1
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Moran AL, Lobert GT, Toh MWA. Spawning and larval development of Colossendeis megalonyx, a giant Antarctic sea spider. Ecology 2024; 105:e4258. [PMID: 38343147 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Moran
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Graham T Lobert
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ming Wei Aaron Toh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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2
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Machado G, Burns M. Reproductive biology of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones): a review of a rapidly evolving research field. Curr Zool 2024; 70:115-135. [PMID: 38476141 PMCID: PMC10926269 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Harvestmen are a major arachnid order that has experienced a dramatic increase in biological knowledge in the 21st century. The publication of the book Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones in 2007 stimulated the development of many behavioral studies. Although the book is relatively recent, our understanding of the reproductive biology of harvestmen is already outdated due to the fast accumulation of new data. Our goal is to provide an updated review of the subject to serve as a benchmark for the following years. In the pre-copulatory phase, we explore the evolution of facultative parthenogenesis, the factors that may affect the types of mating system, and the role of nuptial gifts in courtship. Regarding the copulatory phase, harvestmen are unique arachnids because they have aflagellate spermatozoa and a penis with complex morphology. We discuss the implications of these two features for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. In the post-copulatory phase, we connect oviposition site selection and climate conditions to the widespread occurrence of resource defense polygyny, alternative reproductive tactics, and sexual dimorphism in several clades of tropical harvestmen. Finally, we present the different forms of parental care in the order, and discuss the benefits and costs of this behavior, which can be performed either by females or males. Throughout the review, we indicate gaps in our knowledge and subjects that deserve further studies. Hopefully, the information synthesized here will stimulate researchers worldwide to embrace harvestmen as a study system and to improve our effort to unravel the mysteries of their reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Arango CP, Brenneis G. Epimorphic development in tropical shallow-water Nymphonidae (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) revealed by fluorescence imaging. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38167377 PMCID: PMC10759633 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant lineages of sea spiders (Pycnogonida) exhibit different types of development. Most commonly, pycnogonids hatch as a minute, feeding protonymphon larva with subsequent anamorphic development. However, especially in cold water habitats at higher latitudes and in the deep sea, some taxa have large, lecithotrophic larvae, or even undergo extended embryonic development with significantly advanced postlarval hatching stages. Similar biogeographic trends are observed in other marine invertebrates, often referred to as "Thorson's rule". RESULTS To expand our knowledge on the developmental diversity in the most speciose pycnogonid genus Nymphon, we studied the developmental stages of the two tropical representatives N. floridanum and N. micronesicum., We compared classical scanning electron microscopy with fluorescence-based approaches to determine which imaging strategy is better suited for the ethanol-fixed material available. Both species show epimorphic development and hatch as an advanced, lecithotrophic postlarval instar possessing the anlagen of all body segments. Leg pairs 1-3 show a considerable degree of differentiation at hatching, but their proximal regions remain coiled and hidden under the cuticle of the hatching instar. The adult palp and oviger are not anteceded by three-articled larval limbs, but differentiate directly from non-articulated limb buds during postembryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence imaging yielded more reliable morphological data than classical scanning electron microscopy, being the method of choice for maximal information gain from rare and fragile sea spider samples fixed in high-percentage ethanol. The discovery of epimorphic development with lecithotrophic postlarval instars in two small Nymphon species from tropical shallow-water habitats challenges the notion that this developmental pathway represents an exclusive cold-water adaptation in Nymphonidae. Instead, close phylogenetic affinities to the likewise more direct-developing Callipallenidae hint at a common evolutionary origin of this trait in the clade Nymphonoidea (Callipallenidae + Nymphonidae). The lack of functional palpal and ovigeral larval limbs in callipallenids and postlarval hatchers among nymphonids may be a derived character of Nymphonoidea. To further test this hypothesis, a stable and well-resolved phylogenetic backbone for Nymphonoidea is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Arango
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity Program, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Department Evolutionary Biology, Unit Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Moura RR, Oliveira ID, Vasconcellos‐Neto J, Gonzaga MO. “Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise”: Indiscriminate male care in a neotropical spider. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rios Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Núcleo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Ecologia e Evolução (NEPEE) Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Ituiutaba Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil
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5
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6
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Fatouros NE, Cusumano A, Bin F, Polaszek A, van Lenteren JC. How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200344. [PMID: 32693731 PMCID: PMC7423650 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The egg is the first life stage directly exposed to the environment in oviparous animals, including many vertebrates and most arthropods. Eggs are vulnerable and prone to mortality risks. In arthropods, one of the most common egg mortality factors is attack from parasitoids. Yet, parasitoids that attack the egg stage are absent in more than half of all insect (sub)orders. In this review, we explore possible causes explaining why eggs of some insect taxa are not parasitized. Many insect (sub)orders that are not attacked by egg parasitoids lack herbivorous species, with some notable exceptions. Factors we consider to have led to escape from egg parasitism are parental egg care, rapid egg development, small egg size, hiding eggs, by e.g. placing them into the soil, applying egg coatings or having thick chorions preventing egg penetration, eusociality, and egg cannibalism. A quantitative network analysis of host-parasitoid associations shows that the five most-speciose genera of egg parasitoids display patterns of specificity with respect to certain insect orders, especially Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, largely including herbivorous species that deposit their eggs on plants. Finally, we discuss the many counteradaptations that particularly herbivorous species have developed to lower the risk of attack by egg parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - F. Bin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Polaszek
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - J. C. van Lenteren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Valencia-Aguilar A, Zamudio KR, Haddad CFB, Bogdanowicz SM, Prado CPA. Show me you care: female mate choice based on egg attendance rather than male or territorial traits. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Female mate choice is often based on male traits, including signals or behaviors, and/or the quality of a male’s territory. In species with obligate paternal care, where care directly affects offspring survival, females may also base their mate choices on the quality of a sire’s care. Here, we quantified male reproductive success in a natural population of the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium cappellei, a species with male parental care, to determine the influence of territory quality, male traits, and paternal care behaviors on female mate choice. We found that attending males have a higher chance of gaining new clutches than nonattending males. Our results indicate that females do not select males based only on body condition, calling persistence, or territory traits. Instead, our findings support the hypothesis that females choose males based on care status. Indeed, males already attending a clutch were 70% more likely to obtain another clutch, and the time to acquire an additional clutch was significantly shorter. We also found that males adjust their parental care effort in response to genetic relatedness by caring only for their own offspring; however, remaining close to unrelated clutches serves as a strategy to attract females and increase chances of successful mating. Thus, males that establish territories that already contain clutches benefit from the signal eggs provide to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyelet Valencia-Aguilar
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Steve M Bogdanowicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia P A Prado
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
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8
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Delia J, Bravo‐Valencia L, Warkentin KM. The evolution of extended parental care in glassfrogs: Do egg‐clutch phenotypes mediate coevolution between the sexes? ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Delia
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston 02214 Massachusetts USA
| | - Laura Bravo‐Valencia
- Profesional equipo de fauna silvestre Corantioquia Santa Fe de Antioquia Colombia
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston 02214 Massachusetts USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá 0843-03092 República de Panamá
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9
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Wong VL, Hennen DA, Macias AM, Brewer MS, Kasson MT, Marek P. Natural history of the social millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e50770. [PMID: 32296285 PMCID: PMC7148388 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e50770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864 is a fungivorous social millipede known for paternal care of eggs and forming multi-generational aggregations. We investigated the life history, paternal care, chemical defence, feeding and social behaviour of B. lecontii and provided morphological and anatomical descriptions, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on observations of B. lecontii from 13 locations throughout its distribution, we report the following natural history aspects. The oviposition period of B. lecontii lasted from mid-April to late June and the incubation period lasted 3-4 weeks. Only males cared for the eggs and subsequent care of juveniles was not observed. In one case, the clutches of two males became combined and they were later cared for by only one of the males. The defensive compound of B. lecontii is stored in large glands occupying a third of the paranotal volume and were observed only in stadia II millipedes and older. We observed B. lecontii feeding on fungi of the order Polyporales and describe a cuticular structure on the tip of the labrum that may relate to fungivory. We found that their stellate-shaped aggregations (pinwheels) do not form in the absence of fungus and suggest the aggregation is associated with feeding. We describe and illustrate a previously undescribed comb-like structure on the tibia and tarsi of the six anterior-most leg-pairs and measure the colour and spectral reflectance of the B. lecontii exoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Wong
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States of America Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Derek A Hennen
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States of America Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown United States of America
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States of America Department of Biology, East Carolina University Greenville United States of America
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown United States of America
| | - Paul Marek
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States of America Virginia Tech Blacksburg United States of America.,Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States of America Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
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10
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Phillips JW, Chung AYC, Edgecombe GD, Ellwood MDF. Bird's nest ferns promote resource sharing by centipedes. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josie W. Phillips
- Centre for Research in Biosciences University of the West of England Bristol UK
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11
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Lopes CF, Stefanello F, Bugs C, Stenert C, Maltchik L, Ribeiro JRI. Sexual dimorphism in Belostoma angustum Lauck (Insecta: Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) may be related to paternal care. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The structures involved in parental care are often dimorphic. Female Belostoma angustum water bugs lay eggs on the hemelytra of their mates, where the eggs are brooded until hatching. Males use their hind legs to carry, aerate and protect the eggs. After controlling for covariance between variables, we fitted a series of structural equation models (SEMs) and evaluated the existence of sexual dimorphism in the size of the body and hind legs, in the shape and centroid size of the hemelytrum, and among the static allometry slopes of the size-related differences. Landmarks were used to capture phenotypic variation, by eliminating all non-shape variations with a Procrustes superimposition. Neither the shape of the hemelytrum nor its centroid size was related significantly to the aforementioned linear body measurements. Instead, the differences in the size of the hind legs were mediated by body dimensions only in males. We also found that males were wider and had longer heads than females, according to the SEM intercept values. Our findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in B. angustum may be related to a balance between sexual role reversal and viability costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiane Furlan Lopes
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Stefanello
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Bugs
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Cristina Stenert
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo Inacio Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
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12
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Rojas A, Solano-Brenes D, Muniz DG, Machado G. Gone with the rain: negative effects of rainfall on male reproductive success in a nest-building arachnid. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn nest-building species, offspring survival and reproductive success of parental individuals are strongly influenced by nest quality. Thus, quantifying the influence of abiotic conditions on nest integrity is important to predict the effects of weather variability on the fitness of parental individuals. Here, we investigated how rainfall affects nest integrity and how nest integrity influences males’ attractiveness and nest tenure. Our study species was the harvestman Quindina limbata, in which males build mud nests on fallen logs and protect the eggs against predators and fungi. Our data set comprises 12 months of regular inspections of 149 nests in a Costa Rican rainforest. We found that almost 50% of the nests were destroyed by rainfall. The drag force caused by rainfall running on the fallen log surface negatively affected nest integrity. Fungi cover on nests was influenced by an interaction between rainfall and nest position on the fallen log. Irrespective of their body size, males in nests with high integrity received more eggs than males in nests with low integrity. Fungi cover did not influence the number of eggs received by the males. Finally, nest integrity and fungi cover did not affect nest tenure, but males that did not receive eggs for a long time tended to abandon their nests. Considering that intense rainfall occurs all year long in tropical forests, males should build their nests in protected sites that preserve nest structure. Protected sites may keep nest structure better preserved, improve offspring survival, attract more females, and increase males’ reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rojas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
- Veragua Foundation for Rainforest Research, Limón, Costa Rica
| | - Diego Solano-Brenes
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Danilo G Muniz
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav., São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav., São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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The good fathers: efficiency of male care and the protective role of foster parents in a Neotropical arachnid. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Ohba SY, Matsuo S, Huynh TTT, Kudo SI. Female mate preference for egg-caring males in the giant water bug Diplonychus rusticus (Heteroptera Belostomatidae). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2018.1438517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Ohba
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
- Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsuo
- Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Thi T. Trang Huynh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Zoonotics, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shin-ichi Kudo
- Department of Biology, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8502, Japan
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15
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Hertler SC. Beyond birth order: The biological logic of personality variation among siblings. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1325570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Hertler
- Department of Psychology, College of New Rochelle, New Rochelle, NY 10805, USA
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16
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Machado G, Wolff JO. The assassination of a hypothesis by non-critical interpretation of molecular data: A comment on. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 129:346-348. [PMID: 28835337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a recent paper, Sharma et al. (2017) tested the hypothesis that eggs attached to males' legs in podoctid harvestmen are laid by conspecifics. Using molecular methods, they falsify the "paternal care hypothesis" and suggest that the eggs belong to spiders. Here we raise several criticisms to the authenticity of this finding and present arguments supporting the hypothesis that eggs belong to harvestmen and are not accidentally attached to the males. We argue that the falsification of the paternal care hypothesis in podoctids is premature and based on non-critical interpretation of molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Machado
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jonas O Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Moura RR, Vasconcellos-Neto J, Gonzaga MDO. Extended male care in Manogea porracea (Araneae: Araneidae): the exceptional case of a spider with amphisexual care. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Alissa LM, Muniz DG, Machado G. Devoted fathers or selfish lovers? Conflict between mating effort and parental care in a harem-defending arachnid. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:191-201. [PMID: 27758054 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When there is a temporal trade-off between mating effort and parental care, theoretical models predict that intense sexual selection on males leads to reduced paternal care. Thus, high-quality males should invest more in mating effort because they have higher chances of acquiring mates, whereas low-quality males should bias their investment towards parental care. Once paternal care has evolved, offspring value should also influence males' decisions to invest in offspring attendance. Here, we performed a manipulation under field conditions to investigate the factors that influence male allocation in either mating effort or parental care. We predicted that facultative paternal care in the harem-holding harvestman Serracutisoma proximum would be negatively influenced by male attractiveness and positively influenced by offspring value. We found that attractive males were less likely to engage in egg attendance and that the higher the perceived paternity, the higher the caring frequency. Finally, egg mortality was not related to caring frequency by males, but predation pressure was much lower than that recorded in previous studies with the same population. Thus, the benefits of facultative male care may be conditional to temporal variation in the intensity of egg predation. In conclusion, males adjust their investment in either territory defence or egg attendance according to their recent mating history and perceived paternity. Our findings suggest that exclusive paternal care can evolve from facultative paternal care only if the trade-off between mating effort and parental care is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Alissa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D G Muniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Deal NDS, Gravolin I, Wong BBM. The Influence of Parental Status on Courtship Effort in a Paternal Caring Fish. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Gravolin
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Bob B. M. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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Ohba SY, Okuda N, Kudo SI. Sexual selection of male parental care in giant water bugs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150720. [PMID: 27293778 PMCID: PMC4892440 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Paternal care can be maintained under sexual selection, if it helps in attracting more mates. We tested the hypothesis in two giant water bug species, Appasus major and Appasus japonicus, that male parental care is sexually selected through female preference for caring males. Females were given an opportunity to choose between two males. In the first test of female mate choice, one male carried eggs on its back, while the other did not. The egg status was switched between these two males in the second test. The experiment revealed that females of both species preferred caring males (i.e. egg-bearing) to non-caring males. Nonetheless, the female mate preference for egg-bearing males was stronger in A. major than in A. japonicus. Our results suggest that sexual selection plays an important role in maintaining elaborate paternal care in giant water bugs, but the importance of egg-bearing by males in female mate choice varies among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Ohba
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Noboru Okuda
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kudo
- Department of Biology, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8502, Japan
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Paquet M, Smiseth PT. Maternal effects as a mechanism for manipulating male care and resolving sexual conflict over care. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Tsai JF, Kudo SI, Yoshizawa K. Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)--correlated evolution with morphological change. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:258. [PMID: 26586480 PMCID: PMC4653913 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal care (egg-nymph guarding behavior) has been recorded in some genera of Acanthosomatidae. However, the origin of the maternal care in the family has remained unclear due to the lack of phylogenetic hypotheses. Another reproductive mode is found in non-caring species whose females smear their eggs before leaving them. They possess pairs of complex organs on the abdominal venter called Pendergrast's organ (PO) and spread the secretion of this organ onto each egg with their hind legs, which is supposed to provide a protective function against enemies. Some authors claim that the absence of PO may be associated with the presence of maternal care. No study, however, has tested this hypothesis of a correlated evolution between the two traits. RESULTS We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Acanthosomatinae using five genetic markers sequenced from 44 species and one subspecies with and without maternal care. Eight additional species from the other two acanthosomatid subfamilies were included as outgroups. Our results indicated that maternal care has evolved independently at least three times within Acanthosomatinae and once in the outgroup species. Statistical tests for correlated evolution showed that the presence of maternal care is significantly correlated with the secondary loss or reduction of PO. Ancestral state reconstruction for the node of Acanthosoma denticaudum (a non-caring species in which egg smearing with developed POs occurs) and A. firmatum (a caring species with reduced POs) suggested egg smearing was still present in their most recent common ancestor and that maternal care in A. firmatum has evolved relatively recently. CONCLUSIONS We showed that maternal care is an apomorphic trait that has arisen multiple times from the presence of PO within the subfamily Acanthosomatinae. The acquisition of maternal care is correlated with the reduction or loss of PO, which suggests an evolutionary trade-off between the two traits resulting from physiological costs. This prediction also implies that presence of maternal care can be highly expected for those groups lacking behavioral data, which invariably also lack the organ. No secondary loss of maternal care was detected in the present tree. We suggest that the loss of maternal care may be suppressed due to the vulnerability of the PO-free condition, which thus maintains maternal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fu Tsai
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, 40427, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-ichi Kudo
- Department of Biology, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8502, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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De Gasperin O, Duarte A, Kilner RM. Interspecific interactions explain variation in the duration of paternal care in the burying beetle. Anim Behav 2015; 109:199-207. [PMID: 26778845 PMCID: PMC4686539 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Why is there so much variation within species in the extent to which males contribute to offspring care? Answers to this question commonly focus on intraspecific sources of variation in the relative costs and benefits of supplying paternal investment. With experiments in the laboratory on the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, and its phoretic mite Poecilochirus carabi, we investigated whether interactions with a second species might also account for intraspecific variation in the extent of paternal care, and whether this variation is due to adaptation or constraint. In our first experiment we bred beetles in the presence or absence of phoretic mites, using a breeding box that mimicked natural conditions by allowing parents to leave the breeding attempt at a time of their choosing. We found that males abandoned their brood sooner when breeding alongside mites than when breeding in their absence. Female patterns of care were unchanged by the mites. Nevertheless, in this experiment, no correlates of beetle fitness were affected by the presence of the mites during reproduction (neither paternal life span after reproduction nor brood size or average larval mass). In a second experiment, we again bred beetles with or without mites but this time we prevented parents from abandoning the brood. This time we found that both parents and the brood suffered fitness costs when breeding alongside mites, compared with families breeding in the absence of mites. We conclude that males adaptively reduce their contributions to care when mites are present, so as to defend their offspring's fitness and their own residual fitness. Interspecific interactions thus account for intraspecific variation in the duration of paternal care. The extent of paternal care varies greatly within species. Some of this variation might be due to interspecific interactions. We investigated how mites influence paternal care in the burying beetle. We found that males leave their brood earlier when mites are present. We show that this is adaptive because it enhances offspring fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Duarte
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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24
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Thrasher P, Reyes E, Klug H. Parental Care and Mate Choice in the Giant Water BugBelostoma lutarium. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Thrasher
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Chattanooga TN USA
| | - Elijah Reyes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Chattanooga TN USA
| | - Hope Klug
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Chattanooga TN USA
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de la Filia AG, Bain SA, Ross L. Haplodiploidy and the reproductive ecology of Arthropods. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 9:36-43. [PMID: 32846706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of all arthropods reproduce through haplodiploidy. Yet it is unclear how this mode of reproduction affects other aspects of reproductive ecology. In this review we outline predictions on how haplodiploidy might affect mating system evolution, the evolution of traits under sexual or sexual antagonistic selection, sex allocation decisions and the evolution of parental care. We also give an overview of the phylogenetic distribution of haplodiploidy. Finally, we discuss how comparisons between different types of haplodiploidy (arrhenotoky, PGE with haploid vs somatically diploid males) might help to discriminate between the effects of virgin birth, haploid gene expression and those of haploid gene transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G de la Filia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Stevie A Bain
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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26
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. The evolution of parental care in insects: A test of current hypotheses. Evolution 2015; 69:1255-70. [PMID: 25825047 PMCID: PMC4529740 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Which sex should care for offspring is a fundamental question in evolution. Invertebrates, and insects in particular, show some of the most diverse kinds of parental care of all animals, but to date there has been no broad comparative study of the evolution of parental care in this group. Here, we test existing hypotheses of insect parental care evolution using a literature-compiled phylogeny of over 2000 species. To address substantial uncertainty in the insect phylogeny, we use a brute force approach based on multiple random resolutions of uncertain nodes. The main transitions were between no care (the probable ancestral state) and female care. Male care evolved exclusively from no care, supporting models where mating opportunity costs for caring males are reduced—for example, by caring for multiple broods—but rejecting the “enhanced fecundity” hypothesis that male care is favored because it allows females to avoid care costs. Biparental care largely arose by males joining caring females, and was more labile in Holometabola than in Hemimetabola. Insect care evolution most closely resembled amphibian care in general trajectory. Integrating these findings with the wealth of life history and ecological data in insects will allow testing of a rich vein of existing hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom. .,School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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27
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Requena GS, Machado G. Effects of egg attendance on male mating success in a harvestman with exclusive paternal care. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Murayama G, Willemart R. Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care. J NAT HIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Plants can respond to insect egg deposition and thus resist attack by herbivorous insects from the beginning of the attack, egg deposition. We review ecological effects of plant responses to insect eggs and differentiate between egg-induced plant defenses that directly harm the eggs and indirect defenses that involve egg parasitoids. Furthermore, we discuss the ability of plants to take insect eggs as warning signals; the eggs indicate future larval feeding damage and trigger plant changes that either directly impair larval performance or attract enemies of the larvae. We address the questions of how egg-associated cues elicit plant defenses, how the information that eggs have been laid is transmitted within a plant, and which molecular and chemical plant responses are induced by egg deposition. Finally, we highlight evolutionary aspects of the interactions between plants and insect eggs and ask how the herbivorous insect copes with egg-induced plant defenses and may avoid them by counteradaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12163 Berlin, Germany;
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Barta Z, Székely T, Liker A, Harrison F. Social role specialization promotes cooperation between parents. Am Nat 2014; 183:747-61. [PMID: 24823819 DOI: 10.1086/676014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biparental care of offspring is a widespread social behavior, and various ecological, life-history, and demographic factors have been proposed to explain its evolution and maintenance. Raising offspring generally requires several types of care (e.g., feeding, brooding, and defense), and males and females often specialize in providing different types of care. However, theoretical models of care often assume that care is a single variable and hence that a unit of care by the mother is interchangeable with a unit of care by the father. We hypothesize that the ability of one parent to provide all types of care may be limited by nonadditive costs or by sex-based asymmetries in the costs of particular care types. Using an individual-based simulation, we show that synergistic costs of investing in two tasks or negligible sex-based cost asymmetries select for task specialization and biparental care. Biparental care persists despite intense sexual selection and sex-biased mortality, suggesting that previous models make overly restrictive predictions of the conditions under which cooperation can be maintained. Our model provides a mechanistic underpinning for published models that show that the synergistic benefits of individuals cooperating can stabilize cooperation, both in the context of parental care and in other social scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE (Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Debrecen) "Lendület" Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Ross L, Gardner A, Hardy N, West SA. Ecology, not the genetics of sex determination, determines who helps in eusocial populations. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2383-7. [PMID: 24268409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In eusocial species, the sex ratio of helpers varies from female only, in taxa such as the social Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) [1], to an unbiased mixture of males and females, as in most termites [2]. Hamilton suggested that this difference owes to the haplodiploid genetics of the Hymenoptera leading to females being relatively more related to their siblings [3]. However, it has been argued that Hamilton's hypothesis does not work [4-9] and that the sex of helpers could instead be explained by variation in the ecological factors that favor eusociality [10]. Here we test these two competing hypotheses, which focus on the possible importance of different terms in Hamilton's rule [2, 11], with a comparative study across all sexual eusocial taxa. We find that the sex ratio of helpers (1) shows no significant correlation with whether species are haplodiploid or diploid and (2) shows a strong correlation with the ecological factor that had favored eusociality. Specifically, when the role of helpers is to defend the nest, both males and females help, whereas when the role of helpers is to provide brood care, then helpers are the sex or sexes that provided parental care ancestrally. More generally, our results confirm the ability of kin selection theory to explain the biology of eusocial species, independently of ploidy, and add support to the idea that haplodiploidy has been more important for shaping conflicts within eusocial societies than for explaining its origins [6, 12-19].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
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Local environment but not genetic differentiation influences biparental care in ten plover populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60998. [PMID: 23613768 PMCID: PMC3629256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behaviours are highly variable between species, populations and individuals. However, it is contentious whether behavioural variations are primarily moulded by the environment, caused by genetic differences, or a combination of both. Here we establish that biparental care, a complex social behaviour that involves rearing of young by both parents, differs between closely related populations, and then test two potential sources of variation in parental behaviour between populations: ambient environment and genetic differentiation. We use 2904 hours behavioural data from 10 geographically distinct Kentish (Charadrius alexandrinus) and snowy plover (C. nivosus) populations in America, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa to test these two sources of behavioural variation. We show that local ambient temperature has a significant influence on parental care: with extreme heat (above 40°C) total incubation (i.e. % of time the male or female incubated the nest) increased, and female share (% female share of incubation) decreased. By contrast, neither genetic differences between populations, nor geographic distances predicted total incubation or female's share of incubation. These results suggest that the local environment has a stronger influence on a social behaviour than genetic differentiation, at least between populations of closely related species.
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34
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Suzuki S. Biparental care in insects: paternal care, life history, and the function of the nest. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:131. [PMID: 24766389 PMCID: PMC4014040 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of parental care is a complex process, and many evolutionary pathways have been hypothesized. Maternal care is common, but paternal care is not. High confidence of paternity should favor the evolution of paternal attendance in caring for young; biparental care is rare because paternity assurance is typically low compared to maternity. Biparental care in insects has evolved several times and has high diversity. To evaluate the conditions for the evolution of biparental care, a comparison across taxa is suitable. In this review, common traits of biparental species are discussed in order to evaluate previous models of biparental care and the life history of insects. It will be shown that nesting is a common feature in biparental insects. Nest structure limits extra-pair copulations, contributing to the evolution of biparental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seizi Suzuki
- Ecology & Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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35
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Hu Z, Zhao X, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang Q. Maternal care in the parasitoid Sclerodermus harmandi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e51246. [PMID: 23251468 PMCID: PMC3522655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guarding behavior is an important activity in sub-social insects, and this behavior is believed to improve the survival of offspring. Sclerodermus harmandi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is one of most powerful epizoic parasitoid wasps, and it parasitizes Monochamus alternatus, a borer of wood and also the primary vector of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. After laying eggs, S. harmandi exhibits sub-social behavior involving the female tending the clutch of eggs until emergence (guarding behavior). In this study, the benefits of this maternal care with regard to improvements in the survival of offspring were examined. During the developmental stages, only offspring in the egg and larval stages were sensitive to guarding behavior. A positive relationship between the survival of the offspring and the duration of guarding was detected with logistic regression analysis. A female replacement experiment demonstrated that multiparous S. harmandi stepmothers showed guarding behavior and that this behavior improved the survival of the immature offspring, whereas nulliparous stepmothers failed to exhibit the guarding behavior. These results indicate that S. harmandi females display maternal care and that this behavior improves the survival of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Hu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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36
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Paternal care decreases foraging activity and body condition, but does not impose survival costs to caring males in a Neotropical arachnid. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46701. [PMID: 23071616 PMCID: PMC3468633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive paternal care is the rarest form of parental investment in nature and theory predicts that the maintenance of this behavior depends on the balance between costs and benefits to males. Our goal was to assess costs of paternal care in the harvestman Iporangaia pustulosa, for which the benefits of this behavior in terms of egg survival have already been demonstrated. We evaluated energetic costs and mortality risks associated to paternal egg-guarding in the field. We quantified foraging activity of males and estimated how their body condition is influenced by the duration of the caring period. Additionally, we conducted a one-year capture-mark-recapture study and estimated apparent survival probabilities of caring and non-caring males to assess potential survival costs of paternal care. Our results indicate that caring males forage less frequently than non-caring individuals (males and females) and that their body condition deteriorates over the course of the caring period. Thus, males willing to guard eggs may provide to females a fitness-enhancing gift of cost-free care of their offspring. Caring males, however, did not show lower survival probabilities when compared to both non-caring males and females. Reduction in mortality risks as a result of remaining stationary, combined with the benefits of improving egg survival, may have played an important and previously unsuspected role favoring the evolution of paternal care. Moreover, males exhibiting paternal care could also provide an honest signal of their quality as offspring defenders, and thus female preference for caring males could be responsible for maintaining the trait.
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37
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Vogt G. Abbreviation of larval development and extension of brood care as key features of the evolution of freshwater Decapoda. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 88:81-116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kamel SJ, Grosberg RK. Exclusive male care despite extreme female promiscuity and low paternity in a marine snail. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1167-73. [PMID: 22834645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Males exhibit striking variation in the degree to which they invest in offspring, from merely provisioning females with sperm, to providing exclusive post-zygotic care. Paternity assurance is often invoked to explain this variation: the greater a male's confidence of paternity, the more he should be willing to provide care. Here, we report a striking exception to expectations based on paternity assurance: despite high levels of female promiscuity, males of a marine snail provide exclusive, and costly, care of offspring. Remarkably, genetic paternity analyses reveal cuckoldry in all broods, with fewer than 25% of offspring being sired by the caring male, although caring males sired proportionally more offspring in a given clutch than any other fathers did individually. This system presents the most extreme example of the coexistence of high levels of female promiscuity, low paternity, and costly male care, and emphasises the still unresolved roles of natural and sexual selection in the evolution of male parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Kamel
- Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Hasegawa E, Yao I, Futami K, Yagi N, Kobayashi K, Kudo SI. Isolation of microsatellite loci from the millipede, Brachycybe nodulosa Verhoeff. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-011-9481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Barreto FS, Avise JC. The genetic mating system of a sea spider with male-biased sexual size dimorphism: evidence for paternity skew despite random mating success. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011; 65:1595-1604. [PMID: 21874083 PMCID: PMC3134710 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Male-biased size dimorphism is usually expected to evolve in taxa with intense male-male competition for mates, and it is hence associated with high variances in male mating success. Most species of pycnogonid sea spiders exhibit female-biased size dimorphism, and are notable among arthropods for having exclusive male parental care of embryos. Relatively little, however, is known about their natural history, breeding ecology, and mating systems. Here we first show that Ammothella biunguiculata, a small intertidal sea spider, exhibits male-biased size dimorphism. Moreover, we combine genetic parentage analysis with quantitative measures of sexual selection to show that male body size does not appear to be under directional selection. Simulations of random mating revealed that mate acquisition in this species is largely driven by chance factors, although actual paternity success is likely non-randomly distributed. Finally, the opportunity for sexual selection (I(s)), an indirect metric for the potential strength of sexual selection, in A. biunguiculata males was less than half of that estimated in a sea spider with female-biased size dimorphism, suggesting the direction of size dimorphism may not be a reliable predictor of the intensity of sexual selection in this group. We highlight the suitability of pycnogonids as model systems for addressing questions relating parental investment and sexual selection, as well as the current lack of basic information on their natural history and breeding ecology. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1170-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Barreto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - John C. Avise
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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41
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AlRashidi M, Kosztolányi A, Shobrak M, Küpper C, Székely T. Parental cooperation in an extreme hot environment: natural behaviour and experimental evidence. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Kudo SI, Akagi Y, Hiraoka S, Tanabe T, Morimoto G. Exclusive Male Egg Care and Determinants of Brooding Success in a Millipede. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. Parental care trade-offs and life-history relationships in insects. Am Nat 2010; 176:212-26. [PMID: 20528469 DOI: 10.1086/653661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Insect parental care is extensive and varied, but its life-history implications have never been comparatively tested. Using original and literature data, we tested predictions about egg size, egg number (lifetime fecundity), and body size under different parental care modes across a phylogeny of 287 insect species. Life-history theory and both comparative and intraspecific evidence from ectotherms suggest parental care should select for bigger, fewer eggs, but that allometric scaling of egg size and lifetime fecundity may depend on whether care consists of provisioning (density-dependent offspring survival) or merely guarding (density-independent offspring survival). Against expectation, egg size was indistinguishable among parental care modes, covarying only with body size. This refutes most theory of egg size evolution under parental care. Lifetime fecundity scaled differently depending on parental investment-positively under no care and guarding, as in most ectotherms, but negatively under provisioning. Reproductive allocation in provisioning insects resembled that in mammals and birds, also groups with obligate provisioning. We propose that the metabolic demands of multiple offspring must scale with species body size more steeply than the parent's provisioning capacity, resulting in larger females laying fewer eggs. These patterns lay the groundwork for a more general understanding of parental care and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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44
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Barreto FS, Avise JC. Quantitative measures of sexual selection reveal no evidence for sex-role reversal in a sea spider with prolonged paternal care. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2951-6. [PMID: 20462907 PMCID: PMC2982019 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxa in which males alone invest in postzygotic care of offspring are often considered good models for investigating the proffered relationships between sexual selection and mating systems. In the pycnogonid sea spider Pycnogonum stearnsi, males carry large egg masses on their bodies for several weeks, so this species is a plausible candidate for sex-role reversal (greater intensity of sexual selection on females than on males). Here, we couple a microsatellite-based assessment of the mating system in a natural population with formal quantitative measures of genetic fitness to investigate the direction of sexual selection in P. stearnsi. Both sexes proved to be highly polygamous and showed similar standardized variances in reproductive and mating successes. Moreover, the fertility (number of progeny) of males and females appeared to be equally and highly dependent on mate access, as shown by similar Bateman gradients for the two sexes. The absence of sex-role reversal in this population of P. stearnsi is probably attributable to the fact that males are not limited by brooding space but have evolved an ability to carry large numbers of progeny. Body length was not a good predictor of male mating or reproductive success, so the aim of future studies should be to determine what traits are the targets of sexual selection in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Barreto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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45
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Mating system and exclusive postzygotic paternal care in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones). Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Fletcher N, Storey EJ, Johnson M, Reish DJ, Hardege JD. Experience matters: females use smell to select experienced males for paternal care. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7672. [PMID: 19888341 PMCID: PMC2766004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mate choice and mating preferences often rely on the information content of signals exchanged between potential partners. In species where a female's reproduction is the terminal event in life it is to be expected that females choose high quality males and assess males using some honest indicator of male quality. The Nereidid polychaete, Neanthes acuminata, exhibits monogamous pairing and the release of eggs by females terminates her life and larval success relies entirely on a male's ability to provide paternal care. As such females should have developed reliable, condition-dependent criteria to choose mates to guarantee survival and care for offspring. We show that females actively chose males experienced in fatherhood over others. In the absence of experienced males dominance, as evident from male-male fights, is utilized for mate selection. The preference for experienced males is not affected by previous social interactions between the individuals. We show that the choice of the partner is based on chemical signals demonstrating a ‘scent of experience’ to females providing evidence for the role of chemical signals in sexual selection for paternal care adding to our understanding of the mechanisms regulating condition-dependent mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Fletcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen J. Storey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Johnson
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Research, University of Hull, Scarborough, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J. Reish
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Jörg D. Hardege
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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47
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Requena GS, Buzatto BA, Munguía-Steyer R, Machado G. Efficiency of uniparental male and female care against egg predators in two closely related syntopic harvestmen. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Harrison F, Barta Z, Cuthill I, Székely T. How is sexual conflict over parental care resolved? A meta-analysis. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1800-12. [PMID: 19583699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Harrison
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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49
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BARRETO FELIPES, AVISE JOHNC. Polygynandry and sexual size dimorphism in the sea spiderAmmothea hilgendorfi(Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae), a marine arthropod with brood-carrying males. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:4164-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Wade MJ, Shuster SM. The evolution of parental care in the context of sexual selection: a critical reassessment of parental investment theory. Am Nat 2008; 160:285-92. [PMID: 18707439 DOI: 10.1086/341520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Males and females are often defined by differences in their energetic investment in gametes. In most sexual species, females produce few large ova, whereas males produce many tiny sperm. This difference in initial parental investment is presumed to exert a fundamental influence on sex differences in mating and parental behavior, resulting in a taxonomic bias toward parental care in females and away from parental care in males. In this article, we reexamine the logic of this argument as well as the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) theory often used to substantiate it. We show that the classic ESS model, which contrasts parental care with offspring desertion, violates the necessary relationship between mean male and female fitness. When the constraint of equal male and female mean fitness is correctly incorporated into the ESS model, its results are congruent with those of evolutionary genetic theory for the evolution of genes with direct and indirect effects. Male parental care evolves whenever half the magnitude of the indirect effect of paternal care on offspring viability exceeds the direct effect of additional mating success gained by desertion. When the converse is true, desertion invades and spreads. In the absence of a genetic correlation between the sexes, the evolution of paternal care is independent of maternal care. Theories based on sex differences in gametic investment make no such specific predictions. We discuss whether inferences about the evolution of sex differences in parental care can hold if the ESS theory on which they are based contains internal contradictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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