Imaging spectrum of common and rare infections affecting the lower genitourinary tract

In this review, we will discuss the imaging findings of common as well as uncommon lower genitourinary tract infections. For both clinicians and radiologists, it is imperative to understand etiopathogenesis, epidemiological information, clinical presentation, imaging findings and management options of such conditions. Knowledge of salient imaging features of these infections is of utmost importance because prompt recognition enables appropriate management.

Macroscopic and microscopic imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring of urogenital schistosomiasis

Urogenital schistosomiasis remains a major global challenge. Optimal management of this infection depends upon imaging-based assessment of sequelae. Although established imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), narrow band imaging, and computerized tomography (CT) have been used to determine tissue involvement by urogenital schistosomiasis, newer refinements in associated technologies may lead to improvements in patient care. Moreover, application of investigational imaging methods such as confocal laser endomicroscopy and two-photon microscopy in animal models of urogenital schistosomiasis are likely to contribute to our understanding of this infection's pathogenesis. This review discusses prior use of imaging in patients with urogenital schistosomiasis and experimentally infected animals, the advantages and limitations of these modalities, the latest radiologic developments relevant to this infection, and a proposed future diagnostic standard of care for management of afflicted patients.