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Hepatic Arterioportal Fistula Is Associated with Decreased Future Liver Remnant Regeneration after Stage-I ALPPS for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 25:2280-2288. [PMID: 33963498 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients often developed hepatic arterioportal fistula (APF). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of APF on future liver remnant (FLR) regeneration and surgical outcomes after the first stage of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (stage-I ALPPS). METHODS Consecutive HCC patients who underwent ALPPS at our center between March 2017 and May 2019 were retrospectively studied. Data for the association between APF and clinicopathological details, liver volume, and surgical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS The enrolled 35 HCC patients were divided into three groups: 15 patients with preoperative APF were classified as the APF I group, 10 patients developed APF after stage-I ALPPS as the APF II group, whereas the other 10 patients without APF before and after stage-I ALPPS as the control group. After stage-I ALPPS, patients in the APF I and APF II groups had lower kinetic growth rate (KGR) of FLR volume (6.1±3.2%, 11.4±8.4%, 25.0±8.8% per week, respectively, P<0.001) and took longer median time to reach the sufficient FLR volume for stage-II ALPPS (17.5 days, 12 days, 6 days, respectively, P<0.001) than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the incidence of posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) in the APF I and APF II groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P=0.007). There are 27 (77.1%) patients who completed stage-II ALPPS. The overall survival (OS) rates at 1 and 3 years were 59.3% and 35.1%, whereas the disease-free survival (DFS) rates at 1 and 3 years were 44.4% and 22.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic APF is significantly associated with decreased FLR regeneration and a higher risk of PHLF after stage-I ALPPS. HCC patients who are to undergo ALPPS may benefit from the timely perioperative intervention of APF.
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Bertanha M, Moura R, Jaldin RG, Sobreira ML, Curtarelli A, Rosa FD, Sembenelli M, Yoshida WB. Tratamento endovascular da hipertensão portal e da hemorragia digestiva recorrente e secundária à síndrome da fístula arterioportal: complicação tardia de trauma abdominal penetrante. J Vasc Bras 2020; 19:e20190136. [PMID: 34178070 PMCID: PMC8202170 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.190136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The arterioportal fistula (APF) syndrome is a rare and reversible cause of
pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension, caused by communication between a visceral artery
and the portal venous system. Most patients are asymptomatic, but when they do
develop symptoms, these are mainly related to gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites,
congestive heart failure, and diarrhea. This therapeutic challenge presents a case of
APF caused by a 20-year-old stabbing injury with unfavorable late clinical evolution,
including significant malnutrition and severe digestive hemorrhages. The patient was
treated using an endovascular procedure to occlude of the fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Bertanha
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil
| | - Regina Moura
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil
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Oguslu U, Uyanik SA, Gümüş B. Endovascular treatment of hepatic arterioportal fistula complicated with giant portal vein aneurysm via percutaneous transhepatic US guided hepatic artery access: a case report and review of the literature. CVIR Endovasc 2019; 2:39. [PMID: 32026997 PMCID: PMC6966339 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-019-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic arterioportal fistulas are rare, abnormal, direct communications between hepatic artery and portal venous system. Treatment options shifted from surgery to endovascular interventions. Catheterization may be challenging. We report a case of a hepatic arterioportal fistula treated successfuly with Amplatzer Vascular Plug II via percutaneous transhepatic hepatic artery access after failed transfemoral approach. Case presentation 58 year old woman presented with right heart failure, kidney insufficiency and massive ascites related to portal hypertension caused by hepatic arterioportal fistula. She had a history of previous abdominal surgery. Colour Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a giant portal vein aneurysm related to large hepatic areterioportal fistula. Endovascular treatment was planned. Catheterization of the hepatic artery could not be realized due to severe tortuosity and angulation of the celiac artery and its branches. Access to the hepatic artery was obtained directly via percutaneous transhepatic route and fistula site was embolized with Amplatzer Vascular Plug II and coils. Immediate thrombosis of the aneurysm sac and draining portal vein was observed. Patients clinical status improved dramatically. Conclusion Transcatheter embolization is the first choice of the treatment of hepatic arterioportal fistulas but the type of the therapy should be tailored to the patient and interventional radiologist should decide the access site depending on his own experience if the routine endovascular access can not be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Oguslu
- Department of Radiology, Okan University Hospital, Aydinli Cad. No: 2 Okan Universitesi Hastanesi Icmeler, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sadik Ahmet Uyanik
- Department of Radiology, Okan University Hospital, Aydinli Cad. No: 2 Okan Universitesi Hastanesi Icmeler, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burçak Gümüş
- Department of Radiology, Okan University Hospital, Aydinli Cad. No: 2 Okan Universitesi Hastanesi Icmeler, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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Takata H, Makino H, Yokoyama T, Maruyama H, Hirakata A, Ueda J, Yoshida H. Successful surgical treatment for intrahepatic arterioportal fistula with severe portal hypertension: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2019; 5:67. [PMID: 31016545 PMCID: PMC6478780 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-019-0623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic arterioportal fistula (IAPF) is a rare cause of portal hypertension. Interventional radiology (IVR) is generally selected as the first-line therapeutic option. Surgical treatment for IAPF is required in refractory cases of IVR. As the treatment success rate with IVR is high, cases requiring surgical treatment are extremely rare. Case presentation A 54-year-old man was admitted to another hospital complaining of hematemesis due to rupture of the esophageal varices. A computed tomography revealed ascites and arterioportal fistula in the left lobe of the liver. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed to occlude the fistula; however, it could not reach complete occlusion. Thereafter, there were a total of four hematemeses, and six endoscopic variceal ligations were required. The second TAE also failed to reach complete occlusion. He was transferred to our hospital for further treatment. Because liver function was low due to frequent hematemeses and there was also uncontrollable ascites, it was confirmed that hepatectomy could not be performed safely at this time. Therefore, we ligated the left portal branch and ligated and dissected the left gastric vein to decrease portal vein pressure. However, on the 5th day after surgery, the esophageal varices reruptured. As the disappearance of ascites was observed in the postoperative course and the general condition also improved, left hepatectomy was performed to remove IAPF. There was no recurrence of portal hypertension for 1 year and 3 months since hepatectomy. Conclusions This case was difficult to treat with IVR and required surgical treatment. Our experience in the present case suggests that hepatectomy to remove arterioportal fistula was considered effective for improving portal hypertension due to IAPF. However, careful treatment selection according to the patient’s overall condition and clinical course is necessary for IAPF presenting with severe portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takata
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama city, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Makino
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama city, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama city, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maruyama
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama city, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirakata
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama city, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan
| | - Junji Ueda
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama city, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
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Liu GP, Cheng K, Luo JJ, Wang XJ, Xin YN, Xuan SY. Diagnosis and management of arterioportal fistula occurring after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein cannula-assisted TIPS. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:566-569. [PMID: 30269895 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Liu
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Interventional Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jian-Jun Luo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Jie Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yong-Ning Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Shi-Ying Xuan
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China.
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Han P, Yang L, Huang XW, Zhu XQ, Chen L, Wang N, Li Z, Tian DA, Qin H. A traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and arterioportal fistula, with severe diarrhea as the first symptom: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9893. [PMID: 29443759 PMCID: PMC5839813 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hepaticarterioportal fistula (APF) is a rare cause of portal hypertension and gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and presents as abnormal communication between the hepatic artery and portal vein. Percutaneous liver biopsy is a main iatrogenic cause of AFP. However, non-iatrogenic, abdominal, trauma-related APF is rarely reported. PATIENT CONCERNS A 29-year-old man presenting with severe, watery diarrhea was transferred to our hospital, and his condition was suspected to be acute gastroenteritis because he ate expired food and suffered a penetrating abdominal stab wound 5 years ago. After admission, the patient suffered from hematemesis, hematochezia, ascites, anuria, and kidney failure, and he developed shock. DIAGNOSES The patient was finally diagnosed as a traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and APF. INTERVENTIONS This patient was treated with emergency transarterial embolization using coils. Since a secondary feeding vessel was exposed after the first embolization of the main feeding artery, a less-selective embolization was performed again. OUTCOMES During the 6-month follow-up period, the patient remained asymptomatic. LESSONS A penetrating abdominal stab wound is a rare cause of hepatic APFs, and occasionally leads to portal hypertension, the medical history and physical examination are the most important cornerstones of clinical diagnosis. Interventional radiology is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of an APF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, the Fifth People's Hospital of Nanchong, Nanchong
| | - Xiao-Wei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Xiu-Qin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De-An Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
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Gandhi SP, Patel K, Sutariya V, Modi P. Portal Vein Thrombosis and Arterioportal Fistula in Post Liver Transplant Recipient: A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:TD13-TD15. [PMID: 27790551 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/19567.8562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An intrahepatic Arterioportal Fistula Refers (APF) to abnormal shunt or fistulous connection between the portal venous system and a hepatic arterial system within the liver. Here, we present a case of portal vein thrombosis with APF in post-transplant liver, developed 2 years and 6 months after transplantation. The condition was diagnosed by Triphasic CT angiography. In this case report we have discussed various causes and pathophysiology of APF with its imaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti P Gandhi
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiology & Imaging, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS) , Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kajal Patel
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiology & Imaging, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS) , Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaibhav Sutariya
- Professor, Department of Gastrology and Tansplantation, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS) , Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pranjal Modi
- Professor, Department of Urology and Tansplantation, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Dr. H.L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS) , Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Fluctuating portal velocity tracing with rhythmicity: ultrasonic differential diagnosis and clinical significance. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:198-206. [PMID: 23077458 PMCID: PMC3472948 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the usefulness of the routine sonographic evaluation of the pattern of fluctuate portal velocity tracings and the hepatic veins for the diagnosis of arterioportal fistula (APF) and cardiogenic trans-sinusoidal shunting (CTS). Materials and methods. Color Doppler flow imaging and pulsed-wave Doppler (PW) examinations of the portal vein were performed in 282 subjects. The waveforms of the velocity tracings in the portal main trunk and its branches were determined to infer APF or CTS. Suspected cases of APFs or CTSs were always confirmed by echocardiography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography, or digital subtraction angiography findings. The portal maximum velocity (Vmax), minimum velocity(Vmin), Vmax/Vmin, arterial peak systolic velocity and resistance index, and venous reverse and forward velocities were used to estimate their haemodynamics. Results The waveform of the velocity tracing for the draining portal vein of APF was typically arterial-like or diphase, as indicated by a systolic hepatofugal dwarf peak and a diastolic hepatopetal low flat shape. The flow in the affected portal vein was always hepatofugal in an intrahepatic patient, whereas a hepatopetal flow was observed in an extrahepatic APF patient. The waveform of the velocity tracing for the portal vein of CTS patients, especially its intrahepatic branches, showed a typical hump-like shape with or without a transitory hepatofugal tracing. The PW results displayed an increase in the retrograde phase of the hepatic venous flow with increased velocities in the two phases. Conclusions Portal velocity tracings should be evaluated during routine detecting for APF or CTS, especially in patients with gastrointestinal upsets.
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Dessouky BAM, El Abd OL, Abdel Aal ESM. Intrahepatic vascular shunts: Strategy for early diagnosis, evaluation and management. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Reply. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hwang HJ, Kim KW, Choi EK, Jeong WK, Kim PN, Kim SA, Yu ES. Hepatofugal portal flow on Doppler sonography in various pathological conditions: a pictorial essay. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2009; 37:511-524. [PMID: 19746453 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeon Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-ku, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
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Tannuri ACA, Tannuri U, Lima FR, Ricardi LRS, Leal AJG, da Silva MM. Congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula presenting as severe undernutrition and chronic watery diarrhea in a 2-year-old girl. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:e19-22. [PMID: 19853734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic arterioportal fistula (IAPF) is a rare cause of portal hypertension in young children. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with severe undernutrition, chronic watery diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding because of a congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula. Radiographic embolization and surgical ligation of the left hepatic artery were attempted, with no resolution of the symptoms. So, a left lobectomy was performed, with excellent results and prompt disappearance of the diarrhea. Hepatectomy should be considered as a definitive and reliable therapy for congenital IAPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Aoun Tannuri
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit and Laboratory of Research in Pediatric Surgery (LIM 30), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Nontumorous arterioportal shunts in the liver: CT and MRI findings considering mechanisms and fate. Eur Radiol 2009; 20:385-94. [PMID: 19657644 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intrahepatic non-tumorous arterioportal shunt (APS) is one of the important causes of transient hepatic enhancement differences (THED) on dynamic CT or MRI. Most small APSs are located in the peripheral portion of the liver. Because of the parenchymal distortion in the advanced cirrhotic liver, many small APSs tend to show an amorphous or nodular appearance, making them difficult to distinguish from hypervascular tumors. In addition to the use of dynamic CT or MRI, iso-attenuation densities or iso-intensities on pre-contrast and equilibrium phases, MRI using a liver-specific contrast agent can be useful to characterize the hypervascular pseudolesions. Because there is no difference in water diffusion in the hepatic parenchyma in the region of the APS, diffusion-weighted MRI also has great potential to distinguish non-tumorous shunts from true focal lesions. Larger (>2 cm) APSs of direct arterio-portal venous fistulas from extrinsic insults show typical subcapsular wedge-like THEDs that are only temporarily depicted several months after the traumatic event; most of these THEDs gradually decrease in size or vanish completely. By understanding the nature of non-tumorous APSs, radiologists will be able to provide a more accurate assessment of many THEDs during daily interpretations of CT or MR images of the liver.
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Roux P, Hébert T, Anghelescu D, Kerneis J, Nonent M. Endovascular Treatment of Arterioportal Fistula with the Amplatzer Occlusion Device. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:685-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bertolotto M, Martinoli C, Migaleddu V, Cernic S, Zappetti R. Color Doppler sonography of intrahepatic vascular shunts. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2008; 36:527-538. [PMID: 18693256 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To illustrate the sonographic and Doppler features of the different types of intrahepatic vascular shunts. METHODS Patients presenting in our department with intrahepatic vascular shunts with healthy livers or with a variety of liver pathologies underwent color Doppler interrogation and spectral analysis. RESULTS Intrahepatic vascular shunts may involve all liver vessels. Arterioportal and arteriosystemic venous connections can be recognized in normal and cirrhotic livers, following trauma, within tumors, and within nontumoral arteriovenous malformations. Portosystemic intrahepatic venous shunts are categorized into 4 morphologic types. Systemic-to-systemic shunts are more often recognized in patients with chronic hepatic venous congestion or with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Portal-to-portal intrahepatic venous shunts are rare, with few cases described. CONCLUSION In general, all the liver vessels can be associated with formation of arterioportal, arteriosystemic, and portosystemic venous shunts and, rarely, systemic venous shunts and portal-to-portal communications. Sonography allows characterization of the different intrahepatic shunts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertolotto
- Department of Radiology, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada di Fiume 449, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Buonamico P, Suppressa P, Lenato GM, Pasculli G, D'Ovidio F, Memeo M, Scardapane A, Sabbà C. Liver involvement in a large cohort of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: echo-color-Doppler vs multislice computed tomography study. J Hepatol 2008; 48:811-20. [PMID: 18321607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatic arterio-venous malformations (HAVMs) have been found in 74% of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) patients with multislice CT (MSCT). This single-blind study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of echo-color-Doppler with MSCT and identify the most sensitive ultrasound criteria indicating hepatic shunts. METHODS One hundred and fifty-three HHT patients were systematically screened for HAVMs by biological tests, abdominal MSCT and echo-color-Doppler. Twenty-five normal subjects and 15 cirrhotic patients were also included as control groups. Both intrahepatic ("color spots" and hypervascularization) and extrahepatic parameters (diameter, flow velocity and tortuosity of hepatic artery and diameter and flow velocity of portal/hepatic vein) were utilized. "Color-spots" are defined as subcapsular vascular spots with a high-velocity arterial blood flow and low resistivity index and can identify extremely small HAVMs. RESULTS CT was positive in 128/153 (84%) patients and Doppler color spots were found in 131/153 (86%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of "color spots" compared to MSCT were 95.3%, 68.0% and 91.8%, respectively. The "color-spot" showed a greater correlation to CT (V(index)=0.655; p<0.0001) than extrahepatic criteria (V=0.317). In 20/29 (69%) subjects, echo-color-Doppler, confirmed by CT, identified the third criterion for definite HHT diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Intrahepatic criteria was superior to extrahepatic criteria for identification of HAVMs. A new Doppler parameter ("color-spots") with an optimal accuracy for detecting HAVMs is proposed for easy periodic screening of HHT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Buonamico
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, Interdepartmental HHT Centre, University of Bari-Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari, Italy
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Wang D, Zhao DL, Zhang ZR. Research progress on transient hepatic peritumoral enhancement. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1520-1525. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i13.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) has been widely used in the clinical examination for livers. CT can not only complete scanning in a short time, but also achieve multi-phase scanning, so MSCT has unique advantages in the diagnosis of abnormal hepatic perfusion, showing as transient hepatic peritumoral enhancement (THPE). Based on this, in combination with the mechanism of THPE, the image characteristics of MSCT and clinical data, MSCT can make great contribution to identify the causes of THPE and diagnose the lesion property.
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Pey F, Bureau C, Otal P, Vinel JP, Rousseau H. Anomalies congénitales et acquises du système porte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1155-1976(07)41406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Norton SP, Jacobson K, Moroz SP, Culham G, Ng V, Turner J, John P. The congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula syndrome: elucidation and proposed classification. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43:248-55. [PMID: 16877994 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000221890.13630.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula is a rare but treatable cause of portal hypertension for which early recognition may lead to successful radiological management. We report an infant presenting with severe failure to thrive, melena and splenomegaly due to a congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula, successfully ablated after multiple trials of superselective transarterial embolization. Comprehensive review of congenital cases provides an understanding of the key clinical features defining this syndrome. A classification system is proposed, upon which treatment decisions may be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus P Norton
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Tasar M, Gulec B, Bozlar U, Saglam M, Ugurel MS, Ucoz T. Intrahepatic arterioportal fistula and its treatment with detachable balloon and transcatheter embolization with coils and microspheres. Clin Imaging 2006; 29:325-30. [PMID: 16153538 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intrahepatic arterioportal fistula (APF) due to acquired or congenital causes are infrequent, they are listed among the causes of portal hypertension. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to present the results of intrahepatic APF treatment with embolotherapy in six cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transarterial detachable balloon and coil embolization was used on six consecutive cases with traumatic intrahepatic APF from 1989 to 2003. Six-month follow-up angiography was obtained in every case. RESULTS Successful disconnection of hepatic arterial and portal system was achieved in five cases. At least symptomatic improvement was achieved in one. CONCLUSION Transcatheter embolization may be the first line of treatment for intrahepatic APF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Tasar
- Department of Radiology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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21
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Catalano O, Siani A. Peripheral arterioportal fistula: demonstration with contrast-enhanced sonography. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2005; 24:1027-30. [PMID: 15972720 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2005.24.7.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Catalano
- Department of Radiology, Instituto Pascale, Via Crispi 92, Naples I-80121, Italy.
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22
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Sugimoto H, Kaneko T, Hirota M, Inoue S, Takeda S, Nakao A. Physical hemodynamic interaction between portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow in humans. Liver Int 2005; 25:282-7. [PMID: 15780051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hepatic arterial end-diastolic velocity (HAEDV) is normally equal to portal vein peak velocity (PVPV). However, there is no report of quantitative measurement that HAEDV was equal to PVPV. We investigated the interaction in PVPV and HAEDV in both chronic and acute hepatic hemodynamic changes. METHODS One hundred and nineteen patients (54 with cirrhosis, 23 with chronic hepatitis, and 42 with no diffuse liver disorder) were enrolled. We investigated the differences in PVPV and HAEDV among the patients with and without liver disorder. In addition, we measured the intraindividual changes in HAEDV when PVPV was mechanically changed by percutaneous isolated hepatic perfusion in six patients and by percutaneous transhepatic portal embolization (PTPE) in six more. RESULTS HAEDV was nearly equal to PVPV not only in patients with both normal and hepatitis but also in those with cirrhosis (PVPV-HAEDV = 3.0 +/- 5.2, 2.2 +/- 5.4, 2.3 +/- 6.5 cm/s, respectively). In the intraindividual study, both PVPV and HAEDV decreased during hepatic mechanical perfusion and HAEDV was equal to PVPV (8.2 +/- 2.8, 10.5 +/- 1.5 cm/s, respectively). After PTPE, PVPV was increased and hepatic arterial peak systolic velocity was reciprocally decreased. However, HAEDV was nearly equal to PVPV 7 days after PTPE (PVPV-HAEDV = 5.9 +/- 5.1 cm/s). CONCLUSIONS Since arterial end-diastolic velocity depends on the downstream vascular resistance, lower HAEDV in patients with cirrhosis was considered to reflect a high outflow resistance. If there is no collateral pathway, we consider that HAEDV may actually reflect sinusoidal resistance to the same degree as PVPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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23
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Peng M, Li FH, Xia JG, Li JQ, Li HL, Wang XY. Color Doppler ultrasound predicting variceal hemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1894-1896. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the portal hemodynamics and its correlation with esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) in cirrhotics with portal hypertension and to search for the most sensitive parameters predicting variceal hemorrhage.
METHODS: Hemodynamics of portal trunk (PT), splenic vein (SV) and left gastric vein (LGV), including the diameter, the timed-average mean velocity, flow volume, flow direction and its dynamic changes were assessed in 76 cirrhosis patients (39 with positive bleeding history, 36 without previous bleeding history) using color Doppler ultrasound.
RESULTS: In cirrhotics with portal hypertension, EVB (+) subgroup had no difference in the Doppler parameters of the portal vein compared with EVB (-); the diameter, flow volume of the splenic vein and the diameter of the LGV were significantly higher in EVB (+) subgroup group (P < 0.05). In patients with EVB (+), the hepatofugal flow of the LGV was significantly increased and the flow hepatofugal velocity was significantly higher than that in EVB (-) group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Increased hepatofugal flow velocity (≥ 16 cm/s) in color Doppler sonography may be the better parameter for current hemorrhage in cirrhotics with portal hypertension.
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Xia JG, Dong SX, Li FH, Xu GY, Peng M. Color Doppler ultrasonic diagnosis of congenital portal vein malformations. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1376-1379. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i6.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the value and clinical significance of the color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital portal vein malformations.
METHODS: The sonographic traits by color Doppler ultrasound in 14 patients with portal malformations were reviewed and analyzed.
RESULTS: The color Doppler ultrasonograms for 7 patients with portal vein carvernous angioma, 2 patients with intrahepatic arterial-portal fistula, 2 patients with intrahepatic portal-vein fistula and 3 patients with portal stenosis were consistent with those of DSA or CT examination. There were 10 patients with liver dysfunction and portal hypertension among them.
CONCLUSION: The color Doppler ultrasound plays an important role in the diagnosis of the congenital port vein malformations.
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Bodner G, Peer S, Karner M, Perkmann R, Neuhauser B, Vogel W, Jaschke W. Nontumorous vascular malformations in the liver: color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2002; 21:187-197. [PMID: 11833874 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2002.21.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate color Doppler and spectral wave characteristics of nontumorous vascular malformations in the liver. METHODS From September 1995 to January 2001, 32 cases of vascular malformations were identified by means of color Doppler ultrasonography and spectral wave analysis. Computed tomography, angiography, or both were performed in all cases. RESULTS Five arterioportal and 14 portovenous malformations, 1 arteriovenous malformation, and 4 portoportal and 8 venovenous shunts were detected. Associations with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome in 6 cases and with cirrhotic liver in 12 cases were found Fourteen patients were liver disease free. In 3 cases, interventional procedures were necessary to reduce portal hypertension or cardiac dysfunction. The incidence of finding vascular malformations in 12,000 patients was 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS Nontumorous vascular malformations are rare disorders in the liver. They may appear in patients with healthy livers and in patients with portal hypertension. Color Doppler ultrasonography and spectral wave analysis are capable of showing and differentiating different types of hepatic vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Bodner
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Săftoiu A, Ciurea T, Gorunescu F. Hepatic arterial blood flow in large hepatocellular carcinoma with or without portal vein thrombosis: assessment by transcutaneous duplex Doppler sonography. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14:167-76. [PMID: 11981341 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200202000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As liver cirrhosis progresses, the portal venous blood (PVBF) flow decreases, accompanied by an increase in hepatic arterial blood flow. Large hepatocellular carcinoma is a hypervascular tumour with a rapid growth, which seems to require an increase of the tumoral arterial blood flow. Furthermore, hepatocellular carcinoma is frequently associated with portal vein thrombosis, which subsequently impedes portal blood supply. METHODS The purpose of our study was to estimate alterations in the hepatic arterial blood flow in large hepatocellular carcinomas occurring in liver cirrhosis, in comparison with liver cirrhosis and controls. Liver blood flow measurements were determined by duplex Doppler sonography in 47 patients with large hepatocellular carcinomas (13 with portal vein thrombosis and 34 without this thrombosis), 42 liver cirrhosis patients and 30 controls. The Doppler perfusion index was calculated as the ratio of hepatic arterial blood flow to total hepatic blood flow. RESULTS The patients with liver cirrhosis had a significant increase of hepatic arterial blood flow as compared to controls (P < 0.001), accompanied by a significant reduction in PVBF (P < 0.005). As a result, the Doppler perfusion index was increased in patients with liver cirrhosis as compared to controls (P < 0.001). The hepatic arterial blood flow was increased in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma but without portal vein thrombosis as compared to the cirrhotic patients (P < 0.001), with a significant reduction of PVBF (P < 0.001). Hepatic arterial blood flow was also increased in patients with both hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis as compared to the patients without this thrombosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that in large hepatocellular carcinomas there is a decreased PVBF, accompanied by an increased hepatic arterial blood flow. The hepatic arterial buffer response seems to be active in hepatocellular carcinomas and maintains liver perfusion to adequate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Săftoiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania.
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Martínez-Noguera A, Montserrat E, Torrubia S, Villalba J. Doppler in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23:19-36. [PMID: 11866220 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2171(02)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler are being used routinely in the study of vascular structures of the abdomen, and more particularly the liver. Reports published in the literature to date have shown that all patients with hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis should be studied in the first stage of their illness and in follow-up by using Doppler techniques. With new ultrasound software and the latest generation of contrast agents, we can obtain a better and more complete vascular study of the liver, which previously could be achieved only with triple-phase CT. Therefore, hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, as well as their vascular complications, can be followed up more closely. The vascular complications include flow alterations in the hepatic artery and veins, portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, portosystemic shunts, and vascularization associated with liver tumors.
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Wachsberg RH, Bahramipour P, Sofocleous CT, Barone A. Hepatofugal flow in the portal venous system: pathophysiology, imaging findings, and diagnostic pitfalls. Radiographics 2002; 22:123-40. [PMID: 11796903 DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.22.1.g02ja20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatofugal flow (ie, flow directed away from the liver) is abnormal in any segment of the portal venous system and is more common than previously believed. Hepatofugal flow can be demonstrated at angiography, Doppler ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography (CT). The current understanding of hepatofugal flow recognizes the role of the hepatic artery and the complementary phenomena of arterioportal and portosystemic venovenous shunting. Detection of hepatofugal flow is clinically important for diagnosis of portal hypertension, for determination of portosystemic shunt patency and overall prognosis in patients with cirrhosis, as a potential pitfall at invasive arteriography performed to evaluate the patency of the portal vein, and as a contraindication to specialized imaging procedures (ie, transarterial hepatic chemoembolization and CT during arterial portography). Hepatofugal flow is generally diagnosed at Doppler US without much difficulty, but radiologists should beware of pitfalls that can impede correct determination of flow direction in the portal venous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H Wachsberg
- Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
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Tochio H, Kudo M, Nishiuma S, Okabe Y. Intrahepatic spontaneous retrograde portal flow in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: reversal by food intake. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177:1109-12. [PMID: 11641182 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.177.5.1771109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to assess whether intrahepatic spontaneous retrograde portal flow in patients with cirrhosis of the liver can be reversed to a normal portal venous flow by food intake. CONCLUSION Of the 18 cirrhotic patients with intrahepatic spontaneous retrograde portal flow, 16 (89%) showed a marked change in portal flow direction after food intake. This evidence strongly suggests that intrahepatic spontaneous retrograde portal flow may be reversible. Furthermore, this finding implies that regular food intake may be important in the maintenance of effective hepatic blood flow in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tochio
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Kobe City General Hospital, 4-6, Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
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