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Wu H, Yang Y, Yi W, Qiu Y, Ma S, Xu J, Fan Y, Chen Y, Chen Y. Coronin 2B deficiency induces nucleolar stress and neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:457. [PMID: 38937439 PMCID: PMC11211331 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the nucleolus is the critical non-membranous organelle within nuclei that is responsible for ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and ribosome biogenesis. The transcription of rDNA, a rate-limiting step for ribosome biogenesis, is tightly regulated to meet the demand for global protein synthesis in response to cell physiology, especially in neurons, which undergo rapid changes in morphology and protein composition during development and synaptic plasticity. However, it is unknown how the pre-initiation complex for rDNA transcription is efficiently assembled within the nucleolus in neurons. Here, we report that the nucleolar protein, coronin 2B, regulates rDNA transcription and maintains nucleolar function through direct interaction with upstream binding factor (UBF), an activator of RNA polymerase I transcriptional machinery. We show that coronin 2B knockdown impairs the formation of the transcription initiation complex, inhibits rDNA transcription, destroys nucleolar integrity, and ultimately induces nucleolar stress. In turn, coronin 2B-mediated nucleolar stress leads to p53 stabilization and activation, eventually resulting in neuronal apoptosis. Thus, we identified that coronin 2B coordinates with UBF to regulate rDNA transcription and maintain proper nucleolar function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- SIAT-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- SIAT-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wanying Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Jinying Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- SIAT-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- SIAT-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
- SIAT-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
- SIAT-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.
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2
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Zorbas C, Soenmez A, Léger J, De Vleeschouwer C, Lafontaine DL. Detecting material state changes in the nucleolus by label-free digital holographic microscopy. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2786-2811. [PMID: 38654122 PMCID: PMC11169520 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is initiated in the nucleolus, a multiphase biomolecular condensate formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. The nucleolus is a powerful disease biomarker and stress biosensor whose morphology reflects function. Here we have used digital holographic microscopy (DHM), a label-free quantitative phase contrast microscopy technique, to detect nucleoli in adherent and suspension human cells. We trained convolutional neural networks to detect and quantify nucleoli automatically on DHM images. Holograms containing cell optical thickness information allowed us to define a novel index which we used to distinguish nucleoli whose material state had been modulated optogenetically by blue-light-induced protein aggregation. Nucleoli whose function had been impacted by drug treatment or depletion of ribosomal proteins could also be distinguished. We explored the potential of the technology to detect other natural and pathological condensates, such as those formed upon overexpression of a mutant form of huntingtin, ataxin-3, or TDP-43, and also other cell assemblies (lipid droplets). We conclude that DHM is a powerful tool for quantitatively characterizing nucleoli and other cell assemblies, including their material state, without any staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Zorbas
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Aynur Soenmez
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean Léger
- ICTEAM-ELEN, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), UCLouvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christophe De Vleeschouwer
- ICTEAM-ELEN, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), UCLouvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Denis Lj Lafontaine
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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3
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Hwang SP, Denicourt C. The impact of ribosome biogenesis in cancer: from proliferation to metastasis. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae017. [PMID: 38633862 PMCID: PMC11023387 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis is a hallmark of cancer, facilitating the adaptation to altered translational demands essential for various aspects of tumor progression. This review explores the intricate interplay between ribosome biogenesis and cancer development, highlighting dynamic regulation orchestrated by key oncogenic signaling pathways. Recent studies reveal the multifaceted roles of ribosomes, extending beyond protein factories to include regulatory functions in mRNA translation. Dysregulated ribosome biogenesis not only hampers precise control of global protein production and proliferation but also influences processes such as the maintenance of stem cell-like properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, contributing to cancer progression. Interference with ribosome biogenesis, notably through RNA Pol I inhibition, elicits a stress response marked by nucleolar integrity loss, and subsequent G1-cell cycle arrest or cell death. These findings suggest that cancer cells may rely on heightened RNA Pol I transcription, rendering ribosomal RNA synthesis a potential therapeutic vulnerability. The review further explores targeting ribosome biogenesis vulnerabilities as a promising strategy to disrupt global ribosome production, presenting therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sseu-Pei Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Catherine Denicourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sibai DS, Tremblay MG, Lessard F, Tav C, Sabourin-Félix M, Robinson M, Moss T. TTF1 control of LncRNA synthesis delineates a tumor suppressor pathway directly regulating the ribosomal RNA genes. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38764354 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p14/19ARF regulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by controlling the nucleolar localization of Transcription Termination Factor 1 (TTF1). However, the role played by TTF1 in regulating the rRNA genes and in potentially controlling growth has remained unclear. We now show that TTF1 expression regulates cell growth by determining the cellular complement of ribosomes. Unexpectedly, it achieves this by acting as a "roadblock" to synthesis of the noncoding LncRNA and pRNA that we show are generated from the "Spacer Promoter" duplications present upstream of the 47S pre-rRNA promoter on the mouse and human ribosomal RNA genes. Unexpectedly, the endogenous generation of these noncoding RNAs does not induce CpG methylation or gene silencing. Rather, it acts in cis to suppress 47S preinitiation complex formation and hence de novo pre-rRNA synthesis by a mechanism reminiscent of promoter interference or occlusion. Taken together, our data delineate a pathway from p19ARF to cell growth suppression via the regulation of ribosome biogenesis by noncoding RNAs and validate a key cellular growth law in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany S Sibai
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel G Tremblay
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Tav
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marianne Sabourin-Félix
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Moss
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Uno H, Kamiya S, Akimoto R, Hosoki K, Tadano S, Isemura M, Kouzaki K, Tamura Y, Kotani T, Nakazato K. Belt electrode tetanus muscle stimulation reduces denervation-induced atrophy of rat multiple skeletal muscle groups. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5848. [PMID: 38462654 PMCID: PMC10925608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Belt electrode-skeletal muscle electrical stimulation (B-SES) involves the use of belt-shaped electrodes to contract multiple muscle groups simultaneously. Twitch contractions have been demonstrated to protect against denervation-induced muscle atrophy in rats, possibly through mitochondrial biosynthesis. This study examined whether inducing tetanus contractions with B-SES suppresses muscle atrophy and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. We evaluated the effects of acute (60 Hz, 5 min) and chronic (60 Hz, 5 min, every alternate day for one week) B-SES on the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats using belt electrodes attached to both ankle joints. After acute stimulation, a significant decrease in the glycogen content was observed in the left and right TA and GAS, suggesting that B-SES causes simultaneous contractions in multiple muscle groups. B-SES enhanced p70S6K phosphorylation, an indicator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 activity. During chronic stimulations, rats were divided into control (CONT), denervation-induced atrophy (DEN), and DEN + electrically stimulated with B-SES (DEN + ES) groups. After seven days of treatment, the wet weight (n = 8-11 for each group) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA, n = 6 for each group) of the TA and GAS muscles were reduced in the DEN and DEN + ES groups compared with that in the CON group. The DEN + ES group showed significantly higher muscle weight and CSA than those in the DEN group. Although RNA-seq and pathway analysis suggested that mitochondrial biogenesis is a critical event in this phenomenon, mitochondrial content showed no difference. In contrast, ribosomal RNA 28S and 18S (n = 6) levels in the DEN + ES group were higher than those in the DEN group, even though RNA-seq showed that the ribosome biogenesis pathway was reduced by electrical stimulation. The mRNA levels of the muscle proteolytic molecules atrogin-1 and MuRF1 were significantly higher in DEN than those in CONT. However, they were more suppressed in DEN + ES than those in DEN. In conclusion, tetanic electrical stimulation of both ankles using belt electrodes effectively reduced denervation-induced atrophy in multiple muscle groups. Furthermore, ribosomal biosynthesis plays a vital role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Uno
- HOMERION LABORATORY Co., Ltd., Shinsen 17-2, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0045, Japan.
- School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan.
| | - Shohei Kamiya
- HOMERION LABORATORY Co., Ltd., Shinsen 17-2, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuji Akimoto
- HOMERION LABORATORY Co., Ltd., Shinsen 17-2, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0045, Japan
| | - Katsu Hosoki
- HOMERION LABORATORY Co., Ltd., Shinsen 17-2, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0045, Japan
| | - Shunta Tadano
- HOMERION LABORATORY Co., Ltd., Shinsen 17-2, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0045, Japan
| | - Mako Isemura
- HOMERION LABORATORY Co., Ltd., Shinsen 17-2, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0045, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Takaya Kotani
- School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
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6
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Behrens K, Brajanovski N, Xu Z, Viney EM, DiRago L, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Davis MJ, Pearson RB, Sanij E, Alexander WS, Ng AP. ERG and c-MYC regulate a critical gene network in BCR::ABL1-driven B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8803. [PMID: 38457494 PMCID: PMC10923517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), characterized by the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene, remains a poor prognosis cancer needing new therapeutic approaches. Transcriptomic profiling identified up-regulation of oncogenic transcription factors ERG and c-MYC in BCR::ABL1 B-ALL with ERG and c-MYC required for BCR::ABL1 B-ALL in murine and human models. Profiling of ERG- and c-MYC-dependent gene expression and analysis of ChIP-seq data established ERG and c-MYC coordinate a regulatory network in BCR::ABL1 B-ALL that controls expression of genes involved in several biological processes. Prominent was control of ribosome biogenesis, including expression of RNA polymerase I (POL I) subunits, the importance of which was validated by inhibition of BCR::ABL1 cells by POL I inhibitors, including CX-5461, that prevents promoter recruitment and transcription initiation by POL I. Our results reveal an essential ERG- and c-MYC-dependent transcriptional network involved in regulation of metabolic and ribosome biogenesis pathways in BCR::ABL1 B-ALL, from which previously unidentified vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behrens
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natalie Brajanovski
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhen Xu
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Viney
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ladina DiRago
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Davis
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- The Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
- The South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard B. Pearson
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elaine Sanij
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Warren S. Alexander
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ashley P. Ng
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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Jacobs RQ, Schneider DA. Transcription elongation mechanisms of RNA polymerases I, II, and III and their therapeutic implications. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105737. [PMID: 38336292 PMCID: PMC10907179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a tightly regulated, complex, and essential cellular process in all living organisms. Transcription is comprised of three steps, transcription initiation, elongation, and termination. The distinct transcription initiation and termination mechanisms of eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II, and III (Pols I, II, and III) have long been appreciated. Recent methodological advances have empowered high-resolution investigations of the Pols' transcription elongation mechanisms. Here, we review the kinetic similarities and differences in the individual steps of Pol I-, II-, and III-catalyzed transcription elongation, including NTP binding, bond formation, pyrophosphate release, and translocation. This review serves as an important summation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) Pol I, II, and III kinetic investigations which reveal that transcription elongation by the Pols is governed by distinct mechanisms. Further, these studies illustrate how basic, biochemical investigations of the Pols can empower the development of chemotherapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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8
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Luna-Arias JP, Castro-Muñozledo F. Participation of the TBP-associated factors (TAFs) in cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31167. [PMID: 38126142 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms that regulate gene expression to establish differentiation programs and determine cell lineages, is one of the major challenges in Developmental Biology. Besides the participation of tissue-specific transcription factors and epigenetic processes, the role of general transcription factors has been ignored. Only in recent years, there have been scarce studies that address this issue. Here, we review the studies on the biological activity of some TATA-box binding protein (TBP)-associated factors (TAFs) during the proliferation of stem/progenitor cells and their involvement in cell differentiation. Particularly, the accumulated evidence suggests that TAF4, TAF4b, TAF7L, TAF8, TAF9, and TAF10, among others, participate in nervous system development, adipogenesis, myogenesis, and epidermal differentiation; while TAF1, TAF7, TAF15 may be involved in the regulation of stem cell proliferative abilities and cell cycle progression. On the other hand, evidence suggests that TBP variants such as TBPL1 and TBPL2 might be regulating some developmental processes such as germ cell maturation and differentiation, myogenesis, or ventral specification during development. Our analysis shows that it is necessary to study in greater depth the biological function of these factors and its participation in the assembly of specific transcription complexes that contribute to the differential gene expression that gives rise to the great diversity of cell types existing in an organism. The understanding of TAFs' regulation might lead to the development of new therapies for patients which suffer from mutations, alterations, and dysregulation of these essential elements of the transcriptional machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Federico Castro-Muñozledo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, Mexico
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9
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Dong Y, Cai R, Fang M, Chen Y, Li P, Guo C, Ma X. A defined serum-free culture system for human long-term haematopoietic stem cells. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:268-282. [PMID: 38066715 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Long-term repopulating haematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) have the ability to reconstitute the entire haematopoietic system following transplantation permanently. Despite great achievements in HSC transplantation, the limited transplantable HSC number, especially LT-HSCs, remains critical for successful transplantation and broader applications. In this study, we established a defined serum-free culture system for in vitro expansion of LT-HSCs. This culture system (E1) expanded LT-HSCs from umbilical cord blood, human mobilization peripheral blood and bone marrow. These E1-expanded HSCs reconstituted the haematopoietic and immune systems in primary and secondary transplanted mice in a short time. Better haematopoietic reconstitution was observed in secondary xenografted mice. Moreover, we obtained the comprehensive expression profile and cellular components of LT-HSCs from umbilical cord blood. Our study provides a valuable tool for LT-HSC research and may improve clinical applications of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Dong
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ruikun Cai
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxia Fang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Changlong Guo
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
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10
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Diamantopoulos MA, Georgoulia KK, Levis P, Kotronopoulos G, Stravodimos K, Kontos CK, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. 28S rRNA-Derived Fragments Represent an Independent Molecular Predictor of Short-Term Relapse in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:239. [PMID: 38203408 PMCID: PMC10779029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global health concern, being a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among males. Early detection and accurate prognosis are crucial for effective management. This study delves into the diagnostic and prognostic potential of 28S rRNA-derived fragments (rRFs) in PCa. Total RNA extracted from 89 PCa and 53 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissue specimens. After 3'-end polyadenylation, we performed reverse transcription to create first-strand cDNA. Using an in-house quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay, we quantified 28S rRF levels. Post-treatment biochemical relapse served as the clinical endpoint event for survival analysis, which we validated internally through bootstrap analysis. Our results revealed downregulated 28S rRF levels in PCa compared to BPH patients. Additionally, we observed a significant positive correlation between 28S rRF levels and higher Gleason scores and tumor stages. Furthermore, PCa patients with elevated 28S rRF expression had a significantly higher risk of post-treatment disease relapse independently of clinicopathological data. In conclusion, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the prognostic value of 28S rRF in prostate adenocarcinoma. Elevated 28S rRF levels independently predict short-term PCa relapse and enhance risk stratification. This establishes 28S rRF as a potential novel molecular marker for PCa prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios A. Diamantopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Konstantina K. Georgoulia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Levis
- First Department of Urology, “Laiko” General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.L.); (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Georgios Kotronopoulos
- First Department of Urology, “Laiko” General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.L.); (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Konstantinos Stravodimos
- First Department of Urology, “Laiko” General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.L.); (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Christos K. Kontos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
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11
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Potapova TA, Unruh JR, Conkright-Fincham J, Banks CAS, Florens L, Schneider DA, Gerton JL. Distinct states of nucleolar stress induced by anticancer drugs. eLife 2023; 12:RP88799. [PMID: 38099650 PMCID: PMC10723795 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a vital and highly energy-consuming cellular function occurring primarily in the nucleolus. Cancer cells have an elevated demand for ribosomes to sustain continuous proliferation. This study evaluated the impact of existing anticancer drugs on the nucleolus by screening a library of anticancer compounds for drugs that induce nucleolar stress. For a readout, a novel parameter termed 'nucleolar normality score' was developed that measures the ratio of the fibrillar center and granular component proteins in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Multiple classes of drugs were found to induce nucleolar stress, including DNA intercalators, inhibitors of mTOR/PI3K, heat shock proteins, proteasome, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Each class of drugs induced morphologically and molecularly distinct states of nucleolar stress accompanied by changes in nucleolar biophysical properties. In-depth characterization focused on the nucleolar stress induced by inhibition of transcriptional CDKs, particularly CDK9, the main CDK that regulates RNA Pol II. Multiple CDK substrates were identified in the nucleolus, including RNA Pol I- recruiting protein Treacle, which was phosphorylated by CDK9 in vitro. These results revealed a concerted regulation of RNA Pol I and Pol II by transcriptional CDKs. Our findings exposed many classes of chemotherapy compounds that are capable of inducing nucleolar stress, and we recommend considering this in anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | | | | | | | - David Alan Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamUnited States
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
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12
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Daiß JL, Griesenbeck J, Tschochner H, Engel C. Synthesis of the ribosomal RNA precursor in human cells: mechanisms, factors and regulation. Biol Chem 2023; 404:1003-1023. [PMID: 37454246 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The ribosomal RNA precursor (pre-rRNA) comprises three of the four ribosomal RNAs and is synthesized by RNA polymerase (Pol) I. Here, we describe the mechanisms of Pol I transcription in human cells with a focus on recent insights gained from structure-function analyses. The comparison of Pol I-specific structural and functional features with those of other Pols and with the excessively studied yeast system distinguishes organism-specific from general traits. We explain the organization of the genomic rDNA loci in human cells, describe the Pol I transcription cycle regarding structural changes in the enzyme and the roles of human Pol I subunits, and depict human rDNA transcription factors and their function on a mechanistic level. We disentangle information gained by direct investigation from what had apparently been deduced from studies of the yeast enzymes. Finally, we provide information about how Pol I mutations may contribute to developmental diseases, and why Pol I is a target for new cancer treatment strategies, since increased rRNA synthesis was correlated with rapidly expanding cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Daiß
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Griesenbeck
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Tschochner
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Theophanous A, Christodoulou A, Mattheou C, Sibai DS, Moss T, Santama N. Transcription factor UBF depletion in mouse cells results in downregulation of both downstream and upstream elements of the rRNA transcription network. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105203. [PMID: 37660911 PMCID: PMC10558777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription/processing of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor, as part of ribosome biosynthesis, is intensively studied and characterized in eukaryotic cells. Here, we constructed shRNA-based mouse cell lines partially silenced for the Upstream Binding Factor UBF, the master regulator of rRNA transcription and organizer of open rDNA chromatin. Full Ubf silencing in vivo is not viable, and these new tools allow further characterization of rRNA transcription and its coordination with cellular signaling. shUBF cells display cell cycle G1 delay and reduced 47S rRNA precursor and 28S rRNA at baseline and serum-challenged conditions. Growth-related mTOR signaling is downregulated with the fractions of active phospho-S6 Kinase and pEIF4E translation initiation factor reduced, similar to phosphorylated cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma, pRB, positive regulator of UBF availability/rRNA transcription. Additionally, we find transcription-competent pUBF (Ser484) severely restricted and its interacting initiation factor RRN3 reduced and responsive to extracellular cues. Furthermore, fractional UBF occupancy on the rDNA unit is decreased in shUBF, and expression of major factors involved in different aspects of rRNA transcription is severely downregulated by UBF depletion. Finally, we observe reduced RNA Pol1 occupancy over rDNA promoter sequences and identified unexpected regulation of RNA Pol1 expression, relative to serum availability and under UBF silencing, suggesting that regulation of rRNA transcription may not be restricted to modulation of Pol1 promoter binding/elongation rate. Overall, this work reveals that UBF depletion has a critical downstream and upstream impact on the whole network orchestrating rRNA transcription in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria Theophanous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Dany S Sibai
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Quebec, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom Moss
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Quebec, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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14
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Yang XM, Wang XQ, Hu LP, Feng MX, Zhou YQ, Li DX, Li J, Miao XC, Zhang YL, Yao LL, Nie HZ, Huang S, Xia Q, Zhang XL, Jiang SH, Zhang ZG. Nucleolar HEAT Repeat Containing 1 Up-regulated by the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Dominating Ribosome Biogenesis and Proteome Homeostasis. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:629-646. [PMID: 37247644 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis leads to hepatocyte transformation and plays pivotal roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We aimed to identify critical ribosome biogenesis proteins that are overexpressed and crucial in HCC progression. METHODS HEAT repeat containing 1 (HEATR1) expression and clinical correlations were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and further evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of an HCC tissue microarray. Gene expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA. HEATR1-knockdown cells were subjected to viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays and used to establish subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the association of candidate proteins with specific DNA sequences. Endogenous coimmunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify protein interactions. We performed immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays to detect and localize proteins in cells. The nucleolus ultrastructure was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Click-iT (Thermo Fisher Scientific) RNA imaging and puromycin incorporation assays were used to measure nascent ribosomal RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. Proteasome activity, 20S proteasome foci formation, and protein stability were evaluated in HEATR1-knockdown HCC cells. RESULTS HEATR1 was the most up-regulated gene in a set of ribosome biogenesis mediators in HCC samples. High expression of HEATR1 was associated with poor survival and malignant clinicopathologic features in patients with HCC and contributed to HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. HEATR1 expression was regulated by the transcription factor specificity protein 1, which can be activated by insulin-like growth factor 1-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in HCC cells. HEATR1 localized predominantly in the nucleolus, bound to ribosomal DNA, and was associated with RNA polymerase I transcription/processing factors. Knockdown of HEATR1 disrupted ribosomal RNA biogenesis and impaired nascent protein synthesis, leading to reduced cytoplasmic proteasome activity and inhibitory-κB/nuclear factor-κB signaling. Moreover, HEATR1 knockdown induced nucleolar stress with increased nuclear proteasome activity and inactivation of the nucleophosmin 1-MYC axis. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that HEATR1 is up-regulated by insulin-like growth factor 1-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-specificity protein 1 signaling in HCC and functions as a crucial regulator of ribosome biogenesis and proteome homeostasis to promote HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Feng
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Cao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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15
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McNamar R, Freeman E, Baylor KN, Fakhouri AM, Huang S, Knutson BA, Rothblum LI. PAF49: An RNA Polymerase I subunit essential for rDNA transcription and stabilization of PAF53. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104951. [PMID: 37356716 PMCID: PMC10365956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of genetic and biochemical techniques in yeast has informed our knowledge of transcription in mammalian cells. Such systems have allowed investigators to determine whether a gene was essential and to determine its function in rDNA transcription. However, there are significant differences in the nature of the transcription factors essential for transcription by Pol I in yeast and mammalian cells, and yeast RNA polymerase I contains 14 subunits while mammalian polymerase contains 13 subunits. We previously reported the adaptation of the auxin-dependent degron that enabled a combination of a "genetics-like" approach and biochemistry to study mammalian rDNA transcription. Using this system, we studied the mammalian orthologue of yeast RPA34.5, PAF49, and found that it is essential for rDNA transcription and cell division. The auxin-induced degradation of PAF49 induced nucleolar stress and the accumulation of P53. Interestingly, the auxin-induced degradation of AID-tagged PAF49 led to the degradation of its binding partner, PAF53, but not vice versa. A similar pattern of co-dependent expression was also found when we studied the non-essential, yeast orthologues. An analysis of the domains of PAF49 that are essential for rDNA transcription demonstrated a requirement for both the dimerization domain and an "arm" of PAF49 that interacts with PolR1B. Further, we demonstrate this interaction can be disrupted to inhibit Pol I transcription in normal and cancer cells which leads to the arrest of normal cells and cancer cell death. In summary, we have shown that both PAF53 and PAF49 are necessary for rDNA transcription and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel McNamar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Emma Freeman
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kairo N Baylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Aula M Fakhouri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sui Huang
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce A Knutson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence I Rothblum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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16
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Marin MV, Baggio JS, Oh Y, Han H, Chandra S, Wang NY, Lee S, Peres NA. Identification of sequence mutations in Phytophthora cactorum genome associated with mefenoxam resistance and development of a molecular assay for the mutant detection in strawberry (F. × ananassa). Sci Rep 2023; 13:7385. [PMID: 37149656 PMCID: PMC10164155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora crown rot (PhCR) caused by Phytophthora cactorum is one of the most damaging diseases of strawberry worldwide. Mefenoxam is one of the major fungicides currently used to manage PhCR. However, the emergence and spread of resistant isolates have made controlling the pathogen in the field problematic. In the present study, using whole genome sequencing analysis, mutations associated with mefenoxam-resistant isolates were identified in six different genomic regions of P. cactorum. The 95.54% reads from a sensitive isolate pool and 95.65% from a resistant isolate pool were mapped to the reference genome of P. cactorum P414. Four point mutations were in coding regions while the other two were in noncoding regions. The genes harboring mutations were functionally unknown. All mutations present in resistant isolates were confirmed by sanger sequencing of PCR products. For the rapid diagnostic assay, SNP-based high-resolution melting (HRM) markers were developed to differentiate mefenoxam-resistant P. cactorum from sensitive isolates. The HRM markers R3-1F/R3-1R and R2-1F/R2-1R were suitable to differentiate both sensitive and resistant profiles using clean and crude DNA extraction. None of the mutations associated with mefenoxam resistance found in this study were in the RNA polymerase subunit genes, the hypothesized target of this compound in oomycetes. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance of mefenoxam in oomycetes since serves as a foundation to validate the candidate genes as well as contribute to the monitoring of P. cactorum populations for the sustainable use of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V Marin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A
| | - Juliana S Baggio
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A
| | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeondae Han
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A
| | - Saket Chandra
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, India
| | - Nan-Yi Wang
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A..
- Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A..
| | - Natalia A Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A..
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, U.S.A..
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17
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Kang CW, Blackburn AC, Loh AHP, Hong KC, Goh JY, Hein N, Drygin D, Parish CR, Hannan RD, Hannan KM, Coupland LA. Targeting RNA Polymerase I Transcription Activity in Osteosarcoma: Pre-Clinical Molecular and Animal Treatment Studies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041133. [PMID: 37189750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma (OS) has not improved over the last 30 years. Mutations in the genes TP53, RB1 and c-Myc frequently occur in OS and enhance RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) activity, thus supporting uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation. We therefore hypothesised that Pol I inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for this aggressive cancer. The Pol I inhibitor CX-5461 has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in different cancers in pre-clinical and phase I clinical trials; thus, the effects were determined on ten human OS cell lines. Following characterisation using genome profiling and Western blotting, RNA Pol I activity, cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were evaluated in vitro, and the growth of TP53 wild-type and mutant tumours was measured in a murine allograft model and in two human xenograft OS models. CX-5461 treatment resulted in reduced ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and Growth 2 (G2)-phase cell cycle arrest in all OS cell lines. Additionally, tumour growth in all allograft and xenograft OS models was effectively suppressed without apparent toxicity. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of Pol I inhibition against OS with varying genetic alterations. This study provides pre-clinical evidence to support this novel therapeutic approach in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Kang
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Anneke C Blackburn
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Amos Hong Pheng Loh
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Kuick Chick Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Jian Yuan Goh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Nadine Hein
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Denis Drygin
- Regulus Therapeutics, 4224 Campus Point C, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Chris R Parish
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Ross D Hannan
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4067, Australia
| | - Katherine M Hannan
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lucy A Coupland
- The Division of Genome Science and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
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18
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Zhang C, Wang J, Song X, Yu D, Guo B, Pang Y, Yin X, Zhao S, Deng H, Zhang S, Deng W. STAT3 potentiates RNA polymerase I-directed transcription and tumor growth by activating RPA34 expression. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:766-782. [PMID: 36526675 PMCID: PMC9977892 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulation of either RNA polymerase I (Pol I)-directed transcription or expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) correlates closely with tumorigenesis. However, the connection between STAT3 and Pol I-directed transcription hasn't been investigated. METHODS The role of STAT3 in Pol I-directed transcription was determined using combined techniques. The regulation of tumor cell growth mediated by STAT3 and Pol I products was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. RNAseq, ChIP assays and rescue assays were used to uncover the mechanism of Pol I transcription mediated by STAT3. RESULTS STAT3 expression positively correlates with Pol I product levels and cancer cell growth. The inhibition of STAT3 or Pol I products suppresses cell growth. Mechanistically, STAT3 activates Pol I-directed transcription by enhancing the recruitment of the Pol I transcription machinery to the rDNA promoter. STAT3 directly activates Rpa34 gene transcription by binding to the RPA34 promoter, which enhances the occupancies of the Pol II transcription machinery factors at this promoter. Cancer patients with RPA34 high expression lead to poor survival probability and short survival time. CONCLUSION STAT3 potentiates Pol I-dependent transcription and tumor cell growth by activating RPA34 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Xiaoye Song
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Deen Yu
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Baoqiang Guo
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Yaoyu Pang
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Xiaomei Yin
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Huan Deng
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Shihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Wensheng Deng
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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19
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He X, Zhao J, Adilijiang A, Hong P, Chen P, Lin X, Xie J, Du Y, Liu Y, Lin L, Jin HY, Hong Y, Liu WH, Xiao C. Dhx33 promotes B-cell growth and proliferation by controlling activation-induced rRNA upregulation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:277-291. [PMID: 36631557 PMCID: PMC9970960 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of foreign antigens, naïve B cells undergo rapid activation, growth, and proliferation. How B-cell growth and proliferation are coupled with activation remains poorly understood. Combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated functional analysis and mouse genetics approaches, we found that Dhx33, an activation-induced RNA helicase, plays a critical role in coupling B-cell activation with growth and proliferation. Mutant mice with B-cell-specific deletion of Dhx33 exhibited impaired B-cell development, germinal center reactions, plasma cell differentiation, and antibody production. Dhx33-deficient B cells appeared normal in the steady state and early stage of activation but were retarded in growth and proliferation. Mechanistically, Dhx33 played an indispensable role in activation-induced upregulation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. In the absence of Dhx33, activated B cells were compromised in their ability to ramp up 47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production and ribosome biogenesis, resulting in nucleolar stress, p53 accumulation, and cellular death. Our findings demonstrate an essential role for Dhx33 in coupling B-cell activation with growth and proliferation and suggest that Dhx33 inhibition is a potential therapy for lymphoma and antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Abidan Adilijiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Peicheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Pengda Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lianghua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hyun Yong Jin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yazhen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Sanofi Institute for Biomedical Research, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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20
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Wang J, Chen Q, Wang X, Zhao S, Deng H, Guo B, Zhang C, Song X, Deng W, Zhang T, Ni H. TFIIB-related factor 1 is a nucleolar protein that promotes RNA polymerase I-directed transcription and tumour cell growth. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:104-121. [PMID: 35925837 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (Pol I) products play fundamental roles in ribosomal assembly, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell growth. Abnormal expression of both Pol I transcription-related factors and Pol I products causes a range of diseases, including ribosomopathies and cancers. However, the factors and mechanisms governing Pol I-dependent transcription remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that transcription factor IIB-related factor 1 (BRF1), a subunit of transcription factor IIIB required for RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-mediated transcription, is a nucleolar protein and modulates Pol I-mediated transcription. We showed that BRF1 can be localized to the nucleolus in several human cell types. BRF1 expression correlates positively with Pol I product levels and tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Pol III transcription inhibition assays confirmed that BRF1 modulates Pol I-directed transcription in an independent manner rather than through a Pol III product-to-45S pre-rRNA feedback mode. Mechanistically, BRF1 binds to the Pol I transcription machinery components and can be recruited to the rDNA promoter along with them. Additionally, alteration of BRF1 expression affects the recruitment of Pol I transcription machinery components to the rDNA promoter and the expression of TBP and TAF1A. These findings indicate that BRF1 modulates Pol I-directed transcription by controlling the expression of selective factor 1 subunits. In summary, we identified a novel role of BRF1 in Pol I-directed transcription, suggesting that BRF1 can independently regulate both Pol I- and Pol III-mediated transcription and act as a key coordinator of Pol I and Pol III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.,School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Qiyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shasha Zhao
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Huan Deng
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Baoqiang Guo
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xiaoye Song
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Wensheng Deng
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- School of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Hongwei Ni
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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21
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Xu Y, Wan W. Autophagy regulates rRNA synthesis. Nucleus 2022; 13:203-207. [PMID: 35993412 PMCID: PMC9415535 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2114661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as a key regulator of cell metabolism. Recently, we have demonstrated that autophagy is involved in RNA metabolism by regulating ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. We found that autophagy-deficient cells display much higher 47S precursor rRNA level, which is caused by the accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) but not other autophagy receptors. Mechanistically, SQSTM1 accumulation potentiates the activation of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) complex 1 (MTORC1) signaling, which facilitates the assembly of RNA polymerase I pre-initiation complex at ribosomal DNA (rDNA) promoter regions and leads to the activation of rDNA transcription. Finally, we showed that SQSTM1 accumulation is responsible for the increase in protein synthesis, cell growth and cell proliferation in autophagy-deficient cells. Taken together, our findings reveal a regulatory role of autophagy and autophagy receptor SQSTM1 in rRNA synthesis and may provide novel mechanisms for the hyperactivated rDNA transcription in autophagy-related human diseases.Abbreviations: 5-FUrd: 5-fluorouridine; LAP: MAP1LC3/LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PIC: pre-initiation complex; POLR1: RNA polymerase I; POLR1A: RNA polymerase I subunit A; rDNA: ribosomal DNA; RRN3: RRN3 homolog, RNA polymerase I transcription factor; rRNA: ribosomal RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TP53INP2: tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2; UBTF: upstream binding transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Xu
- Laboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,CONTACT Wei Wan Research Building B, Room 716, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310058, China
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22
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Jacobs RQ, Fuller KB, Cooper SL, Carter ZI, Laiho M, Lucius AL, Schneider DA. RNA Polymerase I Is Uniquely Vulnerable to the Small-Molecule Inhibitor BMH-21. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5544. [PMID: 36428638 PMCID: PMC9688676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells require robust ribosome biogenesis to maintain rapid cell growth during tumorigenesis. Because RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is the first and rate-limiting step of ribosome biogenesis, it has emerged as a promising anti-cancer target. Over the last decade, novel cancer therapeutics targeting Pol I have progressed to clinical trials. BMH-21 is a first-in-class small molecule that inhibits Pol I transcription and represses cancer cell growth. Several recent studies have uncovered key mechanisms by which BMH-21 inhibits ribosome biosynthesis but the selectivity of BMH-21 for Pol I has not been directly measured. Here, we quantify the effects of BMH-21 on Pol I, RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) in vitro using purified components. We found that BMH-21 directly impairs nucleotide addition by Pol I, with no or modest effect on Pols II and III, respectively. Additionally, we found that BMH-21 does not affect the stability of any of the Pols' elongation complexes. These data demonstrate that BMH-21 directly exploits unique vulnerabilities of Pol I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kaila B. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Aaron L. Lucius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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23
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Pitts S, Liu H, Ibrahim A, Garg A, Felgueira CM, Begum A, Fan W, Teh S, Low JY, Ford B, Schneider DA, Hay R, Laiho M. Identification of an E3 ligase that targets the catalytic subunit of RNA Polymerase I upon transcription stress. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102690. [PMID: 36372232 PMCID: PMC9727647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) synthesizes rRNA, which is the first and rate-limiting step in ribosome biogenesis. Factors governing the stability of the polymerase complex are not known. Previous studies characterizing Pol I inhibitor BMH-21 revealed a transcriptional stress-dependent pathway for degradation of the largest subunit of Pol I, RPA194. To identify the E3 ligase(s) involved, we conducted a cell-based RNAi screen for ubiquitin pathway genes. We establish Skp-Cullin-F-box protein complex F-box protein FBXL14 as an E3 ligase for RPA194. We show that FBXL14 binds to RPA194 and mediates RPA194 ubiquitination and degradation in cancer cells treated with BMH-21. Mutation analysis in yeast identified lysines 1150, 1153, and 1156 on Rpa190 relevant for the protein degradation. These results reveal the regulated turnover of Pol I, showing that the stability of the catalytic subunit is controlled by the F-box protein FBXL14 in response to transcription stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pitts
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hester Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adel Ibrahim
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Garg
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Mendes Felgueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Asma Begum
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Selina Teh
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Ford
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ronald Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,For correspondence: Marikki Laiho
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24
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Yan D, Hua L. Nucleolar stress: Friend or foe in cardiac function? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1045455. [PMID: 36386352 PMCID: PMC9659567 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1045455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies in the past decades have uncovered an emerging role of the nucleolus in stress response and human disease progression. The disruption of ribosome biogenesis in the nucleolus causes aberrant nucleolar architecture and function, termed nucleolar stress, to initiate stress-responsive pathways via nucleolar release sequestration of various proteins. While data obtained from both clinical and basic investigations have faithfully demonstrated an involvement of nucleolar stress in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, much remains unclear regarding its precise role in the progression of cardiac diseases. On the one hand, the initiation of nucleolar stress following acute myocardial damage leads to the upregulation of various cardioprotective nucleolar proteins, including nucleostemin (NS), nucleophosmin (NPM) and nucleolin (NCL). As a result, nucleolar stress plays an important role in facilitating the survival and repair of cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, abnormalities in nucleolar architecture and function are correlated with the deterioration of cardiac diseases. Notably, the cardiomyocytes of advanced ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy display impaired silver-stained nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) and enlarged nucleoli, resembling the characteristics of tissue aging. Collectively, nucleolar abnormalities are critically involved in the development of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Lu Hua
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
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25
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Fu Y, Liu Y, Wen T, Fang J, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Gu X, Wu H, Sheng J, Xu Z, Zou W, Chen B. Real-time imaging of RNA polymerase I activity in living human cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 222:213608. [PMID: 36282216 PMCID: PMC9606689 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase I (Pol I) synthesizes about 60% of cellular RNA by transcribing multiple copies of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA). The transcriptional activity of Pol I controls the level of ribosome biogenesis and cell growth. However, there is currently a lack of methods for monitoring Pol I activity in real time. Here, we develop LiveArt (live imaging-based analysis of rDNA transcription) to visualize and quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of endogenous ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. LiveArt reveals mitotic silencing and reactivation of rDNA transcription, as well as the transcriptional kinetics of interphase rDNA. Using LiveArt, we identify SRFBP1 as a potential regulator of rRNA synthesis. We show that rDNA transcription occurs in bursts and can be altered by modulating burst duration and amplitude. Importantly, LiveArt is highly effective in the screening application for anticancer drugs targeting Pol I transcription. These approaches pave the way for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying nucleolar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tanye Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China,Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China,Insititute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Wei Zou:
| | - Baohui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, China,Correspondence to Baohui Chen:
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26
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Li J, Zhao H, McMahon A, Yan S. APE1 assembles biomolecular condensates to promote the ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response in nucleolus. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10503-10525. [PMID: 36200829 PMCID: PMC9561277 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional protein APE1/APEX1/HAP1/Ref-1 (designated as APE1) plays important roles in nuclease-mediated DNA repair and redox regulation in transcription. However, it is unclear how APE1 regulates the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. Here we show that siRNA-mediated APE1-knockdown or APE1 inhibitor treatment attenuates the ATR–Chk1 DDR under stress conditions in multiple immortalized cell lines. Congruently, APE1 overexpression (APE1-OE) activates the ATR DDR under unperturbed conditions, which is independent of APE1 nuclease and redox functions. Structural and functional analysis reveals a direct requirement of the extreme N-terminal motif within APE1 in the assembly of distinct biomolecular condensates in vitro and DNA/RNA-independent activation of the ATR DDR. Overexpressed APE1 co-localizes with nucleolar NPM1 and assembles biomolecular condensates in nucleoli in cancer but not non-malignant cells, which recruits ATR and activator molecules TopBP1 and ETAA1. APE1 protein can directly activate ATR to phosphorylate its substrate Chk1 in in vitro kinase assays. W119R mutant of APE1 is deficient in nucleolar condensation, and is incapable of activating nucleolar ATR DDR in cells and ATR kinase in vitro. APE1-OE-induced nucleolar ATR DDR activation leads to compromised ribosomal RNA transcription and reduced cell viability. Taken together, we propose distinct mechanisms by which APE1 regulates ATR DDR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Anne McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.,School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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27
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Liao H, Gaur A, McConie H, Shekar A, Wang K, Chang JT, Breton G, Denicourt C. Human NOP2/NSUN1 regulates ribosome biogenesis through non-catalytic complex formation with box C/D snoRNPs. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10695-10716. [PMID: 36161484 PMCID: PMC9561284 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is a base modification broadly found on various RNAs in the human transcriptome. In eukaryotes, m5C is catalyzed by enzymes of the NSUN family composed of seven human members (NSUN1-7). NOP2/NSUN1 has been primarily characterized in budding yeast as an essential ribosome biogenesis factor required for the deposition of m5C on the 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Although human NOP2/NSUN1 has been known to be an oncogene overexpressed in several types of cancer, its functions and substrates remain poorly characterized. Here, we used a miCLIP-seq approach to identify human NOP2/NSUN1 RNA substrates. Our analysis revealed that NOP2/NSUN1 catalyzes the deposition of m5C at position 4447 on the 28S rRNA. We also find that NOP2/NSUN1 binds to the 5′ETS region of the pre-rRNA transcript and regulates pre-rRNA processing through non-catalytic complex formation with box C/D snoRNAs. We provide evidence that NOP2/NSUN1 facilitates the recruitment of U3 and U8 snoRNAs to pre-90S ribosomal particles and their stable assembly into snoRNP complexes. Remarkably, expression of both WT and catalytically inactive NOP2/NSUN1 in knockdown background rescues the rRNA processing defects and the stable assembly of box C/D snoRNP complexes, suggesting that NOP2/NSUN1-mediated deposition of m5C on rRNA is not required for ribosome synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anushri Gaur
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hunter McConie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amirtha Shekar
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen Wang
- Wiess College, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ghislain Breton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Catherine Denicourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Ribosome-Directed Therapies in Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092088. [PMID: 36140189 PMCID: PMC9495564 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ribosomes are the cellular machines that participate in protein synthesis, which is deeply affected during cancer transformation by different oncoproteins and is shown to provide cancer cell proliferation and therefore biomass. Cancer diseases are associated with an increase in ribosome biogenesis and mutation of ribosomal proteins. The ribosome represents an attractive anti-cancer therapy target and several strategies are used to identify specific drugs. Here we review the role of different drugs that may decrease ribosome biogenesis and cancer cell proliferation.
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29
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Kotani T, Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Kato H, Isemura M, Nakazato K. Percutaneous electrical stimulation-induced muscle contraction prevents the decrease in ribosome RNA and ribosome protein during pelvic hindlimb suspension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:822-833. [PMID: 36007895 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00204.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle unloading leads to muscle atrophy. Ribosome synthesis has been implicated as an important skeletal muscle mass regulator owing to its translational capacity. Muscle unloading induces a reduction in ribosome synthesis and content, with muscle atrophy. Percutaneous electrical muscle stimulation (pEMS)-induced muscle contraction is widely used in clinics to improve muscle mass. However, its efficacy in rescuing the reduction in ribosomal synthesis has not been addressed thus far. We examined the effects of daily pEMS treatment on ribosome synthesis and content during mouse hindlimb unloading. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to sedentary (SED) and hindlimb unloading by pelvic suspension (HU) groups. Muscle contraction was triggered by pEMS treatment of the right gastrocnemius muscle of a subset of the HU group (HU+pEMS). Hindlimb unloading for 6 days significantly lowered 28S rRNA, rpL10, and rpS3 expression, which was rescued by daily pEMS treatment. The protein expression of phospho-p70S6K and UBF was significantly higher in the HU+pEMS than in the HU group. The mRNA expression of ribophagy receptor Nufip1 increased in both the HU and HU+pEMS groups. Protein light chain 3 (LC3)-II expression and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were increased by HU, but pEMS attenuated this increase. Our findings indicate that during HU, daily pEMS treatment prevents the reduction in the levels of some proteins associated with ribosome synthesis. Additionally, the HU-induced activation of ribosome degradation may be attenuated. These data provide insights into ribosome content regulation and the mechanism of attenuation of muscle atrophy by pEMS treatment during muscle disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Kotani
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Health Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mako Isemura
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Health Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Ribosomes and Ribosomal Proteins Promote Plasticity and Stemness Induction in Glioma Cells via Reprogramming. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142142. [PMID: 35883585 PMCID: PMC9323835 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal tumor that develops in the adult brain. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies related to surgical resection and chemo-radiotherapy, the overall survival of patients with GBM remains unsatisfactory. Genetic research on mutation, amplification, and deletion in GBM cells is important for understanding the biological aggressiveness, diagnosis, and prognosis of GBM. However, the efficacy of drugs targeting the genetic abnormalities in GBM cells is limited. Investigating special microenvironments that induce chemo-radioresistance in GBM cells is critical to improving the survival and quality of life of patients with GBM. GBM cells acquire and maintain stem-cell-like characteristics via their intrinsic potential and extrinsic factors from their special microenvironments. The acquisition of stem-cell-like phenotypes and aggressiveness may be referred to as a reprogramming of GBM cells. In addition to protein synthesis, deregulation of ribosome biogenesis is linked to several diseases including cancer. Ribosomal proteins possess both tumor-promotive and -suppressive functions as extra-ribosomal functions. Incorporation of ribosomes and overexpression of ribosomal protein S6 reprogram and induce stem-cell-like phenotypes in GBM cells. Herein, we review recent literature and our published data on the acquisition of aggressiveness by GBM and discuss therapeutic options through reprogramming.
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31
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Elhamamsy AR, Metge BJ, Alsheikh HA, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Ribosome Biogenesis: A Central Player in Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2344-2353. [PMID: 35303060 PMCID: PMC9256764 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are a complex ensemble of rRNA and ribosomal proteins that function as mRNA translation machines. Ribosome biogenesis is a multistep process that begins in the nucleolus and concludes in the cytoplasm. The process is tightly controlled by multiple checkpoint and surveillance pathways. Perturbations in these checkpoints and pathways can lead to hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cells harbor a specialized class of ribosomes (onco-ribosomes) that facilitates the oncogenic translation program, modulates cellular functions, and promotes metabolic rewiring. Mutations in ribosomal proteins, rRNA processing, and ribosome assembly factors result in ribosomopathies that are associated with an increased risk of developing malignancies. Recent studies have linked mutations in ribosomal proteins and aberrant ribosomes with poor prognosis, highlighting ribosome-targeted therapy as a promising approach for treating patients with cancer. Here, we summarize various aspects of dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis and the impact of resultant onco-ribosomes on malignant tumor behavior, therapeutic resistance, and clinical outcome. Ribosome biogenesis is a promising therapeutic target, and understanding the important determinants of this process will allow for improved and perhaps selective therapeutic strategies to target ribosome biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr R. Elhamamsy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brandon J. Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Heba A. Alsheikh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lalita A. Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rajeev S. Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Corresponding Author: Rajeev S. Samant, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320E, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233. Phone: 205-975-6262; E-mail:
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32
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Oxe KC, Larsen DH. Treacle is Upregulated in Cancer and Correlates With Poor Prognosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:918544. [PMID: 35794866 PMCID: PMC9251355 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.918544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treacle/TCOF1 is an adaptor protein specifically associated with nucleolar chromatin. In the nucleolus it stimulates ribosome biogenesis, thereby promoting growth and proliferation. A second role of Treacle has emerged as a coordinator of the nucleolar responses to DNA damage, where it facilitates nucleolar DNA repair and cellular survival after genotoxic insults. The involvement of Treacle in multiple fundamental processes such as growth, proliferation, and genome stability, which are tightly linked to cancer, raises the question of Treacle’s role in the development of this disease. On one hand, overexpression of Treacle could stimulate nucleolar transcription and ribosome biogenesis providing a growth advantage in cancer cells. On the other hand, the function of Treacle as a gatekeeper in response to nucleolar DNA damage could favor mutations that would impair its function. In this perspective, we analyze paired Treacle expression data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and correlate expression with patient survival in different cancer types. We also discuss other recently published observations of relevance to the role of Treacle in cancer. In light of these new observations, we propose possible roles of Treacle in carcinogenesis and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Gallic Acid: A Natural Phenolic Compound Exerting Antitumoral Activities in Colorectal Cancer via Interaction with G-Quadruplexes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112648. [PMID: 35681628 PMCID: PMC9179882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gallic acid, a natural phenolic compound in diet, interacts with DNA G-quadruplexes both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, gallic acid targets G-quadruplexes in ribosomal DNA and CMYC oncogene, affecting gene expression. This action leads to antitumoral effects in colorectal cancer. In a patient cohort with CRC, we demonstrate that gallic acid could be explored as a therapeutic agent. Abstract Natural phenolic compounds have gained momentum for the prevention and treatment of cancer, but their antitumoral mechanism of action is not yet well understood. In the present study, we screened the antitumoral potential of several phenolic compounds in a cellular model of colorectal cancer (CRC). We selected gallic acid (GA) as a candidate in terms of potency and selectivity and extensively evaluated its biological activity. We report on the role of GA as a ligand of DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s), explaining several of its antitumoral effects, including the transcriptional inhibition of ribosomal and CMYC genes. In addition, GA shared with other established G4 ligands some effects such as cell cycle arrest, nucleolar stress, and induction of DNA damage. We further confirmed the antitumoral and G4-stabilizing properties of GA using a xenograft model of CRC. Finally, we succinctly demonstrate that GA could be explored as a therapeutic agent in a patient cohort with CRC. Our work reveals that GA, a natural bioactive compound present in the diet, affects gene expression by interaction with G4s both in vitro and in vivo and paves the way towards G4s targeting with phenolic compounds.
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Targeting Ribosome Biogenesis in Cancer: Lessons Learned and Way Forward. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092126. [PMID: 35565259 PMCID: PMC9100539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cells need to produce ribosomes to sustain continuous proliferation and expand in numbers, a feature that is even more prominent in uncontrollably proliferating cancer cells. Certain cancer cell types are expected to depend more on ribosome biogenesis based on their genetic background, and this potential vulnerability can be exploited in designing effective, targeted cancer therapies. This review provides information on anti-cancer molecules that target the ribosome biogenesis machinery and indicates avenues for future research. Abstract Rapid growth and unrestrained proliferation is a hallmark of many cancers. To accomplish this, cancer cells re-wire and increase their biosynthetic and metabolic activities, including ribosome biogenesis (RiBi), a complex, highly energy-consuming process. Several chemotherapeutic agents used in the clinic impair this process by interfering with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus through the blockade of RNA polymerase I or by limiting the nucleotide building blocks of RNA, thereby ultimately preventing the synthesis of new ribosomes. Perturbations in RiBi activate nucleolar stress response pathways, including those controlled by p53. While compounds such as actinomycin D and oxaliplatin effectively disrupt RiBi, there is an ongoing effort to improve the specificity further and find new potent RiBi-targeting compounds with improved pharmacological characteristics. A few recently identified inhibitors have also become popular as research tools, facilitating our advances in understanding RiBi. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the various compounds targeting RiBi, their mechanism of action, and potential use in cancer therapy. We discuss screening strategies, drug repurposing, and common problems with compound specificity and mechanisms of action. Finally, emerging paths to discovery and avenues for the development of potential biomarkers predictive of therapeutic outcomes across cancer subtypes are also presented.
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35
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Dorado TE, de León P, Begum A, Liu H, Chen D, Rajeshkumar NV, Rey-Rodriguez R, Hoareau-Aveilla C, Alcouffe C, Laiho M, Barrow JC. Discovery and Evaluation of Novel Angular Fused Pyridoquinazolinonecarboxamides as RNA Polymerase I Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:608-614. [PMID: 35450366 PMCID: PMC9014438 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal DNA (rDNA) into the 47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor. Further processing produces the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs that are assembled into mature ribosomes. Many cancers exhibit higher Pol I transcriptional activity, reflecting a need for increased ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis and making the inhibition of this process an attractive therapeutic strategy. Lead molecule BMH-21 (1) has been established as a Pol I inhibitor by affecting the destruction of RPA194, the Pol I large catalytic subunit. A previous structure-activity relationship (SAR) study uncovered key pharmacophores, but activity was constrained within a tight chemical space. This work details further SAR efforts that have yielded new scaffolds and improved off-target activity while retaining the desired RPA194 degradation potency. Pharmacokinetic profiling was obtained and provides a starting point for further optimization. New compounds present additional opportunities for the development of Pol I inhibitory cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony E. Dorado
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Pablo de León
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Asma Begum
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Hester Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Daming Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - N. V. Rajeshkumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | | | | | - Chantal Alcouffe
- Department of Chemistry, Evotec, 195 route d’Espagne, 31036 Toulouse, France
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - James C. Barrow
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development and Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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36
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Matsumori H, Watanabe K, Tachiwana H, Fujita T, Ito Y, Tokunaga M, Sakata-Sogawa K, Osakada H, Haraguchi T, Awazu A, Ochiai H, Sakata Y, Ochiai K, Toki T, Ito E, Goldberg IG, Tokunaga K, Nakao M, Saitoh N. Ribosomal protein L5 facilitates rDNA-bundled condensate and nucleolar assembly. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101045. [PMID: 35321919 PMCID: PMC8942980 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High content image analysis, single molecule tracking, modeling, and DBA patient analysis revealed that ribosomal protein L5 facilitates rDNA-bundled condensate and nucleolar assembly. The nucleolus is the site of ribosome assembly and formed through liquid–liquid phase separation. Multiple ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays are bundled in the nucleolus, but the underlying mechanism and significance are unknown. In the present study, we performed high-content screening followed by image profiling with the wndchrm machine learning algorithm. We revealed that cells lacking a specific 60S ribosomal protein set exhibited common nucleolar disintegration. The depletion of RPL5 (also known as uL18), the liquid–liquid phase separation facilitator, was most effective, and resulted in an enlarged and un-separated sub-nucleolar compartment. Single-molecule tracking analysis revealed less-constrained mobility of its components. rDNA arrays were also unbundled. These results were recapitulated by a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model. Transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA were repressed in these aberrant nucleoli. Consistently, the nucleoli were disordered in peripheral blood cells from a Diamond–Blackfan anemia patient harboring a heterozygous, large deletion in RPL5. Our combinatorial analyses newly define the role of RPL5 in rDNA array bundling and the biophysical properties of the nucleolus, which may contribute to the etiology of ribosomopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Matsumori
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tachiwana
- Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujita
- Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Ito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makio Tokunaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakata-Sogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Osakada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinori Awazu
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics (RcMcD), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Sakata
- Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tsutomu Toki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ilya G Goldberg
- Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuaki Tokunaga
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Saitoh
- Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Magalingam KB, Somanath SD, Ramdas P, Haleagrahara N, Radhakrishnan AK. 6-Hydroxydopamine Induces Neurodegeneration in Terminally Differentiated SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells via Enrichment of the Nucleosomal Degradation Pathway: a Global Proteomics Approach. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1026-1046. [PMID: 35258800 PMCID: PMC9064865 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells have been used for decades as a cell-based model of dopaminergic neurons to explore the underlying science of cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, data revealing the protein expression changes in 6-OHDA induced cytotoxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells remain void. Therefore, we investigated the differentially regulated proteins expressed in terminally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells (differ-SH-SY5Y neural cells) exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) using the LC–MS/MS technology and construed the data using the online bioinformatics databases such as PANTHER, STRING, and KEGG. Our studies demonstrated that the neuronal development in differ-SH-SY5Y neural cells was indicated by the overexpression of proteins responsible for neurite formations such as calnexin (CANX) and calreticulin (CALR) besides significant downregulation of ribosomal proteins. The enrichment of the KEGG ribosome pathway was detected with significant downregulation (p < 0.05) of all the 21 ribosomal proteins in differ-SH-SY5Y neural cells compared with undifferentiated cells. Whereas in the PD model, the pathological changes induced by 6-OHDA were indicated by the presence of unfolded and misfolded proteins, which triggered the response of 10 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP), namely HSPE1 and HSPA9. Moreover, the 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration in differ-SH-SY5Y neural cells also upregulated the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) protein and enriched the KEGG systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathway that was regulated by 17 histone proteins (p < 0.05) in differ-SH-SY5Y neural cells. These results suggest that the nucleosomal degradation pathway may have regulated the 6-OHDA induced neurodegeneration in PD cell-based model, which is reflected by increased apoptosis and histone release in differ-SH-SY5Y neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasthuri Bai Magalingam
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Sushela Devi Somanath
- Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Premdass Ramdas
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nagaraja Haleagrahara
- College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
- Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform (MIPO), Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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38
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Kang CW, Hannan KM, Blackburn AC, Loh AHP, Hong KC, Yuan GJ, Hein N, Drygin D, Hannan RD, Coupland LA. The therapeutic potential of RNA Polymerase I transcription inhibitor, CX-5461, in uterine leiomyosarcoma. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:529-536. [PMID: 35201535 PMCID: PMC9098598 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01222-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background. Uterine leiomyosarcoma is a rare aggressive smooth muscle cancer with poor survival rates. RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) activity is elevated in many cancers supporting tumour growth and prior studies in uterine leiomyosarcoma revealed enlarged nucleoli and upregulated Pol I activity-related genes. This study aimed to investigate the anti-tumour potential of CX-5461, a Pol I transcription inhibitor currently being evaluated in clinical trials for several cancers, against the human uterine leiomyosarcoma cell line, SK-UT-1. Methods. SK-UT-1 was characterised using genome profiling and western blotting. The anti-tumour effects of CX-5461 were investigated using cell proliferation assays, expression analysis using qRT-PCR, and BrdU/PI based cell cycle analysis. Results. Genetic analysis of SK-UT-1 revealed mutations in TP53, RB1, PTEN, APC and TSC1 & 2, all potentially associated with increased Pol I activity. Protein expression analysis showed dysregulated p53, RB1 and c-Myc. CX-5461 treatment resulted in an anti-proliferation response, G2 phase cell-cycle arrest and on-target activity demonstrated by reduced ribosomal DNA transcription. Conclusions. SK-UT-1 was confirmed as a representative model of uterine leiomyosarcoma and CX-5461 has significant potential as a novel adjuvant for this rare cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Kang
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katherine M Hannan
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Anneke C Blackburn
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amos H P Loh
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah, Singapore
| | - Kuick Chik Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah, Singapore
| | - Goh Jian Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah, Singapore
| | - Nadine Hein
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Denis Drygin
- Regulus Therapeutics, 4224 Campus Point C, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ross D Hannan
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, 4067, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Lucy A Coupland
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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39
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Ripmeester EGJ, Welting TJM, van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Steijns JSJ, Cremers A, van Rhijn LW, Caron MMJ. BMP7 increases protein synthesis in SW1353 cells and determines rRNA levels in a NKX3-2-dependent manner. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263430. [PMID: 35139106 PMCID: PMC8827423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP7 is a morphogen capable of counteracting the OA chondrocyte hypertrophic phenotype via NKX3-2. NKX3-2 represses expression of RUNX2, an important transcription factor for chondrocyte hypertrophy. Since RUNX2 has previously been described as an inhibitor for 47S pre-rRNA transcription, we hypothesized that BMP7 positively influences 47S pre-rRNA transcription through NKX3-2, resulting in increased protein translational capacity. Therefor SW1353 cells and human primary chondrocytes were exposed to BMP7 and rRNA (18S, 5.8S, 28S) expression was determined by RT-qPCR. NKX3-2 knockdown was achieved via transfection of a NKX3-2-specific siRNA duplex. Translational capacity was assessed by the SUNsET assay, and 47S pre-rRNA transcription was determined by transfection of a 47S gene promoter-reporter plasmid. BMP7 treatment increased protein translational capacity. This was associated by increased 18S and 5.8S rRNA and NKX3-2 mRNA expression, as well as increased 47S gene promotor activity. Knockdown of NKX3-2 led to increased expression of RUNX2, accompanied by decreased 47S gene promotor activity and rRNA expression, an effect BMP7 was unable to restore. Our data demonstrate that BMP7 positively influences protein translation capacity of SW1353 cells and chondrocytes. This is likely caused by an NKX3-2-dependent activation of 47S gene promotor activity. This finding connects morphogen-mediated changes in cellular differentiation to an aspect of ribosome biogenesis via key transcription factors central to determining the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G. J. Ripmeester
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guus G. H. van den Akker
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Don A. M. Surtel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica S. J. Steijns
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andy Cremers
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W. van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Brown IN, Lafita-Navarro MC, Conacci-Sorrell M. Regulation of Nucleolar Activity by MYC. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030574. [PMID: 35159381 PMCID: PMC8834138 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus harbors the machinery necessary to produce new ribosomes which are critical for protein synthesis. Nucleolar size, shape, and density are highly dynamic and can be adjusted to accommodate ribosome biogenesis according to the needs for protein synthesis. In cancer, cells undergo continuous proliferation; therefore, nucleolar activity is elevated due to their high demand for protein synthesis. The transcription factor and universal oncogene MYC promotes nucleolar activity by enhancing the transcription of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and ribosomal proteins. This review summarizes the importance of nucleolar activity in mammalian cells, MYC’s role in nucleolar regulation in cancer, and discusses how a better understanding (and the potential inhibition) of aberrant nucleolar activity in cancer cells could lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella N. Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - M. Carmen Lafita-Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.-N.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.-N.); (M.C.-S.)
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41
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Denisenko O. Epigenetics of Ribosomal RNA Genes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S103-S131. [PMID: 35501990 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on biology of genes encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in mammals. rRNA is a structural component of the most abundant cellular molecule, the ribosome. There are many copies of rRNA genes per genome that are under tight transcriptional control by epigenetic mechanisms serving to meet cellular needs in protein synthesis. Curiously, only a fraction of rRNA genes is used even in the fast-growing cells, raising a question why unused copies of these genes have not been lost during evolution. Two plausible explanations are discussed. First, there is evidence that besides their direct function in production of rRNA, ribosomal RNA genes are involved in regulation of many other genes in the nucleus by forming either temporary or persistent complexes with these genes. Second, it seems that rRNA genes also play a role in the maintenance of genome stability, where lower copy number of rRNA genes destabilizes the genome. These "additional" functions of rRNA genes make them recurrent candidate drivers of chronic human diseases and aging. Experimental support for the involvement of these genes in human diseases and potential mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Denisenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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42
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Cockrell AJ, Gerton JL. Nucleolar Organizer Regions as Transcription-Based Scaffolds of Nucleolar Structure and Function. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:551-580. [PMID: 36348121 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes maintain multiple copies of ribosomal DNA gene repeats in tandem arrays to provide sufficient ribosomal RNAs to make ribosomes. These DNA repeats are the most highly transcribed regions of the genome, with dedicated transcriptional machinery to manage the enormous task of producing more than 50% of the total RNA in a proliferating cell. The arrays are called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and constitute the scaffold of the nucleolar compartment, where ribosome biogenesis occurs. Advances in molecular and cellular biology have brought great insights into how these arrays are transcribed and organized within genomes. Much of their biology is driven by their high transcription level, which has also driven the development of unique methods to understand rDNA gene activity, beginning with classic techniques such as silver staining and Miller spreads. However, the application of modern methodologies such as CRISPR gene editing, super-resolution microscopy, and long-read sequencing has enabled recent advances described herein, with many more discoveries possible soon. This chapter highlights what is known about NOR transcription and organization and the techniques applied historically and currently. Given the potential for NORs to impact organismal health and disease, as highlighted at the end of the chapter, the field must continue to develop and apply innovative analysis to understand genetic, epigenetic, and organizer properties of the ribosomal DNA repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria J Cockrell
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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43
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Schächner C, Merkl PE, Pilsl M, Schwank K, Hergert K, Kruse S, Milkereit P, Tschochner H, Griesenbeck J. Establishment and Maintenance of Open Ribosomal RNA Gene Chromatin States in Eukaryotes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2533:25-38. [PMID: 35796980 PMCID: PMC9761505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In growing eukaryotic cells, nuclear ribosomal (r)RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase (RNAP) I accounts for the vast majority of cellular transcription. This high output is achieved by the presence of multiple copies of rRNA genes in eukaryotic genomes transcribed at a high rate. In contrast to most of the other transcribed genomic loci, actively transcribed rRNA genes are largely devoid of nucleosomes adapting a characteristic "open" chromatin state, whereas a significant fraction of rRNA genes resides in a transcriptionally inactive nucleosomal "closed" chromatin state. Here, we review our current knowledge about the nature of open rRNA gene chromatin and discuss how this state may be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schächner
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp E Merkl
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany
- TUM ForTe, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pilsl
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schwank
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hergert
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruse
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Milkereit
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Herbert Tschochner
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Griesenbeck
- Universität Regensburg, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Lehrstuhl Biochemie III, Regensburg, Germany.
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Guo N, Zheng D, Sun J, Lv J, Wang S, Fang Y, Zhao Z, Zeng S, Guo Q, Tong J, Wang Z. NAP1L5 Promotes Nucleolar Hypertrophy and Is Required for Translation Activation During Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:791501. [PMID: 34977198 PMCID: PMC8718910 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.791501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological growth of cardiomyocytes during hypertrophy is characterized by excess protein synthesis; however, the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. Using a neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) model, here we find that the expression of nucleosome assembly protein 1 like 5 (Nap1l5) is upregulated in phenylephrine (PE)-induced hypertrophy. Knockdown of Nap1l5 expression by siRNA significantly blocks cell size enlargement and pathological gene induction after PE treatment. In contrast, Adenovirus-mediated Nap1l5 overexpression significantly aggravates the pro-hypertrophic effects of PE on NRVMs. RNA-seq analysis reveals that Nap1l5 knockdown reverses the pro-hypertrophic transcriptome reprogramming after PE treatment. Whereas, immune response is dominantly enriched in the upregulated genes, oxidative phosphorylation, cardiac muscle contraction and ribosome-related pathways are remarkably enriched in the down-regulated genes. Although Nap1l5-mediated gene regulation is correlated with PRC2 and PRC1, Nap1l5 does not directly alter the levels of global histone methylations at K4, K9, K27 or K36. However, puromycin incorporation assay shows that Nap1l5 is both necessary and sufficient to promote protein synthesis in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. This is attributable to a direct regulation of nucleolus hypertrophy and subsequent ribosome assembly. Our findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of Nap1l5 in translation control during cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyi Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sai Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxiao Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjing Tong
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Zhihua Wang
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Wu C, Xia D, Wang D, Wang S, Sun Z, Xu B, Zhang D. TCOF1 coordinates oncogenic activation and rRNA production and promotes tumorigenesis in HCC. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:553-564. [PMID: 34904330 PMCID: PMC8819287 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treacle ribosome biogenesis factor 1 (TCOF1) is a nucleolar factor that regulates ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription in the nucleolus. TCOF1 has been previously reported to be implicated in Treacher Collins–Franceschetti syndrome (TCS), a congenital disorder of craniofacial development. Except TCS, TCOF1 has not been reported to be involved in other diseases so far. Here, we show that TCOF1 expression is aberrantly elevated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and correlates with HCC progression and poor outcome. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal oncogenic roles of TCOF1 in HCC. Mechanistically, TCOF1 regulates KRAS‐activated genes and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes in HCC and is required for the increased ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production, a hallmark of cancer. Interestingly, our analysis reveals an inverse correlation between TCOF1 expression and tumor infiltration of antitumor immune cells, suggesting that TCOF1 may also have an important impact on antitumor immune responses in HCC. Together, our findings support a model in which TCOF1 coordinates oncogenic activation and rRNA production to promote HCC tumorigenesis. The inverse correlation between TCOF1 expression and the infiltration of antitumor immune cells opens a new avenue to understanding the promoting role of TCOF in HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoshen Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dian Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhaoran Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bihuai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Daoyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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46
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Sönmez A, Mustafa R, Ryll ST, Tuorto F, Wacheul L, Ponti D, Litke C, Hering T, Kojer K, Koch J, Pitzer C, Kirsch J, Neueder A, Kreiner G, Lafontaine DLJ, Orth M, Liss B, Parlato R. Nucleolar stress controls mutant Huntington toxicity and monitors Huntington's disease progression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1139. [PMID: 34880223 PMCID: PMC8655027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional and cellular-stress surveillance deficits are hallmarks of Huntington's disease (HD), a fatal autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a pathological expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The nucleolus, a dynamic nuclear biomolecular condensate and the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription, is implicated in the cellular stress response and in protein quality control. While the exact pathomechanisms of HD are still unclear, the impact of nucleolar dysfunction on HD pathophysiology in vivo remains elusive. Here we identified aberrant maturation of rRNA and decreased translational rate in association with human mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) expression. The protein nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), important for nucleolar integrity and rRNA maturation, loses its prominent nucleolar localization. Genetic disruption of nucleolar integrity in vulnerable striatal neurons of the R6/2 HD mouse model decreases the distribution of mHTT in a disperse state in the nucleus, exacerbating motor deficits. We confirmed NPM1 delocalization in the gradually progressing zQ175 knock-in HD mouse model: in the striatum at a presymptomatic stage and in the skeletal muscle at an early symptomatic stage. In Huntington's patient skeletal muscle biopsies, we found a selective redistribution of NPM1, similar to that in the zQ175 model. Taken together, our study demonstrates that nucleolar integrity regulates the formation of mHTT inclusions in vivo, and identifies NPM1 as a novel, readily detectable peripheral histopathological marker of HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Sönmez
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Rasem Mustafa
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Salome T Ryll
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim and Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludivine Wacheul
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Donatella Ponti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Litke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Hering
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kojer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jenniver Koch
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core (INBC), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Brain Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Denis L J Lafontaine
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michael Orth
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Linacre & New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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47
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Jacobs RQ, Huffines AK, Laiho M, Schneider DA. The small-molecule BMH-21 directly inhibits transcription elongation and DNA occupancy of RNA polymerase I in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101450. [PMID: 34838819 PMCID: PMC8683726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are dependent upon an abundance of ribosomes to maintain rapid cell growth and proliferation. The rate-limiting step of ribosome biogenesis is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Therefore, a goal of the cancer therapeutic field is to develop and characterize Pol I inhibitors. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of Pol I inhibition by a first-in-class small-molecule BMH-21. To characterize the effects of BMH-21 on Pol I transcription, we leveraged high-resolution in vitro transcription assays and in vivo native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq). We find that Pol I transcription initiation, promoter escape, and elongation are all inhibited by BMH-21 in vitro. In particular, the transcription elongation phase is highly sensitive to BMH-21 treatment, as it causes a decrease in transcription elongation rate and an increase in paused Pols on the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) template. In vivo NET-seq experiments complement these findings by revealing a reduction in Pol I occupancy on the template and an increase in sequence-specific pausing upstream of G-rich rDNA sequences after BMH-21 treatment. Collectively, these data reveal the mechanism of action of BMH-21, which is a critical step forward in the development of this compound and its derivatives for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Abigail K Huffines
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
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48
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Sanchez-Martin V, Schneider DA, Ortiz-Gonzalez M, Soriano-Lerma A, Linde-Rodriguez A, Perez-Carrasco V, Gutierrez-Fernandez J, Cuadros M, González C, Soriano M, Garcia-Salcedo JA. Targeting ribosomal G-quadruplexes with naphthalene-diimides as RNA polymerase I inhibitors for colorectal cancer treatment. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1590-1601.e4. [PMID: 34166611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Guanine quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures commonly found in regulatory genomic regions. G4 targeting has emerged as a therapeutic approach in cancer. We have screened naphthalene-diimides (NDIs), a class of G4 ligands, in a cellular model of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we identify the leading compound T5 with a potent and selective inhibition of cell growth by high-affinity binding to G4s in ribosomal DNA, impairing RNA polymerase I (Pol I) elongation. Consequently, T5 induces a rapid inhibition of Pol I transcription, nucleolus disruption, proteasome-dependent Pol I catalytic subunit A degradation and autophagy. Moreover, we attribute the higher selectivity of carbohydrate-conjugated T5 for tumoral cells to its preferential uptake through the overexpressed glucose transporter 1. Finally, we succinctly demonstrate that T5 could be explored as a therapeutic agent in a patient cohort with CRC. Therefore, we report a mode of action for these NDIs involving ribosomal G4 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanchez-Martin
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS.Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Matilde Ortiz-Gonzalez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Centre for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agri-food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almeria 04001, Spain
| | - Ana Soriano-Lerma
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada 18011, Spain
| | - Angel Linde-Rodriguez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS.Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Virginia Perez-Carrasco
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS.Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Jose Gutierrez-Fernandez
- Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS.Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada 18011, Spain
| | - Marta Cuadros
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Centre for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agri-food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almeria 04001, Spain
| | - Jose A Garcia-Salcedo
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada 18016, Spain; Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS.Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.
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49
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Barros-Silva D, Klavert J, Jenster G, Jerónimo C, Lafontaine DLJ, Martens-Uzunova ES. The role of OncoSnoRNAs and Ribosomal RNA 2'-O-methylation in Cancer. RNA Biol 2021; 18:61-74. [PMID: 34775914 PMCID: PMC8677010 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1991167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes are essential nanomachines responsible for all protein production in cells. Ribosome biogenesis and function are energy costly processes, they are tightly regulated to match cellular needs. In cancer, major pathways that control ribosome biogenesis and function are often deregulated to ensure cell survival and to accommodate the continuous proliferation of tumour cells. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are abundantly modified with 2'-O-methylation (Nm, ribomethylation) being one of the most common modifications. In eukaryotic ribosomes, ribomethylation is performed by the methyltransferase Fibrillarin guided by box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Accumulating evidences indicate that snoRNA expression and ribosome methylation profiles are altered in cancer. Here we review our current knowledge on differential snoRNA expression and rRNA 2ʹ-O methylation in the context of human malignancies, and discuss the consequences and opportunities for cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barros-Silva
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Klavert
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (Icbas-up), Porto, Portugal
| | - Denis L J Lafontaine
- Rna Molecular Biology, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique (F.r.s./fnrs), Université Libre De Bruxelles (Ulb), BioPark Campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Elena S Martens-Uzunova
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhao D, Liu W, Chen K, Wu Z, Yang H, Xu Y. Structure of the human RNA polymerase I elongation complex. Cell Discov 2021; 7:97. [PMID: 34671025 PMCID: PMC8528822 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal DNA and generates RNA for ribosome synthesis. Pol I accounts for the majority of cellular transcription activity and dysregulation of Pol I transcription leads to cancers and ribosomopathies. Despite extensive structural studies of yeast Pol I, structure of human Pol I remains unsolved. Here we determined the structures of the human Pol I in the pre-translocation, post-translocation, and backtracked states at near-atomic resolution. The single-subunit peripheral stalk lacks contacts with the DNA-binding clamp and is more flexible than the two-subunit stalk in yeast Pol I. Compared to yeast Pol I, human Pol I possesses a more closed clamp, which makes more contacts with DNA. The Pol I structure in the post-cleavage backtracked state shows that the C-terminal zinc ribbon of RPA12 inserts into an open funnel and facilitates “dinucleotide cleavage” on mismatched DNA–RNA hybrid. Critical disease-associated mutations are mapped on Pol I regions that are involved in catalysis and complex organization. In summary, the structures provide new sights into human Pol I complex organization and efficient proofreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weida Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Wu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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