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Camoni L, Santos A, Luporsi M, Grilo A, Pietrzak A, Gear J, Zucchetta P, Bar-Sever Z. EANM procedural recommendations for managing the paediatric patient in diagnostic nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:3862-3879. [PMID: 37555902 PMCID: PMC10611649 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The manuscript aims to characterize the principles of best practice in performing nuclear medicine procedures in paediatric patients. The paper describes all necessary technical skills that should be developed by the healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible care in paediatric patients, as it is particularly challenging due to psychological and physical conditions of children. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature review to establish the most relevant elements of nuclear medicine studies in paediatric patients. We focused the attention to the technical aspects of the study, such as patient preparation, imaging protocols, and immobilization techniques, that adhere to best practice principles. Furthermore, we considered the psychological elements of working with children, including comforting and distraction strategies. RESULTS The extensive literature review combined with practical conclusions and recommendations presented and explained by the authors summarizes the most important principles of the care for paediatric patient in the nuclear medicine field. CONCLUSION Nuclear medicine applied to the paediatric patient is a very special and challenging area, requiring proper education and experience in order to be performed at the highest level and with the maximum safety for the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Camoni
- University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, P.Le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Santos
- Nuclear Medicine Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marie Luporsi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- LITO Laboratory INSERM U1288, Institut Curie, 91440, Orsay, France
| | - Ana Grilo
- H&TRC - Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Agata Pietrzak
- Electroradiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jonathan Gear
- Joint Department of Physics, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Pietro Zucchetta
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Padova University Hospital, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Zvi Bar-Sever
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Transition to Fast Whole-Body SPECT/CT Bone Imaging: An Assessment of Image Quality. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122938. [PMID: 36552946 PMCID: PMC9776819 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of reduced SPECT acquisition time on reconstructed image quality for diagnostic purposes. METHOD Data from five patients referred for a routine bone SPECT/CT using the standard multi-bed SPECT/CT protocol were reviewed. The acquisition time was 900 s using gating technique; SPECT date was resampled into reduced data sets of 480 s, 450 s, 360 s and 180 s acquisition duration per bed position. Each acquisition time was reconstructed using a fixed number of subsets (8 subsets) and 4, 8, 12, and 16 iterations, followed by a post-reconstruction 3D Gaussian filter of 8 mm FWHM. Two Nuclear Medicine physicians analysed all images independently to score image quality, noise and diagnostic confidence based on a pre-defined 4-point scale. RESULTS Our result showed that the most frequently selected categories for 480 s and 450 s images were good image quality, average noise and fair confidence, particularly at lower iteration numbers 4 and 8. For the shortened acquisition time of 360 s and 180 s, statistical significance was observed in most reconstructed images compared with 900 s. CONCLUSION The SPECT/CT can significantly shorten the acquisition time with maintained image quality, noise and diagnostic confidence. Therefore, acquiring data over 480 s and 450 s is feasible for WB-SPECT/CT bone scans to provide an optimal balance between acquisition time and image quality.
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Alqahtani MM, Willowson KP, Constable C, Fulton R, Kench PL. Optimization of
99m
Tc whole‐body SPECT/CT image quality: A phantom study. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 23:e13528. [PMID: 35049129 PMCID: PMC8992937 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour M. Alqahtani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia
- Department of Radiological sciences College of Applied Medical Science Najran University Najran Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathy P. Willowson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia
- Institute of Medical Physics Faculty of Science The University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Chris Constable
- Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia
- HERMES Medical Solutions, Strandbergsgatan 16 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Roger Fulton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia
- Department of Medical Physics Westmead Hospital Sydney Australia
| | - Peter L. Kench
- Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine provides methods and techniques in that has benefited pediatric patients and their referring physicians for over 40 years. Nuclear medicine provides qualitative and quantitative information about overall and regional function of organs, systems, and lesions in the body. This involves applications in many organ systems including the skeleton, the brain, the kidneys and the heart as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The practice of nuclear medicine requires the administration of radiopharmaceuticals which expose the patient to very low levels of ionizing radiation. Advanced approaches in the estimation of radiation dose from the internal distribution of radiopharmaceuticals in patients of various sizes and shapes have been developed in the past 20 years. Although there is considerable uncertainty in the estimation of the risk of adverse health effects from radiation at the very low exposure levels typically associated with nuclear medicine, some considers it prudent to be more cautious when applied to children as they are generally considered to be at higher risk than adults. Standard guidelines for administered activities for nuclear medicine procedures in children have been established including the North American consensus guidelines and the Paediatric Dosage Card developed by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. As we move into the future, these guidelines would likely be reviewed in response to changes in clinical practice, a better understanding of radiation dosimetry as applied to children as well as new clinical applications, new advancements in the field with respect to both instrumentation and image reconstruction and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ted Treves
- Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women's Hospital.
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Tulik M, Tulik P, Kowalska T. On the optimization of bone SPECT/CT in terms of image quality and radiation dose. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:237-246. [PMID: 33111500 PMCID: PMC7700938 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to present the optimization process of CT parameters to reduce patient exposure during bone SPECT/CT without affecting the quality of SPECT images with attenuation correction (AC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A fillable phantom reflecting realistic bone scintigraphy conditions was developed and acquired on an AnyScan SC. SPECT/CT scans were carried out with different x-ray tube current values (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, and 200 mA) at three different high-voltage values (80, 100, and 120 kV). The contrast (C) and coefficients of variation (CV) in the SPECT images as well as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise (SDCT ) in the CT images with CTDIvol were measured. An optimal acquisition protocol that obtained SPECT/CT images with no artifacts on both CT and SPECT images, acceptable C, SNR, CV, and SDCT values, and the largest reduction in patient exposure compared to the reference acquisition procedure was sought. RESULTS The optimal set of parameters for bone SPECT/CT was determined based on a phantom study. It has been implemented in clinical practice. Two groups of patients were examined according to the baseline and optimized protocols, respectively. The new SPECT/CT protocol substantially reduced patients' radiation exposure compared to the old protocol while maintaining the required diagnostic quality of SPECT and CT images. CONCLUSIONS In the study, we present a methodology that finds a compromise between diagnostic information and patient exposure during bone SPECT/CT procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tulik
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Tulik
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
The continuous development of SPECT over the past 50 years has led to improved image quality and increased diagnostic confidence. The most influential developments include the realization of hybrid SPECT/CT devices, as well as the implementation of attenuation correction and iterative image reconstruction techniques. These developments have led to a preference for SPECT/CT devices over SPECT-only systems and to the widespread adoption of the former, strengthening the role of SPECT/CT as the workhorse of Nuclear Medicine imaging. New trends in the ongoing development of SPECT/CT are diverse. For example, whole-body SPECT/CT images, consisting of acquisitions from multiple consecutive bed positions in the manner of PET/CT, are increasingly performed. Additionally, in recent years, some interesting approaches in detector technology have found their way into commercial products. For example, some SPECT cameras dedicated to specific organs employ semiconductor detectors made of cadmium telluride or cadmium zinc telluride, which have been shown to increase the obtainable image quality by offering a higher sensitivity and energy resolution. However, the advent of quantitative SPECT/CT which, like PET, can quantify the amount of tracer in terms of Bq/mL or as a standardized uptake value could be regarded as most important development. It is a major innovation that will lead to increased diagnostic accuracy and confidence, especially in longitudinal studies and in the monitoring of treatment response. The current work comprises two main aspects. At first, physical and technical fundamentals of SPECT image formation are described and necessary prerequisites of quantitative SPECT/CT are reviewed. Additionally, the typically achievable quantitative accuracy based on reports from the literature is given. Second, an extensive list of studies reporting on clinical applications of quantitative SPECT/CT is provided and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ritt
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Nakashima M, Kangai Y. [Evaluation of Post-reconstruction Filtering in Resolution Recovery Reconstruction for Bone SPECT Imaging]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2020; 76:1025-1034. [PMID: 33087648 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2020_jsrt_76.10.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to clarify the optimal post-reconstruction filtering type in the three- dimensional ordered subset expectation maximization (3D-OSEM) method for bone single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) from image quality and quantitative values. METHOD We scanned a National Electrical Manufactures Association's body phantom for bone SPECT filled with radioactive solution of 99mTc whose radioactivity concentration was accurately measured. The SPECT images were created using the 3D-OSEM method. Post-reconstruction filtering was performed using a Butterworth filter (BW), a Gaussian filter (GA), and a Hanning filter (HA) with various parameters. The image quality was evaluated by the normalized mean-squared error (NMSE) value and % of contrast-to-noise ratio (QNR17). The image quality was evaluated by the error values between the measured radioactivity concentration and the true radioactivity concentration in the BG region and insert sphere. RESULTS The minimum NMSE values were 0.034 (BW), 0.036 (GA), and 0.035 (HA), and there was no difference depending on the filter type. The values of QNR17 were 2.5 (BW), 2.6 (GA), and 2.6 (HA), and there was no difference depending on the filter type. The BG region was greatly affected by parameter changes in GA but less by those in BW and HA. The error values of the 37 mm insert sphere were 18.0% (BW), 28.2% (GA), and 26.2% (HA), and BW showed the lowest value. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the post-reconstruction filtering type used in the 3D-OSEM method was BW from the image quality and quantitative values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiharu Kangai
- Department of Radiological Technology, Yamaguchi University Hospital
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8
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Sah BR, Ghafoor S, Burger IA, Ter Voert EEGW, Sekine T, Delso G, Huellner M, Dedes KJ, Boss A, Veit-Haibach P. Feasibility of 18F-FDG Dose Reductions in Breast Cancer PET/MRI. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1817-1822. [PMID: 29880506 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.209007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the level of clinically acceptable 18F-FDG dose reduction in time-of-flight PET/MRI in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Twenty-six consecutive women with histologically proven breast cancer were analyzed (median age, 51 y; range, 34-83 y). Simulated dose-reduced PET images were generated by unlisting the list-mode data on PET/MRI. The acquired 20-min PET frame was reconstructed in 5 ways: a reconstruction of the first 2 min with 3 iterations and 28 subsets for reference, and reconstructions simulating 100%, 20%, 10%, and 5% of the original dose. General image quality and artifacts, image sharpness, image noise, and lesion detectability were analyzed using a 4-point scale. Qualitative parameters were compared using the nonparametric Friedman test for multiple samples and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples. Different groups of independent samples were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Overall, 355 lesions (71 lesions with 5 different reconstructions each) were evaluated. The 20-min reconstruction with 100% injected dose showed the best results in all categories. For general image quality and artifacts, image sharpness, and noise, the reconstructions with a simulated dose of 20% and 10% were significantly better than the 2-min reconstructions (P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, 20%, 10%, and 5% reconstructions did not yield results different from those of the 2-min reconstruction for detectability of the primary lesion. For 10% of the injected dose, a calculated mean dose of 22.6 ± 5.5 MBq (range, 17.9-36.9 MBq) would have been applied, resulting in an estimated whole-body radiation burden of 0.5 ± 0.1 mSv (range, 0.4-0.7 mSv). Conclusion: Ten percent of the standard dose of 18F-FDG (reduction of ≤90%) results in clinically acceptable PET image quality in time-of-flight PET/MRI. The calculated radiation exposure would be comparable to the effective dose of a single digital mammogram. A reduction of radiation burden to this level might justify partial-body examinations with PET/MRI for dedicated indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert-Ram Sah
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland .,Department of Cancer Imaging, King`s College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Soleen Ghafoor
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene A Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Cancer Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edwin E G W Ter Voert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuro Sekine
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaspar Delso
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin
| | - Martin Huellner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin J Dedes
- Cancer Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boss
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Veit-Haibach
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Half-body single photon emission computed tomography with resolution recovery for the evaluation of metastatic bone disease: implementation into routine clinical service. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:623-628. [PMID: 28489689 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Typically, scintigraphic evaluation of metastatic bone disease uses planar imaging. Although single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) offers increased clinical utility, the acquisition time necessary to cover the required scan range (at our centre, skull vertex to mid-femur) has made its use in place of planar imaging impracticable. Recently, reconstruction with resolution recovery (RR) has allowed SPECT acquisition times to be shortened while maintaining acceptable image quality. This study was carried out to establish whether half-body SPECT with RR could replace planar scintigraphy in routine practice. METHODS A series of reduced acquisition time SPECT scans were reconstructed retrospectively and reviewed to establish optimal reconstruction parameters. Twenty patients referred for evaluation of bone metastases underwent planar imaging, followed by half-body SPECT, reconstructed using the optimized parameters. SPECT and planar images were reported by an experienced radiologist, who reviewed image quality and recorded the number of lesions observed, their location, clinical significance and reporter confidence. RESULTS SPECT images of acceptable quality and covering the range from skull vertex to mid-femur were acquired in 33 min. Audit indicated that SPECT identified clinically significant lesions not reported from planar views and improved lesion localization and reporter confidence. CONCLUSION Reduced acquisition times together with RR allowed half-body SPECT for the evaluation of bone metastases to be accommodated within our department's schedule. Audit indicated that SPECT delivered the expected clinical advantages. Half-body SPECT has replaced planar imaging for the routine evaluation of metastatic bone disease at our centre, with ∼2500 studies carried out to date.
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Clinical evaluation of a block sequential regularized expectation maximization reconstruction algorithm in 18F-FDG PET/CT studies. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:57-66. [PMID: 27755394 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical performance of a block sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm in oncologic PET/computed tomography (CT) studies. METHODS A total of 410 reconstructions of 41 fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT studies of 41 patients with a total of 2010 lesions were analyzed by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians. Images were reconstructed with BSREM (with four different β values) or ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm with/without time-of-flight (TOF/non-TOF) corrections. OSEM reconstruction postfiltering was 4.0 mm full-width at half-maximum; BSREM did not use postfiltering. Evaluation of general image quality was performed with a five-point scale using maximum intensity projections. Artifacts (category 1), image sharpness (category 2), noise (category 3), and lesion detectability (category 4) were analyzed using a four-point scale. Size and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of lesions were measured by a third reader not involved in the image evaluation. RESULTS BSREM-TOF reconstructions showed the best results in all categories, independent of different body compartments. In all categories, BSREM non-TOF reconstructions were significantly better than OSEM non-TOF reconstructions (P<0.001). In almost all categories, BSREM non-TOF reconstruction was comparable to or better than the OSEM-TOF algorithm (P<0.001 for general image quality, image sharpness, noise, and P=1.0 for artifact). Only in lesion detectability was OSEM-TOF significantly better than BSREM non-TOF (P<0.001). Both BSREM-TOF and BSREM non-TOF showed a decreasing SUVmax with increasing β values (P<0.001) and TOF reconstructions showed a significantly higher SUVmax than non-TOF reconstructions (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The BSREM reconstruction algorithm showed a relevant improvement compared with OSEM reconstruction in PET/CT studies in all evaluated categories. BSREM might be used in clinical routine in conjunction with TOF to achieve better/higher image quality and lesion detectability or in PET/CT-systems without TOF-capability for enhancement of overall image quality as well.
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Abikhzer G, Srour S, Fried G, Drumea K, Kozlener E, Frenkel A, Israel O, Fogelman I, Kagna O. Prospective comparison of whole-body bone SPECT and sodium 18F-fluoride PET in the detection of bone metastases from breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 37:1160-8. [PMID: 27536906 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The superiority of sodium F-fluoride PET (F-PET)/computed tomography (CT) over planar and single field-of-view single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) bone scintigraphy with Tc-methylene diphosphonate in bone metastases detection has been established. The present study prospectively compares whole-body Tc-methylene diphosphonate SPECT (WB-SPECT) and F-PET performance indices for the detection of bone metastases in breast cancer. METHODS A total of 41 pairs of studies in female breast cancer patients (average age 58 years, range 30-75) were included. Half-time WB-SPECT and F-PET/CT were performed at a 4-day average interval (range 0-36 days), with subsequent fusion of CT to WB-SPECT. Two readers independently interpreted the studies, with differences resolved by consensus. Composite gold standard included the CT component of the F-PET/CT study with follow-up CT, MRI, F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-PET/CT, and bone scans. RESULTS On patient-based analysis, metastases were diagnosed in 21 patients, with 19 patients detected by WB-SPECT and 21 with F-PET, the latter being the only modality to detect a single metastasis in two patients. The sensitivity of WB-SPECT and F-PET was 90 and 100% (P=NS), and the specificity were 95 and 85%, respectively (P=NS). On lesion-based analysis, 284 total sites of increased uptake were found. WB-SPECT detected 171/284 (60%) and F-PET 268/284 (94%) lesions, with good interobserver agreement for WB-SPECT (κ=0.679) and excellent agreement for F-PET (κ=0.798). The final analysis classified 204 lesions as benign and 80 as metastases. WB-SPECT identified 121 benign and 50 malignant sites compared with 192 and 76, respectively, for F-PET. WB-SPECT and F-PET had a sensitivity of 63 vs. 95%, P-value of less than 0.001, and a specificity of 97 vs. 96% (P=NS), respectively, on lesion-based analysis. CONCLUSION F-PET had higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of bone metastases from breast cancer compared with WB-SPECT, showing a statistically significant 32% increase on lesion-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Abikhzer
- Departments of aNuclear Medicine bRadiology cOncology, Rambam Health Care Campus dTechnion - Israel Institute of Technology, B. and R. Rapaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa eDepartment of Radiology, MRI Unit, Ziv Medical Center fFaculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Zefat, Israel gDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, McGill University Health Centre hFaculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada iDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College, London, UK
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Fahey FH, Goodkind AB, Plyku D, Khamwan K, O'Reilly SE, Cao X, Frey EC, Li Y, Bolch WE, Sgouros G, Treves ST. Dose Estimation in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:118-125. [PMID: 28237000 PMCID: PMC5777684 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The practice of nuclear medicine in children is well established for imaging practically all physiologic systems but particularly in the fields of oncology, neurology, urology, and orthopedics. Pediatric nuclear medicine yields images of physiologic and molecular processes that can provide essential diagnostic information to the clinician. However, nuclear medicine involves the administration of radiopharmaceuticals that expose the patient to ionizing radiation and children are thought to be at a higher risk for adverse effects from radiation exposure than adults. Therefore it may be considered prudent to take extra care to optimize the radiation dose associated with pediatric nuclear medicine. This requires a solid understanding of the dosimetry associated with the administration of radiopharmaceuticals in children. Models for estimating the internal radiation dose from radiopharmaceuticals have been developed by the Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and other groups. But to use these models accurately in children, better pharmacokinetic data for the radiopharmaceuticals and anatomical models specifically for children need to be developed. The use of CT in the context of hybrid imaging has also increased significantly in the past 15 years, and thus CT dosimetry as it applies to children needs to be better understood. The concept of effective dose has been used to compare different practices involving radiation on a dosimetric level, but this approach may not be appropriate when applied to a population of children of different ages as the radiosensitivity weights utilized in the calculation of effective dose are not specific to children and may vary as a function of age on an organ-by-organ bias. As these gaps in knowledge of dosimetry and radiation risk as they apply to children are filled, more accurate models can be developed that allow for better approaches to dose optimization. In turn, this will lead to an overall improvement in the practice of pediatric nuclear medicine by providing excellent diagnostic image quality at the lowest radiation dose possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic H Fahey
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Donika Plyku
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kitiwat Khamwan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Radiology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shannon E O'Reilly
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Xinhua Cao
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eric C Frey
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ye Li
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wesley E Bolch
- Advanced Laboratory for Radiation Dosimetry Studies (ALRADS), J. Crayton, Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - George Sgouros
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - S Ted Treves
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Zacho HD, Manresa JAB, Aleksyniene R, Ejlersen JA, Fledelius J, Bertelsen H, Petersen LJ. Three-minute SPECT/CT is sufficient for the assessment of bone metastasis as add-on to planar bone scintigraphy: prospective head-to-head comparison to 11-min SPECT/CT. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:1. [PMID: 28058659 PMCID: PMC5215994 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to assess whether ultra-fast acquisition SPECT/CT (UF-SPECT/CT) can replace standard SPECT/CT (std-SPECT/CT) as “add-on” to whole-body bone scintigraphy (WB-BS) for the investigation of bone metastases. Consecutive cancer patients referred for WB-BS who underwent SPECT/CT in addition to WB-BS were included. Std-SPECT, UF-SPECT, and low-dose CT were performed (std-SPECT: matrix 128 × 128, zoom factor 1, 20 s/view, 32 views; UF-SPECT: identical parameters except for 10 s/view and 16 views, reducing the acquisition time from 11 to 3 min). A consensus diagnosis was reached by two observers for each set of images (WB-BS + standard SPECT/CT or WB-BS + UF-SPECT/CT) using a three-category evaluation scale: M0: no bone metastases; M1: bone metastases; and Me: equivocal findings. Results Among the 104 included patients, most presented with prostate cancer (n = 71) or breast cancer (n = 28). Using WB-BS + std-SPECT/CT, 71 (68%) patients were classified as M0, 19 (18%) as M1, and 14 (14%) as Me. Excellent agreement was observed between WB-BS + std-SPECT/CT and WB-BS + UF-SPECT/CT using the three-category scale: kappa = 0.91 (95% CI 0.84–0.97). No difference in observer agreement between cancer types was detected. SPECT/CT provided a definitive classification in 90 of 104 cases in which WB-BS was not entirely diagnostic. Conclusions To investigate potential bone metastases, UF-SPECT/CT can be conducted as add-on to WB-BS to notably reduce the SPECT acquisition time without compromising diagnostic confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle D Zacho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, Postboks 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - José A Biurrun Manresa
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos, CONICET-UNER, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Ramune Aleksyniene
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - June A Ejlersen
- Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Herning, Denmark
| | - Joan Fledelius
- Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Herning, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bertelsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars J Petersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, Postboks 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
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Gelfand MJ, Clements C, MacLean JR. Nuclear Medicine Procedures in Children: Special Considerations. Semin Nucl Med 2016; 47:110-117. [PMID: 28236999 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine imaging in children is best accomplished when a child-friendly environment is provided for patients and parents. An approach that minimizes patient anxiety and fear is described. International guidelines for administered activity should be used to minimize absorbed radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals. CT exposure parameters may be reduced to pediatric best practice for diagnostic CT and further reduced when CT images are needed only for localization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gelfand
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
| | - Crysta Clements
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joseph R MacLean
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare the detectability rate of bone metastases in breast cancer patients using whole-body single-photon emission computed tomography (WB-SPECT) performed with a half-time acquisition algorithm with that of planar ± selected field-of-view SPECT [standard bone scintigraphy (BS)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-two consecutive breast cancer patients (age range 35-74 years) underwent planar BS followed by WB-SPECT (acquisition time 28 min). Clinical and imaging follow-up data from BS, 18F-FDG-PET/CT and CT were used as composite reference standards. Institutional review board approval was obtained. For a review of standard BS results, data from a selected SPECT field-of-view were extracted from the WB-SPECT when requested by the readers. Diagnostic confidence of interpretation criteria were defined using a five-point level-of-confidence grading scale of lesions. RESULTS Bone metastases were diagnosed in 34 of 92 studies (37%). On patient-based analysis, the detectability rate of standard BS was 97% (33/34 patients) as compared with 100% for WB-SPECT (P=NS). On a lesion-based analysis, 268 foci were detected, including 124 metastases. Standard BS detected 195 lesions (73%; 99 metastases and 96 benign) and missed 73 lesions (25 metastases and 48 benign). WB-SPECT detected 266 lesions (99%; 124 metastases and 142 benign) and missed two benign foci because of SPECT reconstruction artefacts. The lesion-based detectability rate of metastases for standard BS was 80% compared with 100% for WB-SPECT (P<0.001). WB-SPECT was associated with a higher level of confidence compared with standard BS for both benign (P<0.01) and malignant lesions (P<0.05). CONCLUSION WB-SPECT is a useful tool for skeletal assessment, showing good performance in comparison with standard BS in breast cancer patients, and may eliminate the need for an initial planar scan.
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Standardization of pediatric nuclear medicine administered radiopharmaceutical activities: the SNMMI/EANM Joint Working Group. Clin Transl Imaging 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Fahey F, Ted Treves S, Lassmann M. Dose optimization in pediatric nuclear medicine. Clin Transl Imaging 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-015-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Performance of 3DOSEM and MAP algorithms for reconstructing low count SPECT acquisitions. Z Med Phys 2015; 26:311-322. [PMID: 26725165 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low count single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is becoming more important in view of whole body SPECT and reduction of radiation dose. In this study, we investigated the performance of several 3D ordered subset expectation maximization (3DOSEM) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithms for reconstructing low count SPECT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phantom experiments were conducted using the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU2 image quality (IQ) phantom. The background compartment of the phantom was filled with varying concentrations of pertechnetate and indiumchloride, simulating various clinical imaging conditions. Images were acquired using a hybrid SPECT/CT scanner and reconstructed with 3DOSEM and MAP reconstruction algorithms implemented in Siemens Syngo MI.SPECT (Flash3D) and Hermes Hybrid Recon Oncology (Hyrid Recon 3DOSEM and MAP). Image analysis was performed by calculating the contrast recovery coefficient (CRC),percentage background variability (N%), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), defined as the ratio between CRC and N%. Furthermore, image distortion is characterized by calculating the aspect ratio (AR) of ellipses fitted to the hot spheres. Additionally, the performance of these algorithms to reconstruct clinical images was investigated. RESULTS Images reconstructed with 3DOSEM algorithms demonstrated superior image quality in terms of contrast and resolution recovery when compared to images reconstructed with filtered-back-projection (FBP), OSEM and 2DOSEM. However, occurrence of correlated noise patterns and image distortions significantly deteriorated the quality of 3DOSEM reconstructed images. The mean AR for the 37, 28, 22, and 17mm spheres was 1.3, 1.3, 1.6, and 1.7 respectively. The mean N% increase in high and low count Flash3D and Hybrid Recon 3DOSEM from 5.9% and 4.0% to 11.1% and 9.0%, respectively. Similarly, the mean CNR decreased in high and low count Flash3D and Hybrid Recon 3DOSEM from 8.7 and 8.8 to 3.6 and 4.2, respectively. Regularization with smoothing priors could suppress these noise patterns at the cost of reduced image contrast. The mean N% was 6.4% and 6.8% for low count QSP and MRP MAP reconstructed images. Alternatively, regularization with an anatomical Bowhser prior resulted in sharp images with high contrast, limited image distortion, and low N% of 8.3% in low count images, although some image artifacts did occur. Analysis of clinical images suggested that the same effects occur in clinical imaging. CONCLUSION Image quality of low count SPECT acquisitions reconstructed with modern 3DOSEM algorithms is deteriorated by the occurrence of correlated noise patterns and image distortions. The artifacts observed in the phantom experiments can also occur in clinical imaging.
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Treves ST, Lassmann M. International guidelines for pediatric radiopharmaceutical administered activities. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:869-70. [PMID: 24744446 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.139980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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3D-OSEM and FP-CIT SPECT quantification: benefit for studies with a high radius of rotation? Nucl Med Commun 2013; 34:971-7. [PMID: 23884235 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e328364a9fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dopamine transporter imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a valuable tool for both clinical routine and research studies. Recently, it was found that the image quality could be improved by introduction of the three-dimensional ordered subset expectation maximization (3D-OSEM) reconstruction algorithm, which provides resolution recovery. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the potential benefits of 3D-OSEM in comparison with 2D-OSEM under critical imaging conditions, for example, scans with a high radius of rotation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monte Carlo simulation scans of a digital brain phantom with various disease states and different radii of rotation ranging from 13 to 30 cm were reconstructed with both 2D-OSEM and 3D-OSEM algorithms. Specific striatal binding and putamen-to-caudate ratios were determined and compared with true values in the phantom. RESULTS The percentage recovery of true striatal binding was similar between both reconstruction algorithms at the minimum rotational radius; however, at the maximum rotational radius, it decreased from 53 to 43% for 3D-OSEM and from 52 to 26% for 2D-OSEM. 3D-OSEM matched the true putamen-to-caudate ratios more closely than did 2D-OSEM in scans with high SPECT rotation radii. CONCLUSION 3D-OSEM offers a promising image quality gain. It outperforms 2D-OSEM, particularly in studies with limited resolutions (such as scans acquired with a high radius of rotation) but does not improve the accuracy of the putamen-to-caudate ratios. Whether the benefits of better recovery in studies with higher radii of rotation could potentially increase the diagnostic power of dopamine transporter SPECT in patients with borderline striatal radiotracer binding, however, needs to be further examined.
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Roca I, Barber I, Fontecha CG, Soldado F. Evaluation of bone viability. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:393-405. [PMID: 23525766 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone scintigraphy is an excellent tool to assess bone viability. The functional information provided is crucial in several clinical settings, like the detection of avascular necrosis, septic embolism, frostbite lesions and osteonecrosis, and to evaluate the results of surgical treatment in cases of avascular necrosis. Mechanisms to obtain molecular images, as well as different kind of techniques, are detailed. Comparative and multimodality imaging to focus on any clinical problem and a review of the clinical indications reflect the multidisciplinary approach with close collaboration between orthopaedists, radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians. Finally, an effort has been made to list the most important points of imaging of bone viability in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Roca
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Hospital Universitari Vall Hebron, Passeig Vall Hebron 119, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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Assessment of olfactory nerve by SPECT-MRI image with nasal thallium-201 administration in patients with olfactory impairments in comparison to healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57671. [PMID: 23469046 PMCID: PMC3585209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess whether migration of thallium-201 (201Tl) to the olfactory bulb were reduced in patients with olfactory impairments in comparison to healthy volunteers after nasal administration of 201Tl. Procedures 10 healthy volunteers and 21 patients enrolled in the study (19 males and 12 females; 26–71 years old). The causes of olfactory dysfunction in the patients were head trauma (n = 7), upper respiratory tract infection (n = 7), and chronic rhinosinusitis (n = 7). 201TlCl was administered unilaterally to the olfactory cleft, and SPECT-CT was conducted 24 h later. Separate MRI images were merged with the SPECT images. 201Tl olfactory migration was also correlated with the volume of the olfactory bulb determined from MRI images, as well as with odor recognition thresholds measured by using T&T olfactometry. Results Nasal 201Tl migration to the olfactory bulb was significantly lower in the olfactory-impaired patients than in healthy volunteers. The migration of 201Tl to the olfactory bulb was significantly correlated with odor recognition thresholds obtained with T&T olfactometry and correlated with the volume of the olfactory bulb determined from MRI images when all subjects were included. Conclusions Assessment of the 201Tl migration to the olfactory bulb was the new method for the evaluation of the olfactory nerve connectivity in patients with impaired olfaction.
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Onishi H, Motomura N, Fujino K, Natsume T, Haramoto Y. Quantitative performance of advanced resolution recovery strategies on SPECT images: evaluation with use of digital phantom models. Radiol Phys Technol 2012; 6:42-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-012-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fahey FH, Treves ST, Adelstein SJ. Minimizing and communicating radiation risk in pediatric nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med Technol 2012; 40:13-24. [PMID: 22393223 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.069609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of pediatric nuclear medicine is well established. Pediatric patients are referred to nuclear medicine from nearly all pediatric specialties including urology, oncology, cardiology, gastroenterology, and orthopedics. Radiation exposure is associated with a potential, small, risk of inducing cancer in the patient later in life and is higher in younger patients. Recently, there has been enhanced interest in exposure to radiation from medical imaging. Thus, it is incumbent on practitioners of pediatric nuclear medicine to have an understanding of dosimetry and radiation risk to communicate effectively with their patients and their families. This article reviews radiation dosimetry for radiopharmaceuticals and also CT given the recent proliferation of PET/CT and SPECT/CT. It also describes the scientific basis for radiation risk estimation in the context of pediatric nuclear medicine. Approaches for effective communication of risk to patients' families are discussed. Lastly, radiation dose reduction in pediatric nuclear medicine is explicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic H Fahey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Grant FD, Treves ST. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of the Pediatric Chest: Current Practical Imaging Assessment. Radiol Clin North Am 2011; 49:1025-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Treves ST, Baker A, Fahey FH, Cao X, Davis RT, Drubach LA, Grant FD, Zukotynski K. Nuclear Medicine in the First Year of Life. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:905-25. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Gelfand MJ, Parisi MT, Treves ST. Pediatric radiopharmaceutical administered doses: 2010 North American consensus guidelines. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:318-22. [PMID: 21233182 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gelfand
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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