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Liu G, Liu F, Zhang D, Zhao T, Yang H, Jiang J, Li J, Zhang H, Xu X. Integrating omics reveals that miRNA-guided genetic regulation on plant hormone level and defense response pathways shape resistance to Cladosporium fulvum in the tomato Cf-10-gene-carrying line. Front Genet 2023; 14:1158631. [PMID: 37303956 PMCID: PMC10248068 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1158631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of C. fulvum causes the most serious diseases affecting the reproduction of tomatoes. Cf-10-gene-carrying line showed remarkable resistance to Cladosporium fulvum. To exploit its defense response mechanism, we performed a multiple-omics profiling of Cf-10-gene-carrying line and a susceptible line without carrying any resistance genes at non-inoculation and 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) of C. fulvum. We detected 54 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) between the non-inoculation and 3 dpi in the Cf-10-gene-carrying line, which potentially regulated plant-pathogen interaction pathways and hormone signaling pathways. We also revealed 3,016 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the non-inoculated and 3 dpi in the Cf-10-gene-carrying line whose functions enriched in pathways that were potentially regulated by the DE-miRNAs. Integrating DE-miRNAs, gene expression and plant-hormone metabolites indicated a regulation network where the downregulation of miRNAs at 3 dpi activated crucial resistance genes to trigger host hypersensitive cell death, improved hormone levels and upregulated the receptors/critical responsive transcription factors (TFs) of plant hormones, to shape immunity to the pathogen. Notably, our transcriptome, miRNA and hormone metabolites profiling and qPCR analysis suggested that that the downregulation of miR9472 potentially upregulated the expression of SAR Deficient 1 (SARD1), a key regulator for ICS1 (Isochorismate Synthase 1) induction and salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, to improve the level of SA in the Cf-10-gene-carrying line. Our results exploited potential regulatory network and new pathways underlying the resistance to C. fulvum in Cf-10-gene-carrying line, providing a more comprehensive genetic circuit and valuable gene targets for modulating resistance to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Liu
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongye Zhang
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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Sudermann MA, McGilp L, Vogel G, Regnier M, Jaramillo AR, Smart CD. The Diversity of Passalora fulva Isolates Collected from Tomato Plants in U.S. High Tunnels. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1350-1360. [PMID: 35021861 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0244-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High tunnels extend the growing season of high value crops, including tomatoes, but the environmental conditions within high tunnels favor the spread of the tomato leaf mold pathogen, Passalora fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum). Tomato leaf mold results in defoliation, and if severe, losses in yield. Despite substantial research, little is known regarding the genetic structure and diversity of populations of P. fulva associated with high tunnel tomato production in the United States. From 2016 to 2019, a total of 50 P. fulva isolates were collected from tomato leaf samples in high tunnels in the Northeast and Minnesota. Other Cladosporium species were also isolated from the leaf surfaces. Koch's postulates were conducted to confirm that P. fulva was the cause of the disease symptoms observed. Race determination experiments revealed that the isolates belonged to either race 0 (six isolates) or race 2 (44 isolates). Polymorphisms were identified within four previously characterized effector genes: Avr2, Avr4, Avr4e, and Avr9. The largest number of polymorphisms were observed for Avr2. Both mating type genes, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1, were present in the isolate collection. For further insights into the pathogen diversity, the 50 isolates were genotyped at 7,514 single-nucleotide polymorphism loci using genotyping-by-sequencing. Differentiation by region but not by year was observed. Within the collection of 50 isolates, there were 18 distinct genotypes. Information regarding P. fulva population diversity will enable better management recommendations for growers, as high tunnel production of tomatoes expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Sudermann
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Lillian McGilp
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Gregory Vogel
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Regnier
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez Jaramillo
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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Transcriptome Analysis of the Cf-13-Mediated Hypersensitive Response of Tomato to Cladosporium fulvum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094844. [PMID: 35563232 PMCID: PMC9102077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum) is one of the most common diseases affecting greenhouse tomato production. Cf proteins can recognize corresponding AVR proteins produced by C. fulvum, and Cf genes are associated with leaf mold resistance. Given that there are many physiological races of C. fulvum and that these races rapidly mutate, resistance to common Cf genes (such as Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, and Cf-9) has decreased. In the field, Ont7813 plants (carrying the Cf-13 gene) show effective resistance to C. fulvum; thus, these plants could be used as new, disease-resistant materials. To explore the mechanism of the Cf-13-mediated resistance response, transcriptome sequencing was performed on three replicates each of Ont7813 (Cf-13) and Moneymaker (MM; carrying the Cf-0 gene) at 0, 9, and 15 days after inoculation (dai) for a total of 18 samples. In total, 943 genes were differentially expressed, specifically in the Ont7813 response process as compared to the Moneymaker response process. Gene ontology (GO) classification of these 943 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that GO terms, including "hydrogen peroxide metabolic process (GO_Process)", "secondary active transmembrane transporter activity (GO_Function)", and "mismatch repair complex (GO_Component)", which were the same as 11 other GO terms, were significantly enriched. An analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that many key regulatory genes of the Cf-13-mediated resistance response processes were involved in the "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway, the "plant-pathogen interaction" pathway, and the "MAPK signaling pathway-plant" pathway. Moreover, during C. fulvum infection, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) contents significantly increased in Ont7813 at the early stage. These results lay a vital foundation for further understanding the molecular mechanism of the Cf-13 gene in response to C. fulvum infection.
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Zaccaron AZ, Chen LH, Samaras A, Stergiopoulos I. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum reveals a compartmentalized genome architecture and the presence of a dispensable chromosome. Microb Genom 2022; 8:000819. [PMID: 35471194 PMCID: PMC9453070 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium fulvum is a fungal pathogen that causes leaf mould of tomato. The reference genome of this pathogen was released in 2012 but its high repetitive DNA content prevented a contiguous assembly and further prohibited the analysis of its genome architecture. In this study, we combined third generation sequencing technology with the Hi-C chromatin conformation capture technique, to produce a high-quality and near complete genome assembly and gene annotation of a Race 5 isolate of C. fulvum. The resulting genome assembly contained 67.17 Mb organized into 14 chromosomes (Chr1-to-Chr14), all of which were assembled telomere-to-telomere. The smallest of the chromosomes, Chr14, is only 460 kb in size and contains 25 genes that all encode hypothetical proteins. Notably, PCR assays revealed that Chr14 was absent in 19 out of 24 isolates of a world-wide collection of C. fulvum, indicating that Chr14 is dispensable. Thus, C. fulvum is currently the second species of Capnodiales shown to harbour dispensable chromosomes. The genome of C. fulvum Race 5 is 49.7 % repetitive and contains 14 690 predicted genes with an estimated completeness of 98.9%, currently one of the highest among the Capnodiales. Genome structure analysis revealed a compartmentalized architecture composed of gene-dense and repeat-poor regions interspersed with gene-sparse and repeat-rich regions. Nearly 39.2 % of the C. fulvum Race 5 genome is affected by Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations and evidence of RIP leakage toward non-repetitive regions was observed in all chromosomes, indicating the RIP plays an important role in the evolution of this pathogen. Finally, 345 genes encoding candidate effectors were identified in C. fulvum Race 5, with a significant enrichment of their location in gene-sparse regions, in accordance with the 'two-speed genome' model of evolution. Overall, the new reference genome of C. fulvum presents several notable features and is a valuable resource for studies in plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Z. Zaccaron
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Li-Hung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
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Hoagland RE, Boyette CD. Effects of the Fungal Bioherbicide, Alternaria cassia on Peroxidase, Pectinolytic and Proteolytic Activities in Sicklepod Seedlings. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121032. [PMID: 34947013 PMCID: PMC8703765 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain plant pathogens have demonstrated potential for use as bioherbicides for weed control, and numerous studies have been published on this subject for several decades. One of the early examples of an important fungal bioherbicide is Alternaria cassiae, isolated from the weed sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia). To gain further insight into biochemical interactions of this fungus and its host weed, we examined the effects of this bioherbicide on various enzymes associated with plant defense. Young sicklepod seedlings were challenged with A. cassiae spore inoculum and enzyme activities associated with plant defense (peroxidase, proteolytic, and pectinolytic) were assayed periodically over a 96-h time course on plants grown in continuous darkness or continuous light. Peroxidase activity increased with time in untreated control seedlings in both light and dark, but the effect was greater in the light. In A. cassiae-treated plants, peroxidase was elevated above that in control tissue at all sample times resulting in a 1.5 -fold increase above control in light-grown tissue and a 2- to 3-fold increase in dark-grown tissue over 48-96 h. Differences in leucine aminopeptidase activity in control versus A. cassiae-treated tissues were not significant until 48-96 h, when activity was inhibited in fungus-treated tissues by about 32% in light-grown tissue and 27% in dark-grown tissue after 96 h. Proteolytic activity on benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide was not significantly different in treated versus control tissue in either light or dark over the time course. Pectinase activity increased in treated tissues at all time points as early as 16 h after spore application in light- or dark-grown plants. The greatest increases were 1.5-fold above control levels in light-grown plants (40-64 h) and 2-fold in plants grown in darkness (72-96 h). Data suggests that peroxidase may be involved as defense mechanism of sicklepod when challenged by A. cassia and that this mechanism is operative in young seedlings under both light and dark growth conditions. Differential proteolytic activity responses on these two substrates suggests the presence of two different enzymes. Increased pectinase activity during pathogenesis suggests that A. cassiae-sicklepod interaction results in an infectivity mechanism to degrade pectic polymers important to sicklepod cell wall integrity. These studies provide important information on some biochemical interactions that may be useful for improvements to biological weed control programs utilizing plant pathogens. Such information may also be useful in genetic selection and manipulation of pathogens for weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Hoagland
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Clyde Douglas Boyette
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
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De A, Maity A, Mazumder M, Mondal B, Mukherjee A, Ghosh S, Ray P, Polley S, Dastidar SG, Basu D. Overexpression of LYK4, a lysin motif receptor with non-functional kinase domain, enhances tolerance to Alternaria brassicicola and increases trichome density in Brassica juncea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 309:110953. [PMID: 34134846 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LYKs) are involved in the recognition of chitin and activation of plant immune response. In this study, we found LYK4 to be strongly induced in resistant Sinapis alba compared with susceptible Brassica juncea on challenge with Alternaria brassicicola. In silico analysis and in vitro kinase assay revealed that despite the presence of canonical protein kinase fold, B.juncea LYK4 (BjLYK4) lacks several key residues of a prototype protein kinase which renders it catalytically inactive. Transient expression analysis confirmed that fluorescently tagged BjLYK4 localizes specifically to the plasma membrane. Overexpression (OE) of BjLYK4 in B. juncea enhanced tolerance against A. brassicicola. Interestingly, the OE lines also exhibited a novel trichome dense phenotype and increased jasmonic acid (JA) responsiveness. We further showed that many chitin responsive WRKY transcription factors and JA biosynthetic genes were strongly induced in the OE lines on challenge with the pathogen. Moreover, several JA inducible trichome developmental genes constituting the WD-repeat/bHLH/MYB activator complex were also upregulated in the OE lines compared with vector control and RNA interference line. These results suggest that BjLYK4 plays an essential role in chitin-dependent activation of defense response and chitin independent trichome development likely by influencing the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishee De
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Atanu Maity
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Mrinmoy Mazumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 119077.
| | - Banani Mondal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Swagata Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Pranita Ray
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Smarajit Polley
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Debabrata Basu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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Kahlon PS, Seta SM, Zander G, Scheikl D, Hückelhoven R, Joosten MHAJ, Stam R. Population studies of the wild tomato species Solanum chilense reveal geographically structured major gene-mediated pathogen resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202723. [PMID: 33352079 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural plant populations encounter strong pathogen pressure and defence-associated genes are known to be under selection dependent on the pressure by the pathogens. Here, we use populations of the wild tomato Solanum chilense to investigate natural resistance against Cladosporium fulvum, a well-known ascomycete pathogen of domesticated tomatoes. Host populations used are from distinct geographical origins and share a defined evolutionary history. We show that distinct populations of S. chilense differ in resistance against the pathogen. Screening for major resistance gene-mediated pathogen recognition throughout the whole species showed clear geographical differences between populations and complete loss of pathogen recognition in the south of the species range. In addition, we observed high complexity in a homologues of Cladosporium resistance (Hcr) locus, underlying the recognition of C. fulvum, in central and northern populations. Our findings show that major gene-mediated recognition specificity is diverse in a natural plant-pathosystem. We place major gene resistance in a geographical context that also defined the evolutionary history of that species. Data suggest that the underlying loci are more complex than previously anticipated, with small-scale gene recombination being possibly responsible for maintaining balanced polymorphisms in the populations that experience pathogen pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shallet Mindih Seta
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gesche Zander
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Daniela Scheikl
- Section of Population Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Stam
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Zhang D, Bao Y, Sun Y, Yang H, Zhao T, Li H, Du C, Jiang J, Li J, Xie L, Xu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the response mechanism of Cf-16-mediated resistance to Cladosporium fulvum infection in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:33. [PMID: 31959099 PMCID: PMC6971981 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum is a serious threat affecting the global production of tomato. Cf genes are associated with leaf mold resistance, including Cf-16, which confers effective resistance to leaf mold in tomato. However, the molecular mechanism of the Cf-16-mediated resistance response is largely unknown. RESULTS We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of C. fulvum-resistant (cv. Ontario7816) and C. fulvum-susceptible (cv. Moneymaker) tomato cultivars to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 4 and 8 days post inoculation (dpi) with C. fulvum. In total, 1588 and 939 more DEGs were found in Cf-16 tomato than in Moneymaker at 4 and 8 dpi, respectively. Additionally, 1350 DEGs were shared between the 4- and 8-dpi Cf-16 groups, suggesting the existence of common core DEGs in response to C. fulvum infection. The up-regulated DEGs in Cf-16 tomato were primarily associated with defense processes and phytohormone signaling, including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Moreover, SA and JA levels were significantly increased in Cf-16 tomato at the early stages of C. fulvum infection. Contrary to the previous study, the number of up-regulated genes in Cf-16 compared to Cf-10 and Cf-12 tomatoes was significantly higher at the early stages of C. fulvum infection. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insight into the Cf-mediated mechanism of resistance to C. fulvum, especially the unique characteristics of Cf-16 tomato in response to this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yufang Bao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yaoguang Sun
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Huijia Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Chong Du
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfu Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Libo Xie
- Horticultural Sub-Academy, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069 China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
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Zhao T, Liu W, Zhao Z, Yang H, Bao Y, Zhang D, Wang Z, Jiang J, Xu Y, Zhang H, Li J, Chen Q, Xu X. Transcriptome profiling reveals the response process of tomato carrying Cf-19 and Cladosporium fulvum interaction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:572. [PMID: 31856725 PMCID: PMC6923989 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During tomato cultivation, tomato leaf mould is a common disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum). By encoding Cf proteins, which can recognize corresponding AVR proteins produced by C. fulvum, Cf genes provide resistance to C. fulvum, and the resistance response patterns mediated by different Cf genes are not identical. Plants carrying the Cf-19 gene show effective resistance to C. fulvum in the field and can be used as new resistant materials in breeding. In this study, to identify key regulatory genes related to resistance and to understand the resistance response process in tomato plants carrying Cf-19, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyse the differences between the response of resistant plants (CGN18423, carrying the Cf-19 gene) and susceptible plants (Moneymaker (MM), carrying the Cf-0 gene) at 0, 7 and 20 days after inoculation (dai). RESULTS A total of 418 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified specifically in the CGN18423 response process. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that GO terms including "plasma membrane (GO_Component)", "histidine decarboxylase activity (GO_Function)", and "carboxylic acid metabolic process (GO_Process)", as well as other 10 GO terms, were significantly enriched. The "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway, which was unique to CGN18423 in the 0-7 dai comparison, was identified. Moreover, ten key regulatory points were screened from the "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway and the "plant pathogen interaction" pathway. Hormone content measurements revealed that the salicylic acid (SA) contents increased and peaked at 7 dai, after which the contents deceased and reached minimum values in both CGN18423 and MM plants at 20 dai. The jasmonic acid (JA) content increased to a very high level at 7 dai but then decreased to nearly the initial level at 20 dai in CGN18423, while it continued to increase slightly during the whole process from 0 to 20 dai in MM. CONCLUSIONS The initial responses are very different between the resistant and susceptible plants. The "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway is important for the formation of Cf-19-mediated immunity. In addition, both JA and SA play roles in regulating the Cf-19-dependent resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Wenhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Zhentong Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yufang Bao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Dongye Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
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11
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Ökmen B, Bachmann D, de Wit PJ. A conserved GH17 glycosyl hydrolase from plant pathogenic Dothideomycetes releases a DAMP causing cell death in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1710-1721. [PMID: 31603622 PMCID: PMC6859711 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate infection, pathogens deploy a plethora of effectors to suppress basal host immunity induced by exogenous microbe-associated or endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In this study, we have characterized family 17 glycosyl hydrolases of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum (CfGH17) and studied their role in infection. Heterologous expression of CfGH17-1 to 5 by potato virus X in different tomato cultivars showed that CfGH17-1 and CfGH17-5 enzymes induce cell death in Cf-0, Cf-1 and Cf-5 but not in Cf-Ecp3 tomato cultivars or tobacco. Moreover, CfGH17-1 orthologues from other phytopathogens, including Dothistroma septosporum and Mycosphaerella fijiensis, also trigger cell death in tomato. CfGH17-1 and CfGH17-5 are predicted to be β-1,3-glucanases and their enzymatic activity is required for the induction of cell death. CfGH17-1 hydrolyses laminarin, a linear 1,3-β-glucan with 1,6-β linkages. CfGH17-1 expression is down-regulated during the biotrophic phase of infection and up-regulated during the necrotrophic phase. Deletion of CfGH17-1 in C. fulvum did not reduce virulence on tomato, while constitutive expression of CfGH17-1 decreased virulence, suggesting that abundant presence of CfGH17-1 during biotrophic growth may release a DAMP that activates plant defence responses. Under natural conditions CfGH17-1 is suggested to play a role during saprophytic growth when the fungus thrives on dead host tissue, which is in line with its high levels of expression at late stages of infection when host tissues have become necrotic. We suggest that CfGH17-1 releases a DAMP from the host cell wall that is recognized by a yet unknown host plant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ökmen
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of CologneBio Center, Zuelpicher Str. 47a50674CologneGermany
| | - Daniel Bachmann
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Strickhof Fachstelle GemueseRiedhofstrasse62 CH‐8408Winterthur‐WülflingenSwitzerland
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12
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McNally KE, Menardo F, Lüthi L, Praz CR, Müller MC, Kunz L, Ben‐David R, Chandrasekhar K, Dinoor A, Cowger C, Meyers E, Xue M, Zeng F, Gong S, Yu D, Bourras S, Keller B. Distinct domains of the AVRPM3 A2/F2 avirulence protein from wheat powdery mildew are involved in immune receptor recognition and putative effector function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:681-695. [PMID: 29453934 PMCID: PMC6175116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the AVRPM3A2/F2 avirulence protein from powdery mildew by the wheat PM3A/F immune receptor induces a hypersensitive response after co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. The molecular determinants of this interaction and how they shape natural AvrPm3a2/f2 allelic diversity are unknown. We sequenced the AvrPm3a2/f2 gene in a worldwide collection of 272 mildew isolates. Using the natural polymorphisms of AvrPm3a2/f2 as well as sequence information from related gene family members, we tested 85 single-residue-altered AVRPM3A2/F2 variants with PM3A, PM3F and PM3FL456P/Y458H (modified for improved signaling) in Nicotiana benthamiana for effects on recognition. An intact AvrPm3a2/f2 gene was found in all analyzed isolates and the protein variant recognized by PM3A/F occurred globally at high frequencies. Single-residue alterations in AVRPM3A2/F2 mostly disrupted, but occasionally enhanced, the recognition response by PM3A, PM3F and PM3FL456P/Y458H . Residues enhancing hypersensitive responses constituted a protein domain separate from both naturally occurring polymorphisms and positively selected residues of the gene family. These results demonstrate the utility of using gene family sequence diversity to screen residues for their role in recognition. This approach identified a putative interaction surface in AVRPM3A2/F2 not polymorphic in natural alleles. We conclude that molecular mechanisms besides recognition drive AvrPm3a2/f2 diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Elyse McNally
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Linda Lüthi
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Coraline Rosalie Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marion Claudia Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Roi Ben‐David
- Institute of Plant ScienceARO‐Volcani Center50250Bet DaganIsrael
| | - Kottakota Chandrasekhar
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot76100Israel
| | - Amos Dinoor
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot76100Israel
| | - Christina Cowger
- United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service (USDA‐ARS)North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Emily Meyers
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Mingfeng Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences430064WuhanChina
- Ministry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China430064WuhanChina
| | - Fangsong Zeng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences430064WuhanChina
- Ministry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China430064WuhanChina
| | - Shuangjun Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences430064WuhanChina
- Ministry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China430064WuhanChina
- College of Life ScienceWuhan University430072WuhanChina
| | - Dazhao Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences430064WuhanChina
- Ministry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China430064WuhanChina
- College of Life ScienceWuhan University430072WuhanChina
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
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13
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Liu G, Liu J, Zhang C, You X, Zhao T, Jiang J, Chen X, Zhang H, Yang H, Zhang D, Du C, Li J, Xu X. Physiological and RNA-seq analyses provide insights into the response mechanism of the Cf-10-mediated resistance to Cladosporium fulvum infection in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:403-416. [PMID: 29383477 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Based on the physiological and RNA-seq analysis, some progress has been made in elucidating the Cf-10-mediated resistance responses to C. fulvum infection in tomato. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly associated with defense-signaling pathways like oxidation-reduction processes, oxidoreductase activity and plant hormone signal transduction. Leaf mold, caused by the fungus Cladosporium fulvum, is one of the most common diseases affecting tomatoes worldwide. Cf series genes including Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, Cf-9 and Cf-10 play very important roles in resisting tomato leaf mold. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Cf gene-mediated resistance is thus the key to facilitating genetic engineering of resistance to C. fulvum infection. Progress has been made in elucidating two Cf genes, Cf -19 and Cf -12, and how they mediate resistance responses to C. fulvum infection in tomato. However, the mechanism of the Cf-10- mediated resistance response is still unclear. In the present study, RNA-seq was used to analyze changes in the transcriptome at different stages of C. fulvum infection. A total of 2,242 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responsive to C. fulvum between 0 and 16 days post infection (dpi) were identified, including 1,501 upregulated and 741 downregulated genes. The majority of DEGs were associated with defense-signaling pathways including oxidation-reduction processes, oxidoreductase activity and plant hormone signal transduction. Four DEGs associated with plant-pathogen interaction were uniquely activated in Cf-10 tomato and validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, physiological indicators including reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were measured at 0-21 dpi, and hormone expression [Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA)] was estimated at 0 and 16 dpi to elucidate the mechanism of the Cf-10-mediated resistance response. C. fulvum infection induced the activities of POD, CAT and SOD, and decreased ROS levels. JA was determined to participate in the resistance response to C. fulvum during the initial infection period. The results of this study provide accountable evidence for the physiological and transcriptional regulation of the Cf-10-mediated resistance response to C. fulvum infection, facilitating further understanding of the molecular mechanism of Cf-10-mediated resistance to C. fulvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Junfang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongye Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chong Du
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecuture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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14
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Chen IH, Huang YP, Tseng CH, Ni JT, Tsai CH, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Nicotiana benthamiana Elicitor-Inducible Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Protein Assists Bamboo Mosaic Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1736. [PMID: 29056941 PMCID: PMC5635722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For successful infection, a virus requires various host factors at different stages such as translation, targeting, replication, and spreading. One of the host genes upregulated after Nicotiana benthamiana infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA potexvirus, assists in viral movement. To understand how this host protein is involved in BaMV movement, we cloned its full-length cDNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The gene has 3199 nt and encodes a 969-amino acid polypeptide. The sequence of the encoded polypeptide is orthologous to that of N. tabacum elicitor-inducible leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein (NtEILP), a plant viral resistance gene, and is designated NbEILP. To reveal how NbEILP is involved in BaMV movement, we fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) to its C-terminus. Unfortunately, the gene's expression in N. benthamiana was beyond our detection limit possibly because of its large size (∼135 kDa). However, NbEILP at such low expression could still enhance BaMV accumulation in inoculated leaves. A short version of NbEILP was constructed to remove the LRR domain, NbEILP/ΔLRR-GFP; the expression of this deletion mutant could still enhance BaMV accumulation to 1.7-fold that of the control. Hence, the LRR domain in NbEILP is not an essential element in BaMV movement. We constructed a few deletion mutants - NbEILP/ΔLRRΔTMD (without the transmembrane domain), NbEILP/ΔLRRΔCD (without the cytoplasmic domain), and NbEILP/ΔLRRΔSP (without the signal peptide) - to examine whether these domains are involved in BaMV movement. For BaMV movement, NbEILP requires the signal peptide to target the endoplasmic reticulum and the transmembrane domain to retain on the membrane.
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15
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Abstract
Fungi are among the dominant causal agents of plant diseases. To colonize plants and cause disease, pathogenic fungi use diverse strategies. Some fungi kill their hosts and feed on dead material (necrotrophs), while others colonize the living tissue (biotrophs). For successful invasion of plant organs, pathogenic development is tightly regulated and specialized infection structures are formed. To further colonize hosts and establish disease, fungal pathogens deploy a plethora of virulence factors. Depending on the infection strategy, virulence factors perform different functions. While basically all pathogens interfere with primary plant defense, necrotrophs secrete toxins to kill plant tissue. In contrast, biotrophs utilize effector molecules to suppress plant cell death and manipulate plant metabolism in favor of the pathogen. This article provides an overview of plant pathogenic fungal species and the strategies they use to cause disease.
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16
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Spanu PD, Panstruga R. Editorial: Biotrophic Plant-Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28243250 PMCID: PMC5303711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro D. Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
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17
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Xue DQ, Chen XL, Zhang H, Chai XF, Jiang JB, Xu XY, Li JF. Transcriptome Analysis of the Cf-12-Mediated Resistance Response to Cladosporium fulvum in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2012. [PMID: 28105042 PMCID: PMC5212946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cf-12 is an effective gene for resisting tomato leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum). Unlike many other Cf genes such as Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, and Cf-9, no physiological races of C. fulvum that are virulent to Cf-12 carrying plant lines have been identified. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism of Cf-12 gene resistance response, RNA-Seq was used to analyze the transcriptome changes at three different stages of C. fulvum infection (0, 4, and 8 days post infection [dpi]). A total of 9100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 4 and 0 dpi, 8643 DEGs between 8 and 0 dpi and 2547 DEGs between 8 and 4 dpi were identified. In addition, we found that 736 DEGs shared among the above three groups, suggesting the presence of a common core of DEGs in response to C. fulvum infection. These DEGs were significantly enriched in defense-signaling pathways such as the calcium dependent protein kinases pathway and the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, we found that many transcription factor genes were among the DEGs, indicating that transcription factors play an important role in C. fulvum defense response. Our study provides new insight on the molecular mechanism of Cf resistance to C. fulvum, especially the unique features of Cf-12 in responding to C. fulvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qi Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xin-Feng Chai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jing-Bin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jing-Fu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
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18
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Chen J, Li N, Ma X, Gupta VK, Zhang D, Li T, Dai X. The Ectopic Overexpression of the Cotton Ve1 and Ve2-Homolog Sequences Leads to Resistance Response to Verticillium Wilt in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:844. [PMID: 28611793 PMCID: PMC5447073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the Verticillium dahliae phytopathogen, is a devastating disease affecting many economically important crops. A receptor-like protein (RLP) gene, Ve1, has been reported to confer resistance to V. dahliae in tomato plants, but few genes have been found to be involved in cotton Verticillium wilt resistance. Here, we cloned two RLP gene homologs, Gossypium barbadense resistance gene to Verticillium dahliae 1 (GbaVd1) and GbaVd2, from the Verticillium wilt-resistant cultivar G. barbadense cv. Hai7124. GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 display sequence divergence, but both encode typical RLPs. Virus-induced gene silencing of GbaVd1 or GbaVd2 compromised the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae, and both genes conferred Verticillium wilt resistance after interfamily transfer into Arabidopsis. Microarray analysis revealed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 participate in Verticillium wilt resistance in Arabidopsis through activation of defense responses, including the endocytosis process, signaling factors, transcription factors and reinforcement of the cell wall, as demonstrated by lignification in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. In addition, microarray analysis showed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 differentially mediate resistance signaling and activation of defense responses after overexpression in Arabidopsis. Thus, GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 encode RLPs and act as disease resistance genes that mediate the defense response against V. dahliae in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nanyang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tinggang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Dai
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D'Ippolito S, Vankova R, Joosten MHAJ, Casalongué CA, Fiol DF. Knocking down expression of the auxin-amidohydrolase IAR3 alters defense responses in Solanaceae family plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:31-39. [PMID: 27968994 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) amido hydrolases (AHs) participate in auxin homeostasis by releasing free IAA from IAA-amino acid conjugates. We investigated the role of IAR3, a member of the IAA amido hydrolase family, in the response of Solanaceous plants challenged by biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens. By means of genome inspection and phylogenic analysis we firstly identified IAA-AH sequences and putative IAR3 orthologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato and potato. We evaluated the involvement of IAR3 genes in defense responses by using virus-induced gene silencing. We observed that N. benthamiana and tomato plants with knocked-down expression of IAR3 genes contained lower levels of free IAA and presented altered responses to pathogen attack, including enhanced basal defenses and higher tolerance to infection in susceptible plants. We showed that IAR3 genes are consistently up-regulated in N. benthamiana and tomato upon inoculation with Phytophthora infestans and Cladosporium fulvum respectively. However, IAR3 expression decreased significantly when hypersensitive response was triggered in transgenic tomato plants coexpressing the Cf-4 resistance gene and the avirulence factor Avr4. Altogether, our results indicate that changes in IAR3 expression lead to alteration in auxin homeostasis that ultimately affects plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D'Ippolito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudia A Casalongué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Diego F Fiol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Elgorban AM, El-Samawaty AERM, Abd-Elkader OH, Yassin MA, Sayed SRM, Khan M, Farooq Adil S. Bioengineered silver nanoparticles using Curvularia pallescens and its fungicidal activity against Cladosporium fulvum. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 24:1522-1528. [PMID: 30294221 PMCID: PMC6169509 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms based biosynthesis of nanomaterials has triggered significant attention, due to their great potential as vast source of the production of biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs). Such biosynthesized functional nanomaterials can be used for various biomedical applications. The present study investigates the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using the fungus Curvularia pallescens (C. pallescens) which is isolated from cereals. The C. pallescens cell filtrate was used for the reduction of AgNO3 to Ag NPs. To the best of our knowledge C. pallescens is utilized first time for the preparation of Ag NPs. Several alkaloids and proteins present in the phytopathogenic fungus C. pallescens were mainly responsible for the formation of highly crystalline Ag NPs. The as-synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by using UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM micrographs have revealed that spherical shaped Ag NPs with polydisperse in size were obtained. These results have clearly suggested that the biomolecules secreted by C. pallescens are mainly responsible for the formation and stabilization of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of the as-prepared Ag NPs was tested against Cladosporium fulvum, which is the major cause of a serious plant disease, known as tomato leaf mold. The synthesized Ag NPs displayed excellent fungicidal activity against the tested fungal pathogen. The extreme zone of reduction occurred at 50 μL, whereas, an increase in the reduction activity is observed with increasing the concentration of Ag NPs. These encouraging results can be further exploited by employing the as synthesized Ag NPs against various pathogenic fungi in order to ascertain their spectrum of fungicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Elgorban
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Rahim M El-Samawaty
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Zoology Department, EM Unit, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Electron Microscope and Thin Films Department, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Yassin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaban R M Sayed
- Zoology Department, EM Unit, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
| | - Mujeeb Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Farooq Adil
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Li L, Yu Y, Zhou Z, Zhou JM. Plant pattern-recognition receptors controlling innate immunity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:878-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Chakrabarti A, Velusamy T, Tee CY, Jones DA. A mutational analysis of the cytosolic domain of the tomato Cf-9 disease-resistance protein shows that membrane-proximal residues are important for Avr9-dependent necrosis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:565-76. [PMID: 26315781 PMCID: PMC6638541 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Cf-9 gene encodes a membrane-anchored glycoprotein that imparts race-specific resistance against the tomato leaf mould fungus Cladosporium fulvum in response to the avirulence protein Avr9. Although the N-terminal half of the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (eLRR) domain of the Cf-9 protein determines its specificity for Avr9, the C-terminal half, including its small cytosolic domain, is postulated to be involved in signalling. The cytosolic domain of Cf-9 carries several residues that are potential sites for ubiquitinylation or phosphorylation, or signals for endocytic uptake. A targeted mutagenesis approach was employed to investigate the roles of these residues and cellular processes in Avr9-dependent necrosis triggered by Cf-9. Our results indicate that the membrane-proximal region of the cytosolic domain of Cf-9 plays an important role in Cf-9-mediated necrosis, and two amino acids within this region, a threonine (T835) and a proline (P838), are particularly important for Cf-9 function. An alanine mutation of T835 had no effect on Cf-9 function, but an aspartic acid mutation, which mimics phosphorylation, reduced Cf-9 function. We therefore postulate that phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation of T835 could act as a molecular switch to determine whether Cf-9 is in a primed or inactive state. Yeast two-hybrid analysis was used to show that the cytosolic domain of Cf-9 interacts with the cytosolic domain of tomato VAP27. This interaction could be disrupted by an alanine mutation of P838, whereas interaction with CITRX remained unaffected. We therefore postulate that a proline-induced kink in the membrane-proximal region of the cytosolic domain of Cf-9 may be important for interaction with VAP27, which may, in turn, be important for Cf-9 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apratim Chakrabarti
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Thilaga Velusamy
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Choon Yang Tee
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David A Jones
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Postma J, Liebrand TWH, Bi G, Evrard A, Bye RR, Mbengue M, Kuhn H, Joosten MHAJ, Robatzek S. Avr4 promotes Cf-4 receptor-like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:627-42. [PMID: 26765243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live-cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector-triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf-4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Ben M'Barek S, Cordewener JHG, van der Lee TAJ, America AHP, Mirzadi Gohari A, Mehrabi R, Hamza S, de Wit PJGM, Kema GHJ. Proteome catalog of Zymoseptoria tritici captured during pathogenesis in wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:42-53. [PMID: 26092789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is an economically important pathogen of wheat. However, the molecular basis of pathogenicity on wheat is still poorly understood. Here, we present a global survey of the proteins secreted by this fungus in the apoplast of resistant (cv. Shafir) and susceptible (cv. Obelisk) wheat cultivars after inoculation with reference Z. tritici strain IPO323. The fungal proteins present in apoplastic fluids were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and by data-independent acquisition liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS(E)) combined with data-dependent acquisition LC-MS/MS. Subsequent mapping mass spectrometry-derived peptide sequence data against the genome sequence of strain IPO323 identified 665 peptides in the MS(E) and 93 in the LC-MS/MS mode that matched to 85 proteins. The identified fungal proteins, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and proteases, might function in pathogenicity, but the functions of many remain unknown. Most fungal proteins accumulated in cv. Obelisk at the onset of necrotrophy. This inventory provides an excellent basis for future detailed studies on the role of these genes and their encoded proteins during pathogenesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Ben M'Barek
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901 Hammam-Lif-2050, Tunisia
| | - Jan H G Cordewener
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Center for BioSystems and Genomics, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H P America
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Center for BioSystems and Genomics, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Plant Pathology Building, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sonia Hamza
- Laboratory of genetics, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit H J Kema
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhao T, Jiang J, Liu G, He S, Zhang H, Chen X, Li J, Xu X. Mapping and candidate gene screening of tomato Cladosporium fulvum-resistant gene Cf-19, based on high-throughput sequencing technology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:51. [PMID: 26912238 PMCID: PMC4766677 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato leaf mold is a common disease in tomato cultivation. This disease is caused by Cladosporium fulvum, which has many physiological races and differentiates rapidly. Cf genes confer resistance to C. fulvum, and the C. fulvum-tomato pathosystem is a model for the study of gene-for-gene interactions. Plants carrying the Cf-19 gene show effective resistance to C. fulvum in the field, and can be used in breeding and resistance mechanism studies as new resistant materials. In this study, we used F2 bulk specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and parental resequencing methods to locate and characterize the Cf-19 gene. RESULTS A total of 4108 Diff_markers and three association regions were found in association analysis. A 2.14-Mb region containing seven Cf-type genes was identified in further analysis based on data from SLAF-seq and parental resequencing. Two candidate genes, Solyc01g006550.2.1 and Solyc01g005870.1.1, were screened out by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Sequence analysis showed that Solyc01g006550.2.1 (an allelic locus of Cf-0) in CGN18423 was a novel homologue of the Cladosporium resistance gene Cf-9 (Hcr9s) in the Cf-4/9 locus. The marker P7, which cosegregated with the resistant trait, was developed based on sequence mutation of the Solyc01g006550.2.1 locus in CGN18423. CONCLUSIONS The Cf-19 gene was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1. The candidate genes Solyc01g006550.2.1 and Solyc01g005870.1.1 showed related amino acid sequence structures and expression patterns. Solyc01g006550.2.1 had a close evolutionary relationship with the functional Hcr9 members Cf-4 and Cf-9, and was very different from non-functional members. The results from this study will facilitate the breeding of cultivars carrying the Cf-19 gene and provide a basis for further gene cloning, resistance gene evolution and plant resistance mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Guan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Shanshan He
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Li W, Xu YP, Cai XZ. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the tomato leaf mould disease resistance gene Cf-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:163-167. [PMID: 26768363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance (R) genes confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to pathogens carrying complementary effector/avirulence (Avr) genes. They are traditionally recognized to function at translational and/or posttranslational levels. In this study, however, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Cf-9, a tomato R gene conferring resistance to leaf mould fungal pathogen carrying Avr9, was demonstrated. Expression of the Cf-9 gene was 10.8-54.7 folds higher in the Cf-9/Avr9 tomato lines than in the Cf-9 lines depending on the seedling age, indicating that the Cf-9 gene expression was strongly induced by Avr9. Moreover, expression of the Cf-9 gene in the 5-day-old Cf-9/Avr9 seedlings at 33 °C was approximately 80 folds lower than that at 25 °C, and was enhanced by 23.4 folds at only 4 h post temperature shift from 33 °C to 25 °C, demonstrating that the Avr9-mediated induction of the Cf-9 gene expression is reversibly repressed by high temperature. Expression of the Cf-9 gene in the Cf-9 seedlings was similarly affected by temperature as in the Cf-9/Avr9 seedlings, implying that the genetic control of temperature sensitivity of the Cf-9 gene expression is epistasis to its Avr9-mediated induction. Additionally, a miRNA sly-miR6022, TGGAAGGGAGAATATCCAGGA, targeting the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain spanning LRR13-LRR14 of the Cf-9 gene transcript was predicted. Over-expression of this miRNA resulted in over 88% reduction of the Cf-9 gene transcripts in both Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato, and thus verifying the function of sly-miR6022 in degrading the Cf-9 gene transcripts. Collectively, our results reveal that the tomato R gene Cf-9 is strongly regulated at transcriptional level by pathogen Avr9 in a temperature-sensitive manner and is also regulated at posttranscriptional level by a miRNA sly-miR6022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Medina R, López SMY, Franco MEE, Rollan C, Ronco BL, Saparrat MCN, De Wit PJGM, Balatti PA. A Survey on Occurrence of Cladosporium fulvum Identifies Race 0 and Race 2 in Tomato-Growing Areas of Argentina. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:1732-1737. [PMID: 30699511 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-14-1270-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva), causal agent of tomato leaf mold, was confirmed in the two main greenhouse-production areas for tomato in Argentina. Using both morphological characters and internal transcribed spacer sequencing, we confirmed the presence of physiological races of this pathogen. A diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also developed, using primers derived from C. fulvum avirulence (Avr) genes. In all, 20 isolates of Cladosporium spp. were obtained as monospore cultures and 12 were identified as C. fulvum. By this method, we showed that, of these 12 isolates, 5 were race 0 (carrying functional Avr2, Avr4, Avr4E, and Avr9 genes) and 7 were race 2 (lacking the Avr2 gene). Race identity was confirmed by testing their virulence on a set of tomato differentials carrying different Cf resistance genes. All Avr genes could be amplified in single or multiplex PCR using DNA isolated from in vitro grown monospore cultures but only three Avr could be amplified when genomic DNA was isolated from C. fulvum-infected necrotic leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Fitopatologías (CIDEFI), La Plata (1900), Argentina; and Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Silvina M Y López
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre J G M De Wit
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro A Balatti
- CIDEFI, La Plata (1900), Argentina; and Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Figueroa M, Manning VA, Pandelova I, Ciuffetti LM. Persistence of the Host-Selective Toxin Ptr ToxB in the Apoplast. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1082-90. [PMID: 26057389 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-15-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is responsible for the disease tan spot of wheat. Ptr ToxB (ToxB), a proteinaceous host-selective toxin, is one of the effectors secreted by P. tritici-repentis. ToxB induces chlorosis in toxin-sensitive wheat cultivars and displays characteristics common to apoplastic effectors. We addressed the hypothesis that ToxB exerts its activity extracellularly. Our data indicate that hydraulic pressure applied in the apoplast following ToxB infiltration can displace ToxB-induced symptoms. In addition, treatment with a proteolytic cocktail following toxin infiltration results in reduction of symptom development and indicates that ToxB requires at least 8 h in planta to induce maximum symptom development. In vitro assays demonstrate that apoplastic fluids extracted from toxin-sensitive and -insensitive wheat cultivars cannot degrade ToxB. Additionally, ToxB can be reisolated from apoplastic fluid after toxin infiltration. Furthermore, localization studies of fluorescently labeled ToxB indicate that the toxin remains in the apoplast in toxin-sensitive and -insensitive wheat cultivars. Our findings support the hypothesis that ToxB acts as an extracellular effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Viola A Manning
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Lynda M Ciuffetti
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
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Iida Y, van ‘t Hof P, Beenen H, Mesarich C, Kubota M, Stergiopoulos I, Mehrabi R, Notsu A, Fujiwara K, Bahkali A, Abd-Elsalam K, Collemare J, de Wit PJGM. Novel Mutations Detected in Avirulence Genes Overcoming Tomato Cf Resistance Genes in Isolates of a Japanese Population of Cladosporium fulvum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123271. [PMID: 25902074 PMCID: PMC4406682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf mold of tomato is caused by the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum which complies with the gene-for-gene system. The disease was first reported in Japan in the 1920s and has since been frequently observed. Initially only race 0 isolates were reported, but since the consecutive introduction of resistance genes Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5 and Cf-9 new races have evolved. Here we first determined the virulence spectrum of 133 C. fulvum isolates collected from 22 prefectures in Japan, and subsequently sequenced the avirulence (Avr) genes Avr2, Avr4, Avr4E, Avr5 and Avr9 to determine the molecular basis of overcoming Cf genes. Twelve races of C. fulvum with a different virulence spectrum were identified, of which races 9, 2.9, 4.9, 4.5.9 and 4.9.11 occur only in Japan. The Avr genes in many of these races contain unique mutations not observed in races identified elsewhere in the world including (i) frameshift mutations and (ii) transposon insertions in Avr2, (iii) point mutations in Avr4 and Avr4E, and (iv) deletions of Avr4E, Avr5 and Avr9. New races have developed by selection pressure imposed by consecutive introductions of Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5 and Cf-9 genes in commercially grown tomato cultivars. Our study shows that molecular variations to adapt to different Cf genes in an isolated C. fulvum population in Japan are novel but overall follow similar patterns as those observed in populations from other parts of the world. Implications for breeding of more durable C. fulvum resistant varieties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Iida
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van ‘t Hof
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriek Beenen
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl Mesarich
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masaharu Kubota
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ayumi Notsu
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Ornamental Plants and Vegetables Research Center, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujiwara
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Ali Bahkali
- King Saud University, College of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamel Abd-Elsalam
- King Saud University, College of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jérôme Collemare
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre J. G. M. de Wit
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Sueldo D, Ahmed A, Misas-Villamil J, Colby T, Tameling W, Joosten MHAJ, van der Hoorn RAL. Dynamic hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse in tomato seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:913-25. [PMID: 24890496 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolases such as subtilases, vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and the proteasome play important roles during plant programmed cell death (PCD). We investigated hydrolase activities during PCD using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), which displays the active proteome using probes that react covalently with the active site of proteins. We employed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings undergoing synchronized hypersensitive cell death by co-expressing the avirulence protein Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum and the tomato resistance protein Cf-4. Cell death is blocked in seedlings grown at high temperature and humidity, and is synchronously induced by decreasing temperature and humidity. ABPP revealed that VPEs and the proteasome are not differentially active, but that activities of papain-like cysteine proteases and serine hydrolases, including Hsr203 and P69B, increase before hypersensitive tissue collapse, whereas the activity of a carboxypeptidase-like enzyme is reduced. Similar dynamics were observed for these enzymes in the apoplast of tomato challenged with C. fulvum. Unexpectedly, these challenged plants also displayed novel isoforms of secreted putative VPEs. In the absence of tissue collapse at high humidity, the hydrolase activity profile is already altered completely, demonstrating that changes in hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sueldo
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Meinhardt LW, Costa GGL, Thomazella DPT, Teixeira PJPL, Carazzolle MF, Schuster SC, Carlson JE, Guiltinan MJ, Mieczkowski P, Farmer A, Ramaraj T, Crozier J, Davis RE, Shao J, Melnick RL, Pereira GAG, Bailey BA. Genome and secretome analysis of the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen, Moniliophthora roreri, which causes frosty pod rot disease of cacao: mechanisms of the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:164. [PMID: 24571091 PMCID: PMC3948071 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri is the causal agent of Frosty pod rot (FPR) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the source of chocolate, and FPR is one of the most destructive diseases of this important perennial crop in the Americas. This hemibiotroph infects only cacao pods and has an extended biotrophic phase lasting up to sixty days, culminating in plant necrosis and sporulation of the fungus without the formation of a basidiocarp. RESULTS We sequenced and assembled 52.3 Mb into 3,298 contigs that represent the M. roreri genome. Of the 17,920 predicted open reading frames (OFRs), 13,760 were validated by RNA-Seq. Using read count data from RNA sequencing of cacao pods at 30 and 60 days post infection, differential gene expression was estimated for the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of this plant-pathogen interaction. The sequencing data were used to develop a genome based secretome for the infected pods. Of the 1,535 genes encoding putative secreted proteins, 1,355 were expressed in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. Analysis of the data revealed secretome gene expression that correlated with infection and intercellular growth in the biotrophic phase and invasive growth and plant cellular death in the necrotrophic phase. CONCLUSIONS Genome sequencing and RNA-Seq was used to determine and validate the Moniliophthora roreri genome and secretome. High sequence identity between Moniliophthora roreri genes and Moniliophthora perniciosa genes supports the taxonomic relationship with Moniliophthora perniciosa and the relatedness of this fungus to other basidiomycetes. Analysis of RNA-Seq data from infected plant tissues revealed differentially expressed genes in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. The secreted protein genes that were upregulated in the biotrophic phase are primarily associated with breakdown of the intercellular matrix and modification of the fungal mycelia, possibly to mask the fungus from plant defenses. Based on the transcriptome data, the upregulated secreted proteins in the necrotrophic phase are hypothesized to be actively attacking the plant cell walls and plant cellular components resulting in necrosis. These genes are being used to develop a new understanding of how this disease interaction progresses and to identify potential targets to reduce the impact of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa
- Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela PT Thomazella
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo José PL Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Mary Ellen Jones, Room 921, 27599-3280 Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center of Genomic Research, 2935 Rodeo Park Drive East Santa Fe, NM 87505 Santa Fe, USA
| | - Thiruvarangan Ramaraj
- National Center of Genomic Research, 2935 Rodeo Park Drive East Santa Fe, NM 87505 Santa Fe, USA
| | | | - Robert E Davis
- Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 004 Rm 119 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 004 Rm 119 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rachel L Melnick
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Gonçalo AG Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Liebrand TWH, van den Burg HA, Joosten MHAJ. Two for all: receptor-associated kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:123-32. [PMID: 24238702 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) are ubiquitous cell surface receptors lacking a cytoplasmic signalling domain. For most of these LRR-RLPs, it remained enigmatic how they activate cellular responses upon ligand perception. Recently, the LRR-receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) was shown to be essential for triggering defence responses by certain LRR-RLPs that act as immune receptors. In addition to SOBIR1, the regulatory LRR-RLK BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE-1 (BAK1) is also required for LRR-RLP function. Here, we compare the roles of SOBIR1 and BAK1 as regulatory LRR-RLKs in immunity and development. BAK1 has a general regulatory role in plasma membrane-associated receptor complexes comprising LRR-RLPs and/or LRR-RLKs. By contrast, SOBIR1 appears to be specifically required for the function of receptor complexes containing LRR-RLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Gupta S, Bhar A, Das S. Understanding the molecular defence responses of host during chickpea-Fusarium interplay: where do we stand? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1285-1297. [PMID: 32481195 DOI: 10.1071/fp13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is known to cause vascular wilt and root rot of many important plants. Although extensive studies have been reported for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., the question of whether those experimental interpretations are extendable to other crop species requires experimentation. Chickpea is the most important crop legume of Indian subcontinent and ranks third in the world list of important legumes. However, productivity of this crop is severely curtailed by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Based on earlier reports, the present review discusses about the external manifestations of the disease, in planta fungal progression and establishment, and the molecular responses of chickpea that occur during Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri Race 1(Foc1) interaction. Foc1, known to enter the roots through the breaches of tap root, colonise the xylem vessels and block upward translocation of essential solutes causing wilt in compatible hosts. In contrast, pathogen invasion is readily perceived by the resistant host, which activates defence signalling cascades that are directed towards protecting its primary metabolism from the harmful consequences of pathogenic mayhem. Hence, understanding the dynamic complexities of chickpea-Foc1 interplay is prerequisite to providing sustainable solutions in wilt management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanti Gupta
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12, CIT Scheme, VII-M, Kankurgachi, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Bhar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12, CIT Scheme, VII-M, Kankurgachi, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12, CIT Scheme, VII-M, Kankurgachi, Kolkata-700054, West Bengal, India
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Doehlemann G, Hemetsberger C. Apoplastic immunity and its suppression by filamentous plant pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1001-1016. [PMID: 23594392 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial plant pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to enter plant hosts and cause disease. In particular, biotrophic pathogens, which parasitize living plant tissue, establish sophisticated interactions in which they modulate the plant's metabolism to their own good. The prime decision, whether or not a pathogen can accommodate itself in its host tissue, is made during the initial phase of infection. At this stage, the plant immune system recognizes conserved molecular patterns of the invading microbe, which initiate a set of basal immune responses. Induced plant defense proteins, toxic compounds and antimicrobial proteins encounter a broad arsenal of pathogen-derived virulence factors that aim to disarm host immunity. Crucial regulatory processes and protein-protein interactions take place in the apoplast, that is, intercellular spaces, plant cell walls and defined host-pathogen interfaces which are formed between the plant cytoplasm and the specialized infection structures of many biotrophic pathogens. This article aims to provide an insight into the most important principles and components of apoplastic plant immunity and its modulation by filamentous microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Doehlemann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hemetsberger
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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Receptor-like kinase SOBIR1/EVR interacts with receptor-like proteins in plant immunity against fungal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10010-5. [PMID: 23716655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant immune system is activated by microbial patterns that are detected as nonself molecules. Such patterns are recognized by immune receptors that are cytoplasmic or localized at the plasma membrane. Cell surface receptors are represented by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) that frequently contain extracellular leucine-rich repeats and an intracellular kinase domain for activation of downstream signaling, as well as receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that lack this signaling domain. It is therefore hypothesized that RLKs are required for RLPs to activate downstream signaling. The RLPs Cf-4 and Ve1 of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mediate resistance to the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Verticillium dahliae, respectively. Despite their importance, the mechanism by which these immune receptors mediate downstream signaling upon recognition of their matching ligand, Avr4 and Ave1, remained enigmatic. Here we show that the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana RLK Suppressor Of BIR1-1/Evershed (SOBIR1/EVR) and its close homolog S. lycopersicum (Sl)SOBIR1-like interact in planta with both Cf-4 and Ve1 and are required for the Cf-4- and Ve1-mediated hypersensitive response and immunity. Tomato SOBIR1/EVR interacts with most of the tested RLPs, but not with the RLKs FLS2, SERK1, SERK3a, BAK1, and CLV1. SOBIR1/EVR is required for stability of the Cf-4 and Ve1 receptors, supporting our observation that these RLPs are present in a complex with SOBIR1/EVR in planta. We show that SOBIR1/EVR is essential for RLP-mediated immunity and propose that the protein functions as a regulatory RLK of this type of cell-surface receptors.
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The genomes of the fungal plant pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Dothistroma septosporum reveal adaptation to different hosts and lifestyles but also signatures of common ancestry. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003088. [PMID: 23209441 PMCID: PMC3510045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We sequenced and compared the genomes of the Dothideomycete fungal plant pathogens Cladosporium fulvum (Cfu) (syn. Passalora fulva) and Dothistroma septosporum (Dse) that are closely related phylogenetically, but have different lifestyles and hosts. Although both fungi grow extracellularly in close contact with host mesophyll cells, Cfu is a biotroph infecting tomato, while Dse is a hemibiotroph infecting pine. The genomes of these fungi have a similar set of genes (70% of gene content in both genomes are homologs), but differ significantly in size (Cfu >61.1-Mb; Dse 31.2-Mb), which is mainly due to the difference in repeat content (47.2% in Cfu versus 3.2% in Dse). Recent adaptation to different lifestyles and hosts is suggested by diverged sets of genes. Cfu contains an α-tomatinase gene that we predict might be required for detoxification of tomatine, while this gene is absent in Dse. Many genes encoding secreted proteins are unique to each species and the repeat-rich areas in Cfu are enriched for these species-specific genes. In contrast, conserved genes suggest common host ancestry. Homologs of Cfu effector genes, including Ecp2 and Avr4, are present in Dse and induce a Cf-Ecp2- and Cf-4-mediated hypersensitive response, respectively. Strikingly, genes involved in production of the toxin dothistromin, a likely virulence factor for Dse, are conserved in Cfu, but their expression differs markedly with essentially no expression by Cfu in planta. Likewise, Cfu has a carbohydrate-degrading enzyme catalog that is more similar to that of necrotrophs or hemibiotrophs and a larger pectinolytic gene arsenal than Dse, but many of these genes are not expressed in planta or are pseudogenized. Overall, comparison of their genomes suggests that these closely related plant pathogens had a common ancestral host but since adapted to different hosts and lifestyles by a combination of differentiated gene content, pseudogenization, and gene regulation.
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Xu QF, Cheng WS, Li SS, Li W, Zhang ZX, Xu YP, Zhou XP, Cai XZ. Identification of genes required for Cf-dependent hypersensitive cell death by combined proteomic and RNA interfering analyses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2421-35. [PMID: 22275387 PMCID: PMC3346213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of hypersensitive cell death (HCD) regulators is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance. In this study, combined proteomic and RNA interfering (RNAi) analyses were employed to identify genes required for the HCD conferred by the tomato resistance gene Cf-4 and the Cladosporium fulvum avirulence gene Avr4. Forty-nine proteins differentially expressed in the tomato seedlings mounting and those not mounting Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD were identified through proteomic analysis. Among them were a variety of defence-related proteins including a cysteine protease, Pip1, an operative target of another C. fulvum effector, Avr2. Additionally, glutathione-mediated antioxidation is a major response to Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD. Functional analysis through tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing and transient RNAi assays of the chosen 16 differentially expressed proteins revealed that seven genes, which encode Pip1 homologue NbPip1, a SIPK type MAP kinase Nbf4, an asparagine synthetase NbAsn, a trypsin inhibitor LeMir-like protein NbMir, a small GTP-binding protein, a late embryogenesis-like protein, and an ASR4-like protein, were required for Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD. Furthermore, the former four genes were essential for Cf-9/Avr9-dependent HCD; NbPip1, NbAsn, and NbMir, but not Nbf4, affected a nonadaptive bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae-induced HCD in Nicotiana benthamiana. These data demonstrate that Pip1 and LeMir may play a general role in HCD and plant immunity and that the application of combined proteomic and RNA interfering analyses is an efficient strategy to identify genes required for HCD, disease resistance, and probably other biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Fang Xu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Shun Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang-Sheng Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Abstract
Biotrophy is a pervasive trait that evolved independently in plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Comparative genomics of the first sequenced biotrophic pathogens highlight remarkable convergences, including gene losses in the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen, inorganic sulfur, and thiamine, and genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes and secondary metabolism enzymes. Some biotrophs, but not all, display marked increases in overall genome size because of a proliferation of retrotransposons. I argue here that the release of constraints on transposon activity is driven by the advantages conferred by the genetic variability that results from transposition, in particular by the creation and diversification of broad palettes of effector genes. Increases in genome size and gene losses are the consequences of this trade-off. Genes that are not necessary for growth on a plant disappeared, but we still do not know what lost functions make some of these pathogens obligate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro D Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Kombrink A, Sánchez-Vallet A, Thomma BPHJ. The role of chitin detection in plant--pathogen interactions. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:1168-76. [PMID: 21856436 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the deployment of antifungal defence strategies, fungal diseases occur in all types of multicellular organisms. In plants, the role of fungal chitin as pathogen-associated molecular pattern that activates host defence is well established. Interestingly, plants employ homologs of the chitin immune receptors to initiate microbial symbiosis. Accumulating evidence shows that fungal pathogens developed secreted effectors to disarm chitin-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Marshall R, Kombrink A, Motteram J, Loza-Reyes E, Lucas J, Hammond-Kosack KE, Thomma BP, Rudd JJ. Analysis of two in planta expressed LysM effector homologs from the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola reveals novel functional properties and varying contributions to virulence on wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:756-69. [PMID: 21467214 PMCID: PMC3177273 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.176347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secreted effector proteins enable plant pathogenic fungi to manipulate host defenses for successful infection. Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Leaf infection involves a long (approximately 7 d) period of symptomless intercellular colonization prior to the appearance of necrotic disease lesions. Therefore, M. graminicola is considered as a hemibiotrophic (or necrotrophic) pathogen. Here, we describe the molecular and functional characterization of M. graminicola homologs of Ecp6 (for extracellular protein 6), the Lysin (LysM) domain-containing effector from the biotrophic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf mold fungus Cladosporium fulvum, which interferes with chitin-triggered immunity in plants. Three LysM effector homologs are present in the M. graminicola genome, referred to as Mg3LysM, Mg1LysM, and MgxLysM. Mg3LysM and Mg1LysM genes were strongly transcriptionally up-regulated specifically during symptomless leaf infection. Both proteins bind chitin; however, only Mg3LysM blocked the elicitation of chitin-induced plant defenses. In contrast to C. fulvum Ecp6, both Mg1LysM and Mg3LysM also protected fungal hyphae against plant-derived hydrolytic enzymes, and both genes show significantly more nucleotide polymorphism giving rise to nonsynonymous amino acid changes. While Mg1LysM deletion mutant strains of M. graminicola were fully pathogenic toward wheat leaves, Mg3LysM mutant strains were severely impaired in leaf colonization, did not trigger lesion formation, and were unable to undergo asexual sporulation. This virulence defect correlated with more rapid and pronounced expression of wheat defense genes during the symptomless phase of leaf colonization. These data highlight different functions for MgLysM effector homologs during plant infection, including novel activities that distinguish these proteins from C. fulvum Ecp6.
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Gupta S, Chakraborti D, Basu D, Das S. In search of decoy/guardee to R genes: deciphering the role of sugars in defense against Fusarium wilt in chickpea. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1081-7. [PMID: 20855953 PMCID: PMC3115073 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.9.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses are coordinately controlled by both external and internal signals. Apt perception of pathogen attack and its appropriate conversion to internal signals ultimately determine the outcome of innate immunity. The present review predicts the involvement of unconventional 'Guard/Decoy Model' in chickpea-Fusarium encounter. Rapid alkalinization factor is predicted to act as initial 'Gatekeeper decoy' counteracting fungal entry. Phospholipases and cystatins probably function as 'Guardees' being shielded by R gene(s). Serine Threonine Kinases decodes external pathogenic signals to in planta defense alarms. 14.3.3 provides clues to the wilt mechanism. The versatile sugars serve as signal generators and transmitters maintaining intra and inter cellular connectivity during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanti Gupta
- Division of Plant Biology; Bose Institute; Centenary Campus; Kankurgachi, Kolkata India
| | - Dipankar Chakraborti
- Division of Plant Biology; Bose Institute; Centenary Campus; Kankurgachi, Kolkata India
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology; St. Xavier's College; Kolkata, India
| | - Debabrata Basu
- Division of Plant Biology; Bose Institute; Centenary Campus; Kankurgachi, Kolkata India
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology; Bose Institute; Centenary Campus; Kankurgachi, Kolkata India
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Gupta S, Chakraborti D, Sengupta A, Basu D, Das S. Primary metabolism of chickpea is the initial target of wound inducing early sensed Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri race I. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9030. [PMID: 20140256 PMCID: PMC2815786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotrophic interaction between host and pathogen induces generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to programmed cell death of the host tissue specifically encompassing the site of infection conferring resistance to the host. However, in the present study, biotrophic relationship between Fusarium oxysporum and chickpea provided some novel insights into the classical concepts of defense signaling and disease perception where ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation followed by hypersensitive responses determined the magnitude of susceptibility or resistant potentiality of the host. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Microscopic observations detected wound mediated in planta pathogenic establishment and its gradual progression within the host vascular tissue. cDNA-AFLP showed differential expression of many defense responsive elements. Real time expression profiling also validated the early recognition of the wound inducing pathogen by the host. The interplay between fungus and host activated changes in primary metabolism, which generated defense signals in the form of sugar molecules for combating pathogenic encounter. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study showed the limitations of hypersensitive response mediated resistance, especially when foreign encounters involved the food production as well as the translocation machinery of the host. It was also predicted from the obtained results that hypersensitivity and active species generation failed to impart host defense in compatible interaction between chickpea and Fusarium. On the contrary, the defense related gene(s) played a critical role in conferring natural resistance to the resistant host. Thus, this study suggests that natural selection is the decisive factor for selecting and segregating out the suitable type of defense mechanism to be undertaken by the host without disturbing its normal metabolism, which could deviate from the known classical defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanti Gupta
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Anindita Sengupta
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sampa Das
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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De Wit PJGM, Mehrabi R, Van den Burg HA, Stergiopoulos I. Fungal effector proteins: past, present and future. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:735-47. [PMID: 19849781 PMCID: PMC6640362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering research of Harold Flor on flax and the flax rust fungus culminated in his gene-for-gene hypothesis. It took nearly 50 years before the first fungal avirulence (Avr) gene in support of his hypothesis was cloned. Initially, fungal Avr genes were identified by reverse genetics and map-based cloning from model organisms, but, currently, the availability of many sequenced fungal genomes allows their cloning from additional fungi by a combination of comparative and functional genomics. It is believed that most Avr genes encode effectors that facilitate virulence by suppressing pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and induce effector-triggered immunity in plants containing cognate resistance proteins. In resistant plants, effectors are directly or indirectly recognized by cognate resistance proteins that reside either on the plasma membrane or inside the plant cell. Indirect recognition of an effector (also known as the guard model) implies that the virulence target of an effector in the host (the guardee) is guarded by the resistance protein (the guard) that senses manipulation of the guardee, leading to activation of effector-triggered immunity. In this article, we review the literature on fungal effectors and some pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including those of some fungi for which no gene-for-gene relationship has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J G M De Wit
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Wulff BBH, Heese A, Tomlinson-Buhot L, Jones DA, de la Peña M, Jones JDG. The major specificity-determining amino acids of the tomato Cf-9 disease resistance protein are at hypervariable solvent-exposed positions in the central leucine-rich repeats. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1203-13. [PMID: 19737094 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-10-1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between tomato and the leaf mold pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is controlled in a gene-for-gene manner by plant Cf genes that encode membrane-anchored extracytoplasmic leucine-rich repeat (LRR) glycoproteins, which confer recognition of their cognate fungal avirulence (Avr) proteins. Cf-9 and Cf-4 are two such proteins that are 91% identical yet recognize the sequence-unrelated fungal avirulence determinants Avr9 and Avr4, respectively. As shown previously, Cf-4 specificity is determined by three putative solvent-exposed residues in the central LRR and a deletion of two LRR relative to Cf-9. In this study, we focused on identifying the specificity determinants of Cf-9. We generated chimeras between Cf-9 and its close homologue Cf-9B and identified five amino acid residues that constitute major specificity determinants of Cf-9. Introduction of these residues into Cf-9B allowed recognition of Avr9. Consistent with a role in recognition specificity, the identified residues are putatively solvent exposed in the central LRR and occupy hypervariable positions in the global Cf alignment. One of the specificity residues is not found in any other known Cf protein, suggesting the importance of diversifying selection rather than sequence exchange between homologues. Interestingly, there is an overlap between the Cf-4 and Cf-9 specificity-determining residues, precluding a protein with dual specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brande B H Wulff
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Stulemeijer IJE, Joosten MHAJ, Jensen ON. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of tomato mounting a hypersensitive response reveals a swift suppression of photosynthetic activity and a differential role for hsp90 isoforms. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1168-82. [PMID: 19178300 DOI: 10.1021/pr800619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An important mechanism by which plants defend themselves against pathogens is the rapid execution of a hypersensitive response (HR). Tomato plants containing the Cf-4 resistance gene mount an HR that relies on the activation of phosphorylation cascades, when challenged with the Avr4 elicitor secreted by the pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum. Phosphopeptides were isolated from tomato seedlings expressing both Cf-4 and Avr4 using titanium dioxide columns and LC-MS/MS analysis led to the identification of 50 phosphoproteins, most of which have not been described in tomato before. Phosphopeptides were quantified using a label-free approach based on the MS peak areas. We identified 12 phosphopeptides for which the abundance changed upon HR initiation, as compared to control seedlings. Our results suggest that photosynthetic activity is specifically suppressed in a phosphorylation-dependent way during the very early stages of HR development. In addition, phosphopeptides originating from four Hsp90 isoforms exhibited altered abundances in Cf-4/Avr4 seedlings compared to control seedlings, suggesting that the isoforms of this chaperone protein have a different function in defense signaling. We show that label-free relative quantification of the phosphoproteome of complex samples is feasible, allowing extension of our knowledge on the general physiology and defense signaling of plants mounting the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J E Stulemeijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Broggini GAL, Galli P, Parravicini G, Gianfranceschi L, Gessler C, Patocchi A. HcrVf paralogs are present on linkage groups 1 and 6 of Malus. Genome 2009; 52:129-38. [PMID: 19234561 DOI: 10.1139/g08-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from resistance gene analogs of HcrVf2, the first apple resistance gene cloned, may pave the way to the cloning of additional apple scab resistance genes. The Malus xdomestica 'Florina' (Vf) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) genomic library was screened by hybridization using HcrVf2 as a probe. Positive BAC clones were assembled into contigs and microsatellite markers developed from each contig mapped. Only linkage groups 1 and 6 contained HcrVf2 paralogs. On linkage group 1, five loci in addition to the Vf locus were identified. A single locus was detected on linkage group 6. Representative BAC clones of these loci including the Vf locus were sequenced and the gene structure compiled. A total of 22 sequences, showing high sequence similarity to HcrVf2, were identified. Nine sequences were predicted to encode all seven protein domains described in HcrVf2, while three were truncated. Transcriptional analysis indicated that six genes with a complete HcrVf-like structure were constitutively expressed in young uninfected leaves of 'Florina'. The map position of each HcrVf analog was compared with the location of the major apple scab resistance genes. None of the major genes conferring scab resistance co-localized with HcrVf paralogs, indicating that they are unlikely to belong to the leucine-rich repeat - transmembrane class, which includes the Vf gene.
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Stukenbrock EH, McDonald BA. Population genetics of fungal and oomycete effectors involved in gene-for-gene interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:371-80. [PMID: 19271952 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-4-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution between plants and pathogens has generated a broad array of attack and defense mechanisms. In the classical avirulence (Avr) gene-for-gene model, the pathogen gene evolves to escape host recognition while the host resistance (R) gene evolves to track the evolving pathogen elicitor. In the case of host-specific toxins (HST), the evolutionary arms race may be inverted, with the gene encoding the pathogen toxin evolving to maintain recognition of the host sensitivity target while the host sensitivity gene evolves to escape binding with the toxin. Pathogen effector genes, including those encoding Avr elicitors and HST, often show elevated levels of polymorphism reflecting the coevolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. However, selection can also eliminate variation in the coevolved gene and its neighboring regions when advantageous alleles are swept to fixation. The distribution and diversity of corresponding host genes will have a major impact on the distribution and diversity of effectors in the pathogen population. Population genetic analyses including both hosts and their pathogens provide an essential tool to understand the diversity and dynamics of effector genes. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the population genetics of fungal and oomycete effector genes, focusing on recent studies that have used both spatial and temporal collections to assess the diversity and distribution of alleles and to monitor changes in allele frequencies over time. These studies illustrate that effector genes exhibit a significant degree of diversity at both small and large sampling scales, suggesting that local selection plays an important role in their evolution. They also illustrate that Avr elicitors and HST may be recognizing the same R genes in plants, leading to evolutionary outcomes that differ for necrotrophs and biotrophs while affecting the evolution of the corresponding R genes. Under this scenario, the optimal number of R genes in a plant genome may be determined by the relative abundance of necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens in the plant's environment.
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van Esse HP, Fradin EF, de Groot PJ, de Wit PJGM, Thomma BPHJ. Tomato transcriptional responses to a foliar and a vascular fungal pathogen are distinct. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:245-58. [PMID: 19245319 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant activation of host defense against pathogenic microbes requires significant host transcriptional reprogramming. In this study, we compared transcriptional changes in tomato during compatible and incompatible interactions with the foliar fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Although both pathogens colonize different host tissues, they display distinct commonalities in their infection strategy; both pathogens penetrate natural openings and grow strictly extracellular. Furthermore, resistance against both pathogens is conveyed by the same class of resistance proteins, the receptor-like proteins. For each individual pathogen, the expression profile of the compatible and incompatible interaction largely overlaps. However, when comparing between the two pathogens, the C. fulvum-induced transcriptional changes show little overlap with those induced by V. dahliae. Moreover, within the subset of genes that are regulated by both pathogens, many genes show inverse regulation. With pathway reconstruction, networks of tomato genes implicated in photorespiration, hypoxia, and glycoxylate metabolism were identified that are repressed upon infection with C. fulvum and induced by V. dahliae. Similarly, auxin signaling is differentially affected by the two pathogens. Thus, differentially regulated pathways were identified with novel strategies that allowed the use of state-of-the-art tools, even though tomato is not a genetic model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are called effectors. Most fungal effectors are secreted, cysteine-rich proteins, and a role in virulence has been shown for a few of them, including Avr2 and Avr4 of Cladosporium fulvum, which inhibit plant cysteine proteases and protect chitin in fungal cell walls against plant chitinases, respectively. In resistant plants, effectors are directly or indirectly recognized by cognate resistance proteins that reside either inside the plant cell or on plasma membranes. Several secreted effectors function inside the host cell, but the uptake mechanism is not yet known. Variation observed among fungal effectors shows two types of selection that appear to relate to whether they interact directly or indirectly with their cognate resistance proteins. Direct interactions seem to favor point mutations in effector genes, leading to amino acid substitutions, whereas indirect interactions seem to favor jettison of effector genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Wageningen University and Research Center ( http://www.php.wur.nl/uk ), Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ellendorff U, Zhang Z, Thomma BP. Gene silencing to investigate the roles of receptor-like proteins in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:893-6. [PMID: 19704533 PMCID: PMC2634408 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.10.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are cell surface receptors that play important roles in various processes. In several plant species RLPs have been found to play a role in disease resistance, including the tomato Cf and Ve proteins and the apple HcrVf proteins that mediate resistance against the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum, Verticillium spp., and Venturia inaequalis, respectively. The Arabidopsis genome contains 57 AtRLP genes. Two of these, CLV2 (AtRLP10) and TMM (AtRLP17), have well-characterized functions in meristem and stomatal development, respectively, while AtRLP52 is required for defense against powdery mildew. We recently reported the assembly of a genome-wide collection of T-DNA insertion lines for the Arabidopsis AtRLP genes. This collection was functionally analyzed with respect to plant growth, development and sensitivity to various stress responses including pathogen susceptibility. Only few new phenotypes were discovered; while AtRLP41 was found to mediate abscisic acid sensitivity, AtRLP30 (and possibly AtRLP18) was found to be required for full non-host resistance to a bacterial pathogen. Possibly, identification of novel phenotypes is obscured by functional redundancy. Therefore, RNA interference (RNAi) to target the expression of multiple AtRLP genes simultaneously was employed followed by functional analysis of the RNAi lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Ellendorff
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen The Netherlands
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