domains. Moreover, I find that SES and racism-related stressors jointly account for more than 90% of the Black-White disparity in women's self-rated physical health and almost 50% of the Black-White disparity in chronic health conditions. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Smith
- Indiana University - Bloomington, Department of Sociology Ballantine Hall 744, 1020 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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