1
|
Miolo G, Marus W, Buonadonna A, Da Ros L, Della Puppa L, Corona G. Null Mismatch Repair Proteins Expression Reveals the Temporal Molecular Events in Lynch Syndrome-Related Cancers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:888. [PMID: 38732303 PMCID: PMC11083082 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical assessment of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins represents a pivotal screening tool for identifying Lynch syndrome (LS)-related cancers, as the loss of their expression often indicates MMR dysfunction associated with genetic or epigenetic alterations. Frequently, LS-related colorectal cancers present germline pathogenic variants in the MLH1 or MSH2 genes, which result in the simultaneous immunohistochemical loss of MLH1 and PMS2 or MSH2 and MSH6 proteins expression, respectively. Less commonly observed is the single involvement of the MSH6 or PMS2 proteins expression, indicative of the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the corresponding genes. Extremely rarely reported are the null immunohistochemistry phenotypes represented by the complete loss of expression of all MMR proteins. The molecular mechanisms contributing to the raising of this latter uncommon immunohistochemical phenotype are derived from the combination of pathogenic germline variants in MMR genes with the somatic hypermethylation of the MLH1 gene promoter. This study focuses on elucidating the molecular cascade leading to the development of the null immunohistochemical phenotype, providing valuable insights into understanding the sequential molecular events driving the LS-associated tumorigenesis, which may have pivotal implications in the clinical management of patients with LS-related cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmaria Miolo
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (A.B.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Wally Marus
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine Laboratory Section, Pordenone Hospital, 33170 Pordenone, Italy;
| | - Angela Buonadonna
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (A.B.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Lucia Da Ros
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (A.B.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Lara Della Puppa
- Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Listorti I, Manzo R, Arrivi C, Mencacci C, Biricik A, Greco E, Greco P. PGT-M, a Useful Tool to Manage the Lynch Syndrome Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16114. [PMID: 38003305 PMCID: PMC10671219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is one of the most common hereditary cancer sensitivity syndromes and is caused by autosomal-dominant germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. In patients affected by this syndrome, pre-implantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) could be the elective technique used to prevent the transmission of this hereditary syndrome to offspring. Notably, despite the severity of the condition, some authors have observed a markedly lower demand for PGT-M in these patients compared to those with other hereditary conditions. A 34-year-old woman with a medical history of Lynch syndrome associated with endometrial cancer came to the Villa Mafalda fertility center in Rome in order to conceive a healthy baby. In a pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) + PGT-M cycle, eight blastocysts were formed. Six out of eight blastocysts were affected by the same mother syndrome. One of the other two was aneuploid and the other one was a mosaic embryo, which resulted in a healthy pregnancy. The aim of this report is to emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to managing patients with this condition. In vitro fertilization (IVF), specifically PGT-M, is a tool that allow patients to conceive biological children with lower risk of inheriting the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Listorti
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Villa Mafalda, 00199 Rome, Italy (C.M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Manzo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Villa Mafalda, 00199 Rome, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Cristiana Arrivi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Villa Mafalda, 00199 Rome, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Cecilia Mencacci
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Villa Mafalda, 00199 Rome, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Anil Biricik
- Eurofins GENOMA Group, Molecular Genetics Laboratories, 00138 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ermanno Greco
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Villa Mafalda, 00199 Rome, Italy (C.M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Eurofins GENOMA Group, Molecular Genetics Laboratories, 00138 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Obstetrician and Genecology, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences (Unicamillus), 00131 Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Plewa N, Poncette L, Blankenstein T. Generation of TGFβR2(-1) neoantigen-specific HLA-DR4-restricted T cell receptors for cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006001. [PMID: 36822673 PMCID: PMC9950979 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of patient's T cells, engineered to express a T cell receptor (TCR) with defined novel antigen specificity, is a convenient form of cancer therapy. In most cases, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-restricted TCRs are expressed in CD8+ T cells and the development of CD4+ T cells engineered to express an MHC II-restricted TCR lacks behind. Critical is the choice of the target antigen, whether the epitope is efficiently processed and binds with high affinity to MHC molecules. A mutation in the transforming growth factor β receptor 2 (TGFβR2(-1)) gene creates a frameshift peptide caused by the deletion of one adenine (-1) within a microsatellite sequence. This somatic mutation is recurrent in microsatellite instable colorectal and gastric cancers and, therefore, is a truly tumor-specific antigen detected in many patients. METHODS ABabDR4 mice, which express a diverse human TCR repertoire restricted to human MHC II molecule HLA-DRA/DRB1*0401 (HLA-DR4), were immunized with the TGFβR2(-1) peptide and TGFβR2(-1)-specific TCRs were isolated from responding CD4+ T cells. The TGFβR2(-1)-specific TCRs were expressed in human CD4+ T cells and their potency and safety profile were assessed by co-cultures and other functional assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that TGFβR2(-1) neoantigen is immunogenic and elicited CD4+ T cell responses in ABabDR4 mice. When expressed in human CD4+ T cells, the HLA-DR4 restricted TGFβR2(-1)-specific TCRs induced IFNy expression at low TGFβR2(-1) peptide amounts. The TGFβR2(-1)-specific TCRs recognized HLA-DR4+ lymphoblastoid cells, which endogenously processed and presented the neoantigen, and colorectal cancer cell lines SW48 and HCT116 naturally expressing the TGFβR2(-1) mutation. No MHC II alloreactivity or cross-reactivity to peptides with a similar TCR-recognition motif were observed, indicating the safety of the TCRs. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that HLA-DR4-restricted TCRs specific for the TGFβR2(-1) recurrent neoantigen can be valuable candidates for adoptive T cell therapy of a sizeable number of patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Plewa
- Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Poncette
- Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model System for Eukaryotic Cell Biology, from Cell Cycle Control to DNA Damage Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911665. [PMID: 36232965 PMCID: PMC9570374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for bread making and beer brewing for thousands of years. In addition, its ease of manipulation, well-annotated genome, expansive molecular toolbox, and its strong conservation of basic eukaryotic biology also make it a prime model for eukaryotic cell biology and genetics. In this review, we discuss the characteristics that made yeast such an extensively used model organism and specifically focus on the DNA damage response pathway as a prime example of how research in S. cerevisiae helped elucidate a highly conserved biological process. In addition, we also highlight differences in the DNA damage response of S. cerevisiae and humans and discuss the challenges of using S. cerevisiae as a model system.
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh S, Singh N, Sharma S. Genetic polymorphisms in the mismatch repair pathway (MMR) genes contribute to hematological and gastrointestinal toxicity in North Indian lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23183. [PMID: 35924411 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, and MSH6 polymorphisms and toxicity due to platinum-based doublet chemotherapy for North Indian lung cancer patients. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to assess the polymorphism. For MSH2 IVS1 + 9G > C polymorphism variant type genotype reported a 1.4-fold increased risk of anemia (AOR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.98-1.99; p = 0.04) and decreased risk of developing gastrointestinal toxicity (diarrhea) (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.28-1.01; p = 0.04). Further, we also reported a 10-fold increased risk of developing severe grade anorexia in combined genotype (GC + CC) (AOR = 9.18; 95% CI = 0.98-86.1; p = 0.05). For MSH2 T > C/-6 polymorphism, variant type reported a 3-fold and 2-fold increased risk of developing severe grade leukopenia (AOR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.44-7.88; p = 0.005) and neutropenia respectively (AOR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.07-4.66; p = 0.03). For MSH3 G > A polymorphism, heterozygous (GA) and combined genotype (GA + AA) reported a 7-fold and 6-fold increased risk of developing anemia (AOR = 7.23; 95% CI = 1.51-34.6; p = 0.01, AOR = 6.39; 95% CI = 1.53-26.6; p = 0.01). Our results suggest that polymorphisms in DNA mismatch repair genes are associated with hematological, and gastrointestinal toxicities and might be considered a predictor for pretreatment evaluation in lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
D'Arcy BM, Arrington J, Weisman J, McClellan SB, Vandana , Yang Z, Deivanayagam C, Blount J, Prakash A. PMS2 variant results in loss of ATPase activity without compromising mismatch repair. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1908. [PMID: 35189042 PMCID: PMC9034662 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes account for approximately 5%-10% of all diagnosed cancer cases. Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer condition that predisposes individuals to an elevated lifetime risk for developing colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers. LS results from a pathogenic mutation in one of four mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2). The diagnosis of LS is often challenged by the identification of missense mutations, termed variants of uncertain significance, whose functional effect on the protein is not known. Of the eight PMS2 variants initially selected for this study, we identified a variant within the N-terminal domain where asparagine 335 is mutated to serine, p.Asn335Ser, which lacked ATPase activity, yet appears to be proficient in MMR. To expand our understanding of this functional dichotomy, we performed biophysical and structural studies, and noted that p.Asn335Ser binds to ATP but is unable to hydrolyze it to ADP. To examine the impact of p.Asn335Ser on MMR, we developed a novel in-cell fluorescent-based microsatellite instability reporter that revealed p.Asn335Ser maintained genomic stability. We conclude that in the absence of gross structural changes, PMS2 ATP hydrolysis is not necessary for proficient MMR and that the ATPase deficient p.Asn335Ser variant is likely benign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. D'Arcy
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Jennifer Arrington
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Justin Weisman
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Steven B. McClellan
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource LabMitchell Cancer InstituteMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Vandana
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Champion Deivanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | | | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South Alabama HealthMobileAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harder A. Do non-pathogenic variants of DNA mismatch repair genes modify neurofibroma load in neurofibromatosis type 1? Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:705-713. [PMID: 34997843 PMCID: PMC8940751 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-pathogenic mismatch repair (MMR) gene variants can be associated with decreased MMR capacity in several settings. Due to an increased mutation rate, reduced MMR capacity leads to accumulation of somatic sequence changes in tumour suppressor genes such as in the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene. Patients with autosomal dominant NF1 typically develop neurofibromas ranging from single to thousands. Concerning the number of neurofibromas NF1 patients face a situation that is still not predictable. A few studies suggested that germline non-pathogenic MMR gene variants modify the number of neurofibromas in NF1 and by this mechanism may promote the extent of neurofibroma manifestation. This review represents first evidence that specific non-pathogenic single nucleotide variants of MMR genes act as a modifier of neurofibroma manifestation in NF1, highlighting MSH2 re4987188 as the best analysed non-pathogenic variant so far. In summary, besides MSH2 promotor methylation, specific non-pathogenic germline MSH2 variants are associated with the extent of neurofibroma manifestation. Those variants can serve as a biomarker to facilitate better mentoring of NF1 patients at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Harder
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Donís SP, González AP, Alves MGO, do Carmo Carvalho BF, Ferreira CCP, Almeida JD, Iruegas EP, Petronacci CMC, Peñaranda JMS, Sayáns MP. MLH1, MSH2, MRE11, and XRCC1 in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:613-618. [PMID: 33734109 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage is accumulated in the cells over time as the result of both exogenous and endogenous factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of the repair proteins in oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin blocks were selected from the archives of the Laboratory of Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. The sample was composed of 16 cases of OL without dysplasia, 14 cases of OL with dysplasia, and 15 cases of OSCC. The patients' clinical data were collected and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for MLH1, MSH2, MRE11, and XRCC1. The data were submitted to the χ2 and the Kruskal-Wallis (P≤0.05) tests. RESULTS MSH2 was overexpressed in OSCC (P=0.020) and was positive in 100% of patients with OL with dysplasia or OSCC (P=0.019). Positivity for MLH1 was significantly associated with comorbidity (P=0.040), especially in patients who presented with 2 or more pathologies (P=0.028). XRCC1 positivity was also associated with comorbidity (P=0.039). No significant associations were found for the MRE11A expression. Although the simultaneous positivity for the 4 markers was observed in presence of comorbidities (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the effect of the overexpression of MSH2 protein in samples of OL with dysplasia and OSCC, most notably in patients who present with comorbidities and negativity for OL without dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna F do Carmo Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila C P Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Dias Almeida
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena Padín Iruegas
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Idichus Foundation, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - José M Suárez Peñaranda
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Pathology, University of Santiago de Compostela
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rashid M, Zadeh LR, Baradaran B, Molavi O, Ghesmati Z, Sabzichi M, Ramezani F. Up-down regulation of HIF-1α in cancer progression. Gene 2021; 798:145796. [PMID: 34175393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia induicible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a key transcription factor in cancer progression and target therapy in cancer. HIF-1α acts differently depending on presence or absence of Oxygen. In an oxygen-immersed environment, HIF-1α completely deactivated and destroyed by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP). In contrast, in the oxygen-free environment, it escapes destruction and enters to the nucleus of cells then upregulates many genes involved in cancer progression. Overexpressed HIF-1α and downstream genes support cancer progression through various mechanisms including angiogenesis, proliferation and survival of cells, metabolism reprogramming, invasion and metastasis, cancer stem cell maintenance, induction of genetic instability, and treatment resistance. HIF-1α can be provoked by signaling pathways unrelated to hypoxia during cancer progression. Therefore, cancer development and progression can be modulated by targeting HIF-1α and its downstream signaling molecules. In this regard, HIF-1α inhibitors which are categorized into the agents that regulate HIF-1α in gene, mRNA and protein levels used as an efficient way in cancer treatment. Also, HIF-1α expression can be negatively affected by the agents suppressing the activation of mTOR, PI3k/Akt and MAPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rashid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Rostami Zadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sabzichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chitwood DG, Wang Q, Elliott K, Bullock A, Jordana D, Li Z, Wu C, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Characterization of metabolic responses, genetic variations, and microsatellite instability in ammonia-stressed CHO cells grown in fed-batch cultures. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 33419422 PMCID: PMC7791692 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As bioprocess intensification has increased over the last 30 years, yields from mammalian cell processes have increased from 10's of milligrams to over 10's of grams per liter. Most of these gains in productivity can be attributed to increasing cell densities within bioreactors. As such, strategies have been developed to minimize accumulation of metabolic wastes, such as lactate and ammonia. Unfortunately, neither cell growth nor biopharmaceutical production can occur without some waste metabolite accumulation. Inevitably, metabolic waste accumulation leads to decline and termination of the culture. While it is understood that the accumulation of these unwanted compounds imparts a suboptimal culture environment, little is known about the genotoxic properties of these compounds that may lead to global genome instability. In this study, we examined the effects of high and moderate extracellular ammonia on the physiology and genomic integrity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. RESULTS Through whole genome sequencing, we discovered 2394 variant sites within functional genes comprised of both single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletion mutations as a result of ammonia stress with high or moderate impact on functional genes. Furthermore, several of these de novo mutations were found in genes whose functions are to maintain genome stability, such as Tp53, Tnfsf11, Brca1, as well as Nfkb1. Furthermore, we characterized microsatellite content of the cultures using the CriGri-PICR Chinese hamster genome assembly and discovered an abundance of microsatellite loci that are not replicated faithfully in the ammonia-stressed cultures. Unfaithful replication of these loci is a signature of microsatellite instability. With rigorous filtering, we found 124 candidate microsatellite loci that may be suitable for further investigation to determine whether these loci may be reliable biomarkers to predict genome instability in CHO cultures. CONCLUSION This study advances our knowledge with regards to the effects of ammonia accumulation on CHO cell culture performance by identifying ammonia-sensitive genes linked to genome stability and lays the foundation for the development of a new diagnostic tool for assessing genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kathryn Elliott
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Aiyana Bullock
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Science & Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Dwon Jordana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, 71245, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Cathy Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Qiu W, Liu H, Li T, Ye H, Li Y, Xu X, Chen P. The prognostic value of combining CD133 and mismatch repair proteins in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:54-63. [PMID: 32969057 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic value of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a hot topic in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) research. CD133 has been identified as an important colorectal CSC marker, but its prognostic significance remains controversial. Recently, studies have reported a possible functional link between CSCs and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. However, the relationship between CRC stemness and MMR proteins remains little explored, and whether the predictive role of CD133 is affected by MMR proteins is still unknown. The aim of our study is to investigate the influence of MMR proteins on the predictive significance of CD133 in terms of CRC patient survival and to further analyze the correlation between MMR proteins and cancer stemness. In our study, we didn't observe the prognostic value of CD133 in CRC patients. However, we demonstrated that in patients with low expression of MSH6, MSH2, PMS2 and MLH1, especially MSH6, CD133 was an effective prognostic biomarker. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between MSH6 and CD133 expression. In vitro studies supported our clinical data and showed that the expression of cancer-associated stemness markers CD133, BMI-1, OCT-4 and SOX-2 was significantly decreased in siRNA-MSH6/MLH1 CRC cells. Thus, our results demonstrated that MMR proteins might play an important role in modulating the stemness of CRC cells. MMR proteins might be a crucial determinant that can help to accurately identify tumour subclones that may benefit from using the CSC marker CD133 as a prognostic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoyu Liu
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yateng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou J, Zhou XA, Zhang N, Wang J. Evolving insights: how DNA repair pathways impact cancer evolution. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:805-827. [PMID: 33299637 PMCID: PMC7721097 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viewing cancer as a large, evolving population of heterogeneous cells is a common perspective. Because genomic instability is one of the fundamental features of cancer, this intrinsic tendency of genomic variation leads to striking intratumor heterogeneity and functions during the process of cancer formation, development, metastasis, and relapse. With the increased mutation rate and abundant diversity of the gene pool, this heterogeneity leads to cancer evolution, which is the major obstacle in the clinical treatment of cancer. Cells rely on the integrity of DNA repair machineries to maintain genomic stability, but these machineries often do not function properly in cancer cells. The deficiency of DNA repair could contribute to the generation of cancer genomic instability, and ultimately promote cancer evolution. With the rapid advance of new technologies, such as single-cell sequencing in recent years, we have the opportunity to better understand the specific processes and mechanisms of cancer evolution, and its relationship with DNA repair. Here, we review recent findings on how DNA repair affects cancer evolution, and discuss how these mechanisms provide the basis for critical clinical challenges and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao Albert Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bae JH, Fang JZ, Zhang DY. High-throughput methods for measuring DNA thermodynamics. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e89. [PMID: 32544247 PMCID: PMC7470960 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the thermodynamics of DNA motifs is important for prediction and design of probes and primers, but melt curve analyses are low-throughput and produce inaccurate results for motifs such as bulges and mismatches. Here, we developed a new, accurate and high-throughput method for measuring DNA motif thermodynamics called TEEM (Toehold Exchange Energy Measurement). It is a refined framework of comparing two toehold exchange reactions, which are competitive strand displacement between oligonucleotides. In a single experiment, TEEM can measure over 1000 ΔG° values with standard error of roughly 0.05 kcal/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Bae
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Z Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Yu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Expression of DNA repair genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:298-305. [PMID: 32682592 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of DNA repair genes in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). STUDY DESIGN Expression of the MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, ATM, MRE11A, XRCC1, and PMS2 genes was evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the OSCC group (32 patients) and the control group (15 patients). The groups were compared by using the Mann-Whitney test, with Bonferroni correction. Associations between gene expression levels and clinical data were explored by using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients, with P value less than .05 indicating a significant difference. RESULTS The MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, ATM, MRE11A, XRCC1, and PMS2 genes were downregulated in the OSCC group compared with the control group, with significant values for MLH1 (P < .0001); MSH2 (P = .038); MLH3 (P < .0001); ATM (P < .0001); MRE11A (P < .0001); XRCC1 (P = .0004); and PMS2 (P = .008). Analysis of the correlation between gene expression and clinical data only revealed a significant negative correlation between age and expression of the PMS2 gene. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the DNA repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, ATM, MRE11 AMRE11A, XRCC1, and PMS2 was reduced in OSCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
HBXIP: a potential prognosis biomarker of colorectal cancer which promotes invasion and migration via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2020; 245:117354. [PMID: 31987874 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) is highly expressed in many cancers, but the correlation between the expression of HBXIP and the clinical significance and underlying molecular mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unclear. We selected 186 specimens from CRC patients for analyzing the relationship between the expression of HBXIP and the clinical-pathological features by immunohistochemistry. Migration and invasion experiments were performed to examine the effect of HBXIP on CRC cell metastasis. Besides, we also explored the possible molecular mechanism of HBXIP regulation of CRC cell metastasis by Western blot. Our data indicated that the HBXIP was overexpressed in CRC tissues. High HBXIP expression was correlated with metastasis and shorter survival times in patients with CRC and served as an independent factor for poor prognosis. Moreover, HBXIP promotes CRC metastasis by enhancing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Our findings provide the first evidence that HBXIP induces EMT to promote metastasis and predicts the poor prognosis of CRC. Therefore, HBXIP may become a new target for CRC treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
SMARCAD1-mediated recruitment of the DNA mismatch repair protein MutLα to MutSα on damaged chromatin induces apoptosis in human cells. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
17
|
Takeishi Y, Fujikane R, Rikitake M, Obayashi Y, Sekiguchi M, Hidaka M. SMARCAD1-mediated recruitment of the DNA mismatch repair protein MutLα to MutSα on damaged chromatin induces apoptosis in human cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1056-1065. [PMID: 31843968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mismatch repair (MMR) complex is composed of MutSα (MSH2-MSH6) and MutLα (MLH1-PMS2) and specifically recognizes mismatched bases during DNA replication. O 6-Methylguanine is produced by treatment with alkylating agents, such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), and during DNA replication forms a DNA mismatch (i.e. an O 6-methylguanine/thymine pair) and induces a G/C to A/T transition mutation. To prevent this outcome, cells carrying this DNA mismatch are eliminated by MMR-dependent apoptosis, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we provide evidence that the chromatin-regulatory and ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling protein SMARCAD1 is involved in the induction of MMR-dependent apoptosis in human cells. Unlike control cells, SMARCAD1-knockout cells (ΔSMARCAD1) were MNU-resistant, and the appearance of a sub-G1 population and caspase-9 activation were significantly suppressed in the ΔSMARCAD1 cells. Furthermore, the MNU-induced mutation frequencies were increased in these cells. Immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that the recruitment of MutLα to chromatin-bound MutSα, observed in SMARCAD1-proficient cells, is suppressed in ΔSMARCAD1 cells. Of note, the effect of SMARCAD1 on the recruitment of MutLα exclusively depended on the ATPase activity of the protein. On the basis of these findings, we propose that SMARCAD1 induces apoptosis via its chromatin-remodeling activity, which helps recruit MutLα to MutSα on damaged chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeishi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujikane
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Mihoko Rikitake
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.,Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yuko Obayashi
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Sekiguchi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masumi Hidaka
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karmakar S, Maji M, Mukherjee A. Modulation of the reactivity of nitrogen mustards by metal complexation: approaches to modify their therapeutic properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1144-1160. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexation of nitrogen mustards shows promise with an ability to control the mustards’ reactivity, perform selective hypoxia activation, overcome resistance, and control GSH deactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Moumita Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stochastic Processes and Component Plasticity Governing DNA Mismatch Repair. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4456-4468. [PMID: 29864444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a DNA excision-resynthesis process that principally enhances replication fidelity. Highly conserved MutS (MSH) and MutL (MLH/PMS) homologs initiate MMR and in higher eukaryotes act as DNA damage sensors that can trigger apoptosis. MSH proteins recognize mismatched nucleotides, whereas the MLH/PMS proteins mediate multiple interactions associated with downstream MMR events including strand discrimination and strand-specific excision that are initiated at a significant distance from the mismatch. Remarkably, the biophysical functions of the MLH/PMS proteins have been elusive for decades. Here we consider recent observations that have helped to define the mechanics of MLH/PMS proteins and their role in choreographing MMR. We highlight the stochastic nature of DNA interactions that have been visualized by single-molecule analysis and the plasticity of protein complexes that employ thermal diffusion to complete the progressions of MMR.
Collapse
|
20
|
Patel A, Pathak Y, Patel J, Sutariya V. Role of nutritional factors in pathogenesis of cancer. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Yashwant Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jayvadan Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Vijaykumar Sutariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Belfield EJ, Ding ZJ, Jamieson FJC, Visscher AM, Zheng SJ, Mithani A, Harberd NP. DNA mismatch repair preferentially protects genes from mutation. Genome Res 2017; 28:66-74. [PMID: 29233924 PMCID: PMC5749183 DOI: 10.1101/gr.219303.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutation is the source of genetic variation and fuels biological evolution. Many mutations first arise as DNA replication errors. These errors subsequently evade correction by cellular DNA repair, for example, by the well-known DNA mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism. Here, we determine the genome-wide effects of MMR on mutation. We first identify almost 9000 mutations accumulated over five generations in eight MMR-deficient mutation accumulation (MA) lines of the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. We then show that MMR deficiency greatly increases the frequency of both smaller-scale insertions and deletions (indels) and of single-nucleotide variant (SNV) mutations. Most indels involve A or T nucleotides and occur preferentially in homopolymeric (poly A or poly T) genomic stretches. In addition, we find that the likelihood of occurrence of indels in homopolymeric stretches is strongly related to stretch length, and that this relationship causes ultrahigh localized mutation rates in specific homopolymeric stretch regions. For SNVs, we show that MMR deficiency both increases their frequency and changes their molecular mutational spectrum, causing further enhancement of the GC to AT bias characteristic of organisms with normal MMR function. Our final genome-wide analyses show that MMR deficiency disproportionately increases the numbers of SNVs in genes, rather than in nongenic regions of the genome. This latter observation indicates that MMR preferentially protects genes from mutation and has important consequences for understanding the evolution of genomes during both natural selection and human tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Belfield
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fiona J C Jamieson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M Visscher
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Aziz Mithani
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), DHA, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Nicholas P Harberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
DNA mismatch repair and its many roles in eukaryotic cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:174-187. [PMID: 28927527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an important DNA repair pathway that plays critical roles in DNA replication fidelity, mutation avoidance and genome stability, all of which contribute significantly to the viability of cells and organisms. MMR is widely-used as a diagnostic biomarker for human cancers in the clinic, and as a biomarker of cancer susceptibility in animal model systems. Prokaryotic MMR is well-characterized at the molecular and mechanistic level; however, MMR is considerably more complex in eukaryotic cells than in prokaryotic cells, and in recent years, it has become evident that MMR plays novel roles in eukaryotic cells, several of which are not yet well-defined or understood. Many MMR-deficient human cancer cells lack mutations in known human MMR genes, which strongly suggests that essential eukaryotic MMR components/cofactors remain unidentified and uncharacterized. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the eukaryotic MMR machinery discriminates between the parental (template) and the daughter (nascent) DNA strand is incompletely understood and how cells choose between the EXO1-dependent and the EXO1-independent subpathways of MMR is not known. This review summarizes recent literature on eukaryotic MMR, with emphasis on the diverse cellular roles of eukaryotic MMR proteins, the mechanism of strand discrimination and cross-talk/interactions between and co-regulation of MMR and other DNA repair pathways in eukaryotic cells. The main conclusion of the review is that MMR proteins contribute to genome stability through their ability to recognize and promote an appropriate cellular response to aberrant DNA structures, especially when they arise during DNA replication. Although the molecular mechanism of MMR in the eukaryotic cell is still not completely understood, increased used of single-molecule analyses in the future may yield new insight into these unsolved questions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jahid S, Sun J, Gelincik O, Blecua P, Edelmann W, Kucherlapati R, Zhou K, Jasin M, Gümüş ZH, Lipkin SM. Inhibition of colorectal cancer genomic copy number alterations and chromosomal fragile site tumor suppressor FHIT and WWOX deletions by DNA mismatch repair. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71574-71586. [PMID: 29069730 PMCID: PMC5641073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) enables precise DNA repair after DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) using identical sequence templates, whereas homeologous recombination (HeR) uses only partially homologous sequences. Homeologous recombination introduces mutations through gene conversion and genomic deletions through single-strand annealing (SSA). DNA mismatch repair (MMR) inhibits HeR, but the roles of mammalian MMR MutL homologues (MLH1, PMS2 and MLH3) proteins in HeR suppression are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) carrying Mlh1, Pms2, and Mlh3 mutations have higher HeR rates, by using 7,863 uniquely mapping paired direct repeat sequences (DRs) in the mouse genome as endogenous gene conversion and SSA reporters. Additionally, when DSBs are induced by gamma-radiation, Mlh1, Pms2 and Mlh3 mutant MEFs have higher DR copy number alterations (CNAs), including DR CNA hotspots previously identified in mouse MMR-deficient colorectal cancer (dMMR CRC). Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas CRC data revealed that dMMR CRCs have higher genome-wide DR HeR rates than MMR proficient CRCs, and that dMMR CRCs have deletion hotspots in tumor suppressors FHIT/WWOX at chromosomal fragile sites FRA3B and FRA16D (which have elevated DSB rates) flanked by paired homologous DRs and inverted repeats (IR). Overall, these data provide novel insights into the MMR-dependent HeR inhibition mechanism and its role in tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Jahid
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Ozkan Gelincik
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Pedro Blecua
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 10461, NY, USA
| | - Raju Kucherlapati
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu JY, Qian CY, Gao YF, Chen J, Zhou HH, Yin JY. Association between DNA mismatch repair gene polymorphisms and platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:12. [PMID: 28093084 PMCID: PMC5238520 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy toxicity is a serious problem from which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients suffer. The mismatch repair (MMR) system is associated with platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in NSCLC patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in the MMR pathway and platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in NSCLC patients. Methods A total of 220 Chinese lung cancer patients who received at least two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy were recruited for this study. Toxicity was evaluated in each patient after two cycles of chemotherapy. A total of 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected to investigate their associations with platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity. Results MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) rs6544991 [odds ratio (OR) 2.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–7.40, P = 0.019] was associated with gastrointestinal toxicity in the dominant model; MSH3 rs6151627 (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.23–4.60, P = 0.010), rs6151670 (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.07–3.93, P = 0.031), and rs7709909 (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.23–4.64, P = 0.010) were associated with hematologic toxicity in the dominant model. Additionally, MSH5 rs805304 was significantly associated with overall toxicity (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.19–4.09, P = 0.012), and MSH5 rs707939 was significantly associated with both overall toxicity (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23–0.76, P = 0.004) and gastrointestinal toxicity (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.96, P = 0.038) in the dominant model. Conclusion Genetic polymorphisms in the MMR pathway are potential clinical markers for predicting chemotherapy toxicity in NSCLC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40880-016-0175-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Yue Qian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Feng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, P. R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sena P, Mariani F, Mancini S, Benincasa M, Magnani G, Pedroni M, Palumbo C, Roncucci L. Autophagy is upregulated during colorectal carcinogenesis, and in DNA microsatellite stable carcinomas. Oncol Rep 2016; 34:3222-30. [PMID: 26502823 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are exposed to a wide range of stress sources, such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia, as well as cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Certain forms of stress can also promote survival activating the metabolic autophagy pathway in cancer cells. Autophagy is dramatically increased in cancer cells. In these conditions, it is becoming evident that autophagy protects cells, by providing an alternative energy source and by eliminating dysfunctional organelles or proteins. Its role in tumorigenesis is more controversial and both the presence and the absence of autophagy have been implicated. Autophagy is known to be associated with the poor outcome of patients with various types of cancers, and its effectiveness as a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer was demonstrated by several studies. The inhibition of autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. In vitro experiments have shown that the inhibition of autophagy increases 5-FU-induced apoptosis. There are two trials currently investigating the addition of chloroquine to 5-FU-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of LC3B-II in samples of human colorectal microadenomas (i.e., dysplastic aberrant crypt foci) and carcinomas compared to normal mucosa. Furthermore, the expression pattern of LC3B-II was assessed in carcinomas classified as DNA microsatellite stable (MSS) and unstable (MSI). Thus, immunofluorescence techniques coupled with confocal microscopy and immunoblot experiments were performed. The results clearly showed a significant increase in expression of the autophagic key factor in microadenomas and carcinomas with respect to normal mucosa. In MSS carcinomas, the level of LC3B-II expression was higher than that in the MSI carcinomas.
Collapse
|
26
|
Functional role of DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2 in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16341-51. [PMID: 26036629 PMCID: PMC4599273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes act as proofreading complexes that maintains genomic integrity and MMR-deficient cells show an increased mutation rate. MMR has also been shown to influence cell signaling and the regulation of tumor development. MMR consists of various genes and includes post-meiotic segregation (PMS) 2 which is a vital component of mutL-alpha. In prostate, the functional role of this gene has never been reported and in this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of PMS2 on growth properties of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Previous studies have shown PMS2 to be deficient in DU145 cells and this lack of expression was confirmed by Western blotting whereas normal prostatic PWR-1E and RWPE-1 cells expressed this gene. PMS2 effects on various growth properties of DU145 were then determined by creating stable gene transfectants. Interestingly, PMS2 caused decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and in vivo growth; and increased apoptosis as compared to vector control. We further analyzed genes affected by PMS2 expression and observe the apoptosis-related TMS1 gene to be significantly upregulated whereas anti-apoptotic BCL2A1 was downregulated. These results demonstrate a functional role for PMS2 to protect against PCa progression by enhancing apoptosis of PCa cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant inherited disorder, is caused by inactivating mutations involving DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. This leads to profound genetic instability, including microsatellite instability (MSI) and increased risk for cancer development, particularly colon and endometrial malignancies. Clinical testing of tumor tissues for the presence of MMR gene deficiency is standard practice in clinical oncology, with immunohistochemistry and PCR-based microsatellite instability analysis used as screening tests to identify potential Lynch syndrome families. The ultimate diagnosis of Lynch syndrome requires documentation of mutation within one of the four MMR genes (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 and MSH6) or EPCAM, currently achieved by comprehensive sequencing analysis of germline DNA. In this review, the genetic basis of Lynch syndrome, methodologies of MMR deficiency testing, and current diagnostic algorithms in the clinical management of Lynch syndrome, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Buza
- a Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - James Ziai
- b Genentech Inc ., San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Pei Hui
- a Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang C, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Zhao Z, Chen J, Sheng P, Yu Y, Ma W, Duan E, Wu F, Liu L, Qin R, Zhang X, Guo X, Wang J, Jiang L, Wan J. The role of OsMSH4 in male and female gamete development in rice meiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1447-59. [PMID: 26712826 PMCID: PMC4762385 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is essential for gametogenesis in sexual reproduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We identified a MutS-homolog (MSH) family gene OsMSH4 in a trisomic plant. Cytological analysis showed that developments of both pollen and embryo sacs in an Osmsh4 mutant were blocked due to defective chromosome pairing. Compared with the wild type, the Osmsh4 mutant displayed a significant ~21.9% reduction in chiasma frequency, which followed a Poisson distribution, suggesting that class I crossover formation in the mutant was impaired. Temporal and spatial expression pattern analyses showed that OsMSH4 was preferentially expressed in meiocytes during their meiosis, indicating a critical role in gametogenesis. Subcellular localization showed that OsMSH4-green fluorescent protein was predominantly located in the nucleus. OsMSH4 could interact with another MSH member (OsMSH5) through the N-terminus and C-terminus, respectively. Direct physical interaction between OsMSH5, OsRPA1a, OsRPA2b, OsRPA1c, and OsRPA2c was identified by yeast two-hybrid assays and further validated by pull-down assays. Our results supported the conclusion that the OsMSH4/5 heterodimer plays a key role in regulation of crossover formation during rice meiosis by interaction with the RPA complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaolong Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Peike Sheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Erchao Duan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ruizhen Qin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Figura N, Marano L, Moretti E, Ponzetto A. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma: Not all the strains and patients are alike. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:40-54. [PMID: 26798436 PMCID: PMC4714145 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) develops in only 1%-3% of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected people. The role in GC formation of the bacterial genotypes, gene polymorphisms and host's factors may therefore be important. The risk of GC is enhanced when individuals are infected by strains expressing the oncoprotein CagA, in particular if CagA has a high number of repeats containing the EPIYA sequence in its C'-terminal variable region or particular amino acid sequences flank the EPIYA motifs. H. pylori infection triggers an inflammatory response characterised by an increased secretion of some chemokines by immunocytes and colonised gastric epithelial cells; these molecules are especially constituted by proteins composing the interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) group and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of genes encoding these molecules, could account for high concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in the gastric mucosa, which may cause hypochlorhydria and eventually GC. Inconsistent results have been attained with other haplotypes of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Genomic mechanisms of GC development are mainly based on chromosomal or microsatellite instability (MSI) and deregulation of signalling transduction pathways. H. pylori infection may induce DNA instability and breaks of double-strand DNA in gastric mucocytes. Different H. pylori strains seem to differently increase the risk of cancer development run by the host. Certain H. pylori genotypes (such as the cagA positive) induce high degrees of chronic inflammation and determine an increase of mutagenesis rate, oxidative-stress, mismatch repair mechanisms, down-regulation of base excision and genetic instability, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species that modulate apoptosis; these phenomena may end to trigger or concur to GC development.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fukuhara S, Chang I, Mitsui Y, Chiyomaru T, Yamamura S, Majid S, Saini S, Hirata H, Deng G, Gill A, Wong DK, Shiina H, Nonomura N, Dahiya R, Tanaka Y. DNA mismatch repair gene MLH1 induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11297-307. [PMID: 25526032 PMCID: PMC4294331 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes have been shown to be deficient in prostate cancer (PCa). MMR can influence the regulation of tumor development in various cancers but their role on PCa has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the functional effects of the mutL-homolog 1 (MLH1) gene on growth of PCa cells. The DU145 cell line has been established as MLH1-deficient and thus, this cell line was utilized to determine effects of MLH1 by gene expression. Lack of MLH1 protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting in DU145 cells whereas levels were high in normal PWR-1E and RWPE-1 prostatic cells. MLH1-expressing stable transfectant DU145 cells were then created to characterize the effects this MMR gene has on various growth properties. Expression of MLH1 resulted in decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion properties. Lack of cell growth in vivo also indicated a tumor suppressive effect by MLH1. Interestingly, MLH1 caused an increase in apoptosis along with phosphorylated c-Abl, and treatment with MLH1 siRNAs countered this effect. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Abl with STI571 also abrogated the effect on apoptosis caused by MLH1. These results demonstrate MLH1 protects against PCa development by inducing c-Abl-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Oral Biology,Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chiyomaru
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ankurpreet Gill
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Darryn K Wong
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroaki Shiina
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vanhoecke B, Bateman E, Mayo B, Vanlancker E, Stringer A, Thorpe D, Keefe D. Dark Agouti rat model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis: establishment and current state of the art. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:725-41. [PMID: 25966981 PMCID: PMC4935219 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215581309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucositis is a major oncological problem. The entire gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and also other mucosal surfaces can be affected in recipients of radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. Major progress has been made in recent years in understanding the mechanisms of oral and small intestinal mucositis, which appears to be more prominent than colonic damage. This progress is largely due to the development of representative laboratory animal models of mucositis. This review focuses on the development and establishment of the Dark Agouti rat mammary adenocarcinoma model by the Mucositis Research Group of the University of Adelaide over the past 20 years to characterize the mechanisms underlying methotrexate-, 5-fluorouracil-, and irinotecan-induced mucositis. It also aims to summarize the results from studies using different animal model systems to identify new molecular and cellular markers of mucositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vanhoecke
- Mucositis Research Group, Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine (CPCM), Centre for Clinical Research Excellence (CCRE) in Oral Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma Bateman
- Mucositis Research Group, Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine (CPCM), Centre for Clinical Research Excellence (CCRE) in Oral Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia
| | - Bronwen Mayo
- Mucositis Research Group, Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine (CPCM), Centre for Clinical Research Excellence (CCRE) in Oral Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia, Australia
| | - Eline Vanlancker
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Stringer
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Thorpe
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorothy Keefe
- Mucositis Research Group, Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine (CPCM), Centre for Clinical Research Excellence (CCRE) in Oral Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia Director, SA Cancer Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chang K, Deng S, Chen M. Novel biosensing methodologies for improving the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 66:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
33
|
Zhou T, Chen P, Gu J, Bishop AJR, Scott LM, Hasty P, Rebel VI. Potential relationship between inadequate response to DNA damage and development of myelodysplastic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:966-89. [PMID: 25569081 PMCID: PMC4307285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the continuous regeneration of all types of blood cells, including themselves. To ensure the functional and genomic integrity of blood tissue, a network of regulatory pathways tightly controls the proliferative status of HSCs. Nevertheless, normal HSC aging is associated with a noticeable decline in regenerative potential and possible changes in other functions. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is an age-associated hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by abnormal blood cell maturation and a high propensity for leukemic transformation. It is furthermore thought to originate in a HSC and to be associated with the accrual of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations. This raises the question whether MDS is, in part, related to an inability to adequately cope with DNA damage. Here we discuss the various components of the cellular response to DNA damage. For each component, we evaluate related studies that may shed light on a potential relationship between MDS development and aberrant DNA damage response/repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Peishuai Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Hematology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Linda M Scott
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul Hasty
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, UTHSCSA, 7979 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Vivienne I Rebel
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bairwa NK, Saha A, Gochhait S, Pal R, Gupta V, Bamezai RNK. Microsatellite instability: an indirect assay to detect defects in the cellular mismatch repair machinery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1105:497-509. [PMID: 24623249 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-739-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway plays a prominent role in the correction of errors made during DNA replication and genetic recombination and in the repair of small deletions and loops in DNA. Mismatched nucleotides can occur by replication errors, damage to nucleotide precursors, damage to DNA, or during heteroduplex formation between two homologous DNA molecules in the process of genetic recombination. Defects in MMR can precipitate instability in simple sequence repeats (SSRs), also referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI), which appears to be important in certain types of cancers, both spontaneous and hereditary. Variations in the highly polymorphic alleles of specific microsatellite repeats can be identified using PCR with primers derived from the unique flanking sequences. These PCR products are analyzed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to resolve differences in allele sizes of >2 bp. Although (CA)n repeats are the most abundant class among dinucleotide SSRs, trinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats are also frequent. These polymorphic repeats have the advantage of producing band patterns that are easy to analyze and can be used as an indication of a possible MMR defect in a cell. The presumed association between such allelic variation and an MMR defect should be confirmed by molecular analysis of the structure and/or expression of MMR genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra K Bairwa
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shen C, Wang X, Tian L, Che G. Microsatellite alteration in multiple primary lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:1499-505. [PMID: 25364529 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with pulmonary neoplasms have an increased risk for developing a second tumor of the lung, either at the same time or different times. It is important to determine if the second tumor represents an independent primary tumor or recurrence/metastasis, because it will significantly change the management and prognosis. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) represents molecular disorders acquired by the cell during neoplastic transformation. Both are associated with genetic instability. Functional silencing of tumour suppressor genes may be the consequence of genomic instability, particularly of the globally occurring LOH phenomenon. Numerous studies have confirmed the role of MSI/LOH at both the early and the late stages of multiple primary lung cancer. This paper reviews the published literatures focused on the role of MSI/LOH significance in multiple primary lung cancer. Additionally, a new method based on the allelic variations at polymorphic microsatellite markers was offered that it does not rely on collection of normal tissue, performed with minimal tumor sample, and will complement clinical criteria for diagnostic discrimination between multiple primary cancers versus solitary metastatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Long Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee JH, Kim DK. Microsatellite Instability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNAs in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
37
|
Silencing of the DNA mismatch repair gene MLH1 induced by hypoxic stress in a pathway dependent on the histone demethylase LSD1. Cell Rep 2014; 8:501-13. [PMID: 25043185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Silencing of MLH1 is frequently seen in sporadic colorectal cancers. We show here that hypoxia causes decreased histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation at the MLH1 promoter via the action of the H3K4 demethylases LSD1 and PLU-1 and promotes durable long-term silencing in a pathway that requires LSD1. Knockdown of LSD1 or its corepressor, CoREST, also prevents the resilencing (and associated cytosine DNA methylation) of the endogenous MLH1 promoter in RKO colon cancer cells following transient reactivation by treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). The results demonstrate that hypoxia is a driving force for silencing of MLH1 and that the LSD1/CoREST complex is necessary for this process. The results reveal a mechanism by which hypoxia promotes cancer cell evolution to drive malignant progression through epigenetic modulation. Our findings suggest that LSD1/CoREST acts as a colon cancer oncogene by epigenetically silencing MLH1 and also identify the LSD1/CoREST complex as a potential target for therapy.
Collapse
|
38
|
Chu M, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Wu C, Guo H, Zhou B, Lu J, Shi Y, Dai J, Jin G, Ma H, Dong J, Wei Y, Wang C, Gong J, Sun C, Zhu M, Qiu Y, Wu T, Hu Z, Lin D, Shen H, Chen F. A genome-wide gene-gene interaction analysis identifies an epistatic gene pair for lung cancer susceptibility in Han Chinese. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:572-7. [PMID: 24325914 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. By now, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci associated with the risk of developing lung cancer. However, these loci account for only a small fraction of the familial lung cancer risk. We hypothesized that epistasis may contribute to the missing heritability. To test this hypothesis, we systematically evaluated the association of epistasis of genetic variants with risk of lung cancer in Han Chinese cohorts. We conducted a pairwise genetic interaction analysis of 591370 variants, using BOolean Operation-based Screening and Testing (BOOST), in an ongoing GWAS of lung cancer that includes 2331 cases and 3077 controls. Pairs of epistatic loci with P BOOST ≤ 1.00×10(-6) were further evaluated by a logistic regression model (LRM) with covariate adjustment. Four promising epistatic pairs identified at the screening stage (P LRM ≤ 2.86×10(-) (13)) were validated in two replication cohorts: the first from Beijing (1534 cases and 1489 controls) and the second from Shenyang and Guangzhou (2512 cases and 2449 controls). Using this combined analysis, we identified an interaction between rs2562796 and rs16832404 at 2p32.2 that was significantly associated with the risk of developing lung cancer (P LRM = 1.03×10(-13) in total 13 392 subjects). This study is the first investigation of epistasis for lung cancer on a genome-wide scale in Han Chinese. It addresses part of the missing heritability in lung cancer risk and provides novel insight into the multifactorial etiology of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Normal cell function requires strict control over the repair of DNA damage, which prevents excessive mutagenesis. An enhanced accumulation of mutations results in the multistep process generally known as carcinogenesis. Defects in repair pathways fuel such mutagenesis by allowing reiterative cycles of mutation, selection, and clonal expansion that drive cancer progression. The repair of mismatches is an important mechanism in the prevention of such genetic instability. In addition, proteins of this pathway have the unique ability to function in DNA damage response by inducing apoptosis when irreparable damage is encountered. Though originally identified primarily in association with a predisposition to hereditary colon cancer, mismatch repair defects have been identified in many other cancer types, including prostate cancer. From the first discovery of microsatellite instability in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor samples, variations in protein levels and a possible association with recurrence and aggression of disease have been described. Current results suggest that the involvement of mismatch repair proteins in prostate cancer may differ from that found in colorectal cancer, in the type of proteins and protein defects involved and the type of causative mutations. Additional work is clearly needed to investigate this involvement and the possibility that such defects may affect treatment response and androgen independence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Jarzen
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou T, Hasty P, Walter CA, Bishop AJR, Scott LM, Rebel VI. Myelodysplastic syndrome: an inability to appropriately respond to damaged DNA? Exp Hematol 2013; 41:665-74. [PMID: 23643835 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is considered a hematopoietic stem cell disease that is characterized by abnormal hematopoietic differentiation and a high propensity to develop acute myeloid leukemia. It is mostly associated with advanced age, but also with prior cancer therapy and inherited syndromes related to abnormalities in DNA repair. Recent technologic advances have led to the identification of a myriad of frequently occurring genomic perturbations associated with MDS. These observations suggest that MDS and its progression to acute myeloid leukemia is a genomic instability disorder, resulting from a stepwise accumulation of genetic abnormalities. The notion is now emerging that the underlying mechanism of this disease could be a defect in one or more pathways that are involved in responding to or repairing damaged DNA. In this review, we discuss these pathways in relationship to a large number of studies performed with MDS patient samples and MDS mouse models. Moreover, in view of our current understanding of how DNA damage response and repair pathways are affected by age in hematopoietic stem cells, we also explore how this might relate to MDS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chung HW, Lee SY, Han HS, Park HS, Yang JH, Lee HH, So Y. Gastric cancers with microsatellite instability exhibit high fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography. Gastric Cancer 2013; 16:185-92. [PMID: 22692466 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-012-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancers exhibit various degrees of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptakes on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether FDG uptake in gastric cancer varies according to the microsatellite instability (MSI) status. METHODS Consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent PET/CT imaging and MSI analysis were included in the study. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of gastric cancer was assessed using PET/CT imaging. RESULTS Of 131 gastric cancers, 16 exhibited a high incidence of MSI (MSI-H) and 3 exhibited a low incidence of MSI (MSI-L). In 29 subjects who showed no uptake on PET/CT imaging the gastric cancers were all microsatellite stable (MSS). Gastric cancers with MSI were related to age older than 60 years (p = 0.002), cancer volume larger than 10 cm(3) (p = 0.015), and the presence of FDG uptake on PET/CT imaging (p = 0.001). A higher SUVmax of gastric cancer was linked to the presence of MSI (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The presence of MSI is related to FDG uptake in gastric cancer. Care should be taken with MSS gastric cancers, because they show lower SUVmax on PET/CT imaging than MSI gastric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang J, Huang S, Xing L, Shen H, Yan X, Wang J, Zhang X. Role of hMLH1 in sterigmatocystin-induced G2 phase arrest in human esophageal epithelial Het-1A cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a global public health concern, ranking as the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality, with a 5-year survival of only 20%. Approximately 10% of gastric cancers appear to have a familial predisposition, and about half of these can be attributed to hereditary germline mutations. We review the genetic syndromes and current standards for genetic counseling, testing, and medical management for screening and treatment of gastric cancer. Recently, germline mutations in the E-cadherin/CDH1 gene have been identified in families with an autosomal dominant inherited predisposition to gastric cancer of the diffuse type. The cumulative lifetime risk of developing gastric cancer in CDH1 mutation carriers is up to 80%, and women from these families also have an increased risk for developing lobular breast cancer. Prophylactic gastrectomies are recommended in unaffected CDH1 mutation carriers, because screening endoscopic examinations and blind biopsies have proven inadequate for surveillance. In addition to this syndrome, gastric cancer risk is elevated in Lynch syndrome associated with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes and microsatellite instability, in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, in familial adenomatous polyposis caused by germline APC mutations, in Li-Fraumeni syndrome due to germline p53 mutations, in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with germline STK11 mutations, and in juvenile polyposis syndrome associated with germline mutations in the SMAD4 and BMPR1A genes. Guidelines for genetic testing, counseling, and management of individuals with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer are suggested. A raised awareness among the physician and genetic counseling communities regarding these syndromes may allow for increased detection and prevention of gastric cancers in these high-risk individuals.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Hile SE, Shabashev S, Eckert KA. Tumor-specific microsatellite instability: do distinct mechanisms underlie the MSI-L and EMAST phenotypes? Mutat Res 2012. [PMID: 23206442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite DNA sequences display allele length alterations or microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor tissues, and MSI is used diagnostically for tumor detection and classification. We discuss the known types of tumor-specific MSI patterns and the relevant mechanisms underlying each pattern. Mutation rates of individual microsatellites vary greatly, and the intrinsic DNA features of motif size, sequence, and length contribute to this variation. MSI is used for detecting mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient tumors, which display an MSI-high phenotype due to genome-wide microsatellite destabilization. Because several pathways maintain microsatellite stability, tumors that have undergone other events associated with moderate genome instability may display diagnostic MSI only at specific di- or tetranucleotide markers. We summarize evidence for such alternative MSI forms (A-MSI) in sporadic cancers, also referred to as MSI-low and EMAST. While the existence of A-MSI is not disputed, there is disagreement about the origin and pathologic significance of this phenomenon. Although ambiguities due to PCR methods may be a source, evidence exists for other mechanisms to explain tumor-specific A-MSI. Some portion of A-MSI tumors may result from random mutational events arising during neoplastic cell evolution. However, this mechanism fails to explain the specificity of A-MSI for di- and tetranucleotide instability. We present evidence supporting the alternative argument that some A-MSI tumors arise by a distinct genetic pathway, and give examples of DNA metabolic pathways that, when altered, may be responsible for instability at specific microsatellite motifs. Finally, we suggest that A-MSI in tumors could be molecular signatures of environmental influences and DNA damage. Importantly, A-MSI occurs in several pre-neoplastic inflammatory states, including inflammatory bowel diseases, consistent with a role of oxidative stress in A-MSI. Understanding the biochemical basis of A-MSI tumor phenotypes will advance the development of new diagnostic tools and positively impact the clinical management of individual cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Hile
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Samion Shabashev
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kristin A Eckert
- Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Aberdein D, Munday J, Howe L, French A, Gibson I. Widespread Mismatch Repair Expression in Feline Small Intestinal Lymphomas. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
47
|
Ji G, Long Y, Zhou Y, Huang C, Gu A, Wang X. Common variants in mismatch repair genes associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. BMC Med 2012; 10:49. [PMID: 22594646 PMCID: PMC3378460 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway plays an important role in the maintenance of the genome integrity, meiotic recombination and gametogenesis. This study investigated whether genetic variations in MMR genes are associated with an increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. METHODS We selected and genotyped 21 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five MMR genes (MLH1, MLH3, PMS2, MSH4 and MSH5) using the SNPstream 12-plex platform in a case-control study of 1,292 idiopathic infertility patients and 480 fertile controls in a Chinese population. Sperm DNA damage levels were detected with the Tdt-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay in 450 cases. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and co-immunoprecipitation techniques were employed to determine the effects of functional variants. RESULTS One intronic SNP in MLH1 (rs4647269) and two non-synonymous SNPs in PMS2 (rs1059060, Ser775Asn) and MSH5 (rs2075789, Pro29Ser) seem to be risk factors for the development of azoospermia or oligozoospermia. Meanwhile, we also identified a possible contribution of PMS2 rs1059060 to the risk of male infertility with normal sperm count. Among patients with normal sperm count, MLH1 rs4647269 and PMS2 rs1059060 were associated with increased sperm DNA damage. Functional analysis revealed that the PMS2 rs1059060 can affect the interactions between MLH1 and PMS2. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence supporting the involvement of genetic polymorphisms in MMR genes in the aetiology of male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hudler P. Genetic aspects of gastric cancer instability. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:761909. [PMID: 22606061 PMCID: PMC3353315 DOI: 10.1100/2012/761909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis is one of the major challenges in cancer genomics. Gastric cancer is a very complex and heterogeneous disease, and although much has been learned about the different genetic changes that eventually lead to its development, the detailed mechanisms still remain unclear. Malignant transformation of gastric cells is the consequence of a multistep process involving different genetic and epigenetic changes in numerous genes in combination with host genetic background and environmental factors. The majority of gastric adenocarcinomas are characterized by genetic instability, either microsatellite instability (MSI) or chromosomal instability (CIN). It is believed that chromosome destabilizations occur early in tumour progression. This review summarizes the most common genetic alterations leading to instability in sporadic gastric cancers and its consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hudler
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The functions of MutL in mismatch repair: the power of multitasking. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 110:41-70. [PMID: 22749142 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387665-2.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair enhances genomic stability by correcting errors that have escaped polymerase proofreading. One of the critical steps in DNA mismatch repair is discriminating the new from the parental DNA strand as only the former needs repair. In Escherichia coli, the latent endonuclease MutH carries out this function. However, most prokaryotes and all eukaryotes lack a mutH gene. MutL is a key component of this system that mediates protein-protein interactions during mismatch recognition, strand discrimination, and strand removal. Hence, it had long been thought that the primary function of MutL was coordinating sequential mismatch repair steps. However, recent studies have revealed that most MutL homologs from organisms lacking MutH encode a conserved metal-binding motif associated with a weak endonuclease activity. As MutL homologs bearing this activity are found only in organisms relying on MutH-independent DNA mismatch repair, this finding unveils yet another crucial function of the MutL protein at the strand discrimination step. In this chapter, we review recent functional and structural work aimed at characterizing the multiple functions of MutL and discuss how the endonuclease activity of MutL is regulated by other repair factors.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
About 90% of gastric carcinoma presents a sporadic setting and only 10% shows a familial cluster; among this group, 1-3% are considered as hereditary syndromes, with a clear genetic pathway. The most important genetic mechanisms are associated with CDH1 germline mutations, causing the hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome. Other inherited predispositions with gastric carcinoma are the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Li-Fraumeni and Peutz-Jeghers syndromes. In this brief update, we described these principal hereditary syndromes offering a simple management to physicians where are these diseases diagnosed.
Collapse
|