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Minhas A, Dewey M, Vavere AL, Tanami Y, Ostovaneh MR, Laule M, Rochitte CE, Niinuma H, Kofoed KF, Geleijns J, Hoe J, Chen MY, Kitagawa K, Nomura C, Clouse ME, Rybicki FJ, Tan SY, Paul N, Matheson M, Cox C, Rief M, Maier P, Feger S, Plotkin M, Schönenberger E. Patient Preferences for Coronary CT Angiography with Stress Perfusion, SPECT, or Invasive Coronary Angiography. Radiology 2019; 291:340-348. [PMID: 30888934 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019181409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Patient preference is pivotal for widespread adoption of tests in clinical practice. Patient preferences for invasive versus other noninvasive tests for coronary artery disease are not known. Purpose To compare patient acceptance and preferences for noninvasive and invasive cardiac imaging in North and South America, Asia, and Europe. Materials and Methods This was a prospective 16-center trial in 381 study participants undergoing coronary CT angiography with stress perfusion, SPECT, and invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Patient preferences were collected by using a previously validated questionnaire translated into eight languages. Responses were converted to ordinal scales and were modeled with generalized linear mixed models. Results In patients in whom at least one test was associated with pain, CT and SPECT showed reduced median pain levels, reported on 0-100 visual analog scales, from 20 for ICA (interquartile range [IQR], 4-50) to 6 for CT (IQR, 0-27.5) and 5 for SPECT (IQR, 0-25) (P < .001). Patients from Asia reported significantly more pain than patients from other continents for ICA (median, 25; IQR, 10-50; P = .01), CT (median, 10; IQR, 0-30; P = .02), and SPECT (median, 7; IQR, 0-28; P = .03). Satisfaction with preparation differed by continent and test (P = .01), with patients from Asia reporting generally lower ratings. Patients from North America had greater percentages of "very high" or "high" satisfaction than patients from other continents for ICA (96% vs 82%, respectively; P < .001) and SPECT (95% vs 79%, respectively; P = .04) but not for CT (89% vs 86%, respectively; P = .70). Among all patients, CT was preferred by 54% of patients, compared with 18% for SPECT and 28% for ICA (P < .001). Conclusion For cardiac imaging, patients generally favored CT angiography with stress perfusion, while study participants from Asia generally reported lowest satisfaction. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Woodard and Nguyen in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Minhas
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Marc Dewey
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Andrea L Vavere
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Yutaka Tanami
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Mohammad R Ostovaneh
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Michael Laule
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Carlos E Rochitte
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Hiroyuki Niinuma
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Klaus F Kofoed
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Jacob Geleijns
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - John Hoe
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Kakuya Kitagawa
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Cesar Nomura
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Melvin E Clouse
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Swee Yaw Tan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Narinder Paul
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Matthew Matheson
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Christopher Cox
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Matthias Rief
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Pia Maier
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Sarah Feger
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Michail Plotkin
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
| | - Eva Schönenberger
- From the Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Md (A.M., A.L.V., M.R.O., M.M., C.C., P.M.); Departments of Radiology (M.D., M.L., M.R., S.F., M.P.) and Anesthesiology (E.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität and Freie Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T.); Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (C.E.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (K.F.K.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.G.); Department of Radiology, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore (J.H.); Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (M.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil (C.N.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (M.E.C.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada (F.J.R.); Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (S.Y.T.); and Department of Radiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada (N.P.)
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