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Moore W, Setty SN, Stolarski AE, Muratore C, Somayaji N. A Rare Case of a Heterotopic Sacrococcygeal Glial Nodule. Cureus 2024; 16:e66085. [PMID: 39224747 PMCID: PMC11368173 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic glial nodule is a rare congenital non-neoplastic lesion that is characterized by ectopic brain tissue. It has occasionally been reported to affect areas such as the nose and face. The report presents a rare case of sacrococcygeal heterotopic glial nodule. Although teratomas are the most common neoplasms in this region, clinicians and radiologists should consider heterotopic glial nodule as a differential diagnosis, despite rarity and nonspecific imaging findings. Histopathology plays a crucial role in diagnosis, which intensely stains with glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Moore
- Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Siya N Setty
- Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Nayana Somayaji
- Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Akinmade A, Adekeye OA, Edem EE, Adegbehingbe O, Adegbilero-Iwari OE. Determination of the width of the presacral space on magnetic resonance imaging among adults in south-western Nigeria. Acta Radiol 2024; 65:253-258. [PMID: 38055976 DOI: 10.1177/02841851231216042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presacral space is a clinically relevant potential space and contents may give rise to a variety of benign and malignant conditions, hence the need for detailed knowledge of its dimensions. PURPOSE To determine the width of the presacral space and existing variations among adults in south-western Nigeria using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 369 consenting adults were included in the study. Measurements of the presacral space were then made electronically by consensus of two radiologists. Values derived were recorded and subjected to analyses of variance. RESULTS The mean normal widths of the presacral space in men and women were 11.7 mm and 11.1 mm at the S1 level, 11.7 mm and 10.35 mm at the S2 level, and 12.3 mm and 9.7 mm at the S3 level, respectively. Measurements of the presacral space width were significantly larger in the male population. Variations in the dimensions due to age greater than 40 years, male sex, and increasing body mass index (BMI) were also noted. CONCLUSION This study provides baseline dimensions under more physiological conditions and gives more accurate information about the true width of the space in Nigerian adults. Variations due to age, sex, and BMI may also be considered while interpreting abnormal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinola Akinmade
- Department of Human Anatomy, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, ABUAD Multisystem Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Ekpenyong E Edem
- Department of Human Anatomy, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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A E, Prakash A, Ashta A, Garg A, Verma A, Padaliya P. Pediatric presacral tumors with intraspinal extension: a rare entity with diagnostic challenges. Acta Radiol 2023; 64:3056-3073. [PMID: 37753549 DOI: 10.1177/02841851231202688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The presacral space is a potential space located between the rectum and the lumbosacral spine. It contains various primitive germ cell types that serve as the origin for a range of tumors. Imaging is crucial in characterizing, assessing the extent of and evaluating the treatment response to these tumors. We report a series of six cases of pediatric presacral tumors with intraspinal extension, including an immature sacrococcygeal teratoma (Altman type II), a malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma (Altman type IV), a neuroblastoma, a rhabdomyosarcoma, a clear cell sarcoma and an Ewing's sarcoma of the ilium. These tumors can be broadly categorized as tumors of germ cell, neuroblastic, mesenchymal and osteogenic origin. Despite overlapping imaging features, a review of the existing literature and careful retrospective observation revealed several distinctive features that aid in the optimal characterization of tumors. These include the tumor's epicenter, the pattern and degree of bone involvement, the status of sacral foramina and neural elements, and internal tumor characteristics such as the presence of fat, calcification, hemorrhage and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebinesh A
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Prakash
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aanchal Ashta
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Garg
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Verma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Padaliya
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
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Khalaf Z, Al Hindi S. Sacrococcygeal spindle cell tumour: A case report. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2023.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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5
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Selection of operative approach in children with Currarino syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:72. [PMID: 36607405 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the experience of surgical treatment of children diagnosed with Currarino syndrome, with an emphasis on the selection of an optimal operative approach. METHODS The clinical materials of patients diagnosed with Currarino syndrome were recorded. Special attention was given to the operative management, particularly the different routes for operation. The type of ARM was the critical point. The Rintala score was used for the evaluation of bowel function. RESULTS The medical records of 26 patients were reviewed. Seven were male, and 19 were female, with a mean age of 19.38 ± 13.80 months. The standard posterior sagittal approach (SPS) group included three perineal fistulae, one anal stenosis, one retraction of the rectum after anoplasty for vestibular fistula, one ARM with no fistula, one rectourethral fistula, and one cloaca. In the limited posterior sagittal approach (LPS) group, there were 13 perineal fistulae, one displacement of the rectum, and one retraction of the rectum after anoplasty for the vestibular fistula. In addition, the transanal approach (TA) and anterior sagittal approach (AS) were also used. The mean follow-up time was 39.48 ± 26.84 m. The Rintala score was 16.74 ± 2.93. CONCLUSION For a perineal fistula, SPS or LPS should be used to reach anoplasty and remove the presacral mass. For a vestibular fistula, the AS or LPS should be chosen. For anal stenosis, SPS or LPS should be used.
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Giant malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumor in a newborn: A rare case report. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:2416-2423. [PMID: 35601377 PMCID: PMC9118099 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant germ cell tumors constitute about 3%-4% of all neoplasms occurring before the age of 15. They arise in the ovaries, the testes, and in several other locations, including the lower back, the chest, the brain, and the abdomen. In infants and young children, the sacrococcygeal region is the most common site for extragonadal germ cell tumors, and teratomas account for the vast majority of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors. Neonatal sacrococcygeal teratomas are usually benign and rarely they may contain a malignant component that is predominantly a yolk sac tumor. In this article, we describe a rare case of a male newborn with a giant sacrococcygeal mixed germ cell tumor composed of grade 3 immature teratoma and malignant yolk sac elements.
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Fattahi N, Moeini A, Morani AC, Elsayes KM, Bhosale HR, Badawy M, Menias CO, Rezvani M, Gaballah AH, Shaaban AM. Fat-containing pelvic lesions in females. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:362-377. [PMID: 34673996 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic tumors are common in females and have a broad differential diagnosis. The clinical management of pelvic tumors varies widely-from observation to surgical resection-and imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis and clinical decision-making in these cases. In particular, imaging can help determine the organ of origin and tissue content of these tumors, which are the most important steps to narrowing the differential diagnosis. Fat has a characteristic appearance and is often easily identified on ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The amount and distribution of intralesional fat varies in different types of tumors. Macroscopic intralesional fat is often easily recognized by its hyperechoic appearance on US and low attenuation on CT similar to subcutaneous fat. On MRI, macroscopic fat is hyperintense on T1-weighted (T1W) images, with characteristic signal loss on fat-saturated sequences and India-ink artifact on opposed-phase T1W images. Macroscopic fat is the hallmark of teratomas, which are the most common ovarian neoplasms. Uterine lipoleiomyomas, peritoneal loose bodies, intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal primary lipomatous tumors such as lipoma and liposarcomas, and extra-adrenal myelolipomas are other pelvic masses distinguished by the presence of macroscopic fat. However, the imaging diagnosis of pelvic masses containing minimal or microscopic fat, such as immature ovarian teratomas, steroid cell ovarian neoplasms, and extramedullary hematopoiesis, can present a diagnostic challenge owing to their nonspecific appearance on US or CT. Obtaining MRI with in-phase and opposed-phase dual-echo T1W sequences and depicting chemical shift artifacts can be helpful in distinguishing these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Fattahi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, The University of Texas John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aida Moeini
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajaykumar C Morani
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | - Mohamed Badawy
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Abdominal Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Maryam Rezvani
- Department of Diagnositc Imaging, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ayman H Gaballah
- Department of Radiology, The University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Akram M Shaaban
- Department of Diagnositc Imaging, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Rees MA, Squires JH, Coley BD, Hoehne B, Ho ML. Ultrasound of congenital spine anomalies. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:2442-2457. [PMID: 34532816 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonography (US) is the first-line imaging modality for screening neonates and young infants with suspected spinal abnormalities. Whether performed for a suspicious congenital skin lesion, such as a lumbosacral tract or lipomatous mass, or abnormal neurological findings, US can help define spinal anatomy, characterize congenital spine malformations, and direct further work-up and management. The purpose of this article is to review the diagnostic imaging approach to infant spine US, including technique and indications, normal anatomy and variants with a focus on embryological origins, and classification and diagnosis of congenital spine malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Rees
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital,, ED Building, 4th Floor, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Judy H Squires
- Department of Radiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Coley
- Department of Radiology,, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Cente,, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Radiology,, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brad Hoehne
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital,, ED Building, 4th Floor, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Mai-Lan Ho
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital,, ED Building, 4th Floor, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
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Ammar S, Cheikhrouhou T, Jallouli M, Chtourou R, Sellami S, Zitouni H, Mhiri R. Pediatric case of presacral ganglioneuroma: diagnostic considerations and therapeutic strategy. ANNALS OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43159-021-00100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ganglioneuroma (GN) is an uncommon tumor belonging to the neuroblastic tumors group and is often localized in the posterior mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and adrenal gland. Presacral (PS) location is extremely rare. Its management remains a challenge.
Case presentation
A 4-year-old child presented to our department for an isolated abdominal mass. Para-clinical exams concluded to PSGN. Subtotal surgical excision was performed through an anterior transperitoneal approach. The size of the residual tumor did not progress after the 6-year follow-up period and the patients were asymptomatic.
Conclusions
GN should be considered in the case of soft tissue presacral masses in pediatrics. Subtotal resection seems sufficient in case of an extension to the sacrum with low morbidity. The residual tumors are still stable and the prognosis seems conserved. Further, long-term follow-up in large studies is needed to confirm these findings.
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Sambri A, Fiore M, Giannini C, Pipola V, Zucchini R, Aparisi Gomez MP, Musa Aguiar P, Gasbarrini A, De Paolis M. Primary Tumors of the Sacrum: Imaging Findings. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 18:170-186. [PMID: 33982654 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210512011923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of sacral neoplasms is often delayed because they tend to remain clinically silent for a long time. Imaging is useful at all stages of managing sacral bone tumors: from the detection of the neoplasm to the long-term follow-up. Radiographs are recommended as the modality of choice to begin the imaging workup of a patient with known or suspected sacral pathology. More sensitive examinations such as computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MRI), or scintigraphy are often necessary. The morphological features of the lesions on CT and MRI help to orientate the diagnosis. Although some imaging characteristics are helpful to limit the differential diagnosis, an imaging-guided biopsy is often ultimately required to establish a specific diagnosis. Imaging is of paramount importance even in the long-term follow-up in order to assess any residual tumor when surgical resection is incomplete, to assess the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to detect recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sambri
- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Pilar Aparisi Gomez
- Department of Radiology, Auckland City Hospital; 2 Park Road, Grafton, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, Hospital Vithas Nueve de Octubre; Calle Valle de la Ballestera, 59, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Musa Aguiar
- Serdil, Clinica de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem; R. São Luís, 96 - Santana, Porto Alegre - RS, 90620-170. Brazil
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11
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Caetano AP, Mascarenhas VV, Machado PM. Axial Spondyloarthritis: Mimics and Pitfalls of Imaging Assessment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:658538. [PMID: 33968964 PMCID: PMC8100693 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.658538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that predominantly involves the axial skeleton. Imaging findings of axSpA can be divided into active changes, which include bone marrow edema, synovitis, enthesitis, capsulitis, and intra-articular effusion, and structural changes, which include erosions, sclerosis, bone fatty infiltration, fat deposition in an erosion cavity, and bone bridging or ankylosis. The ability to distinguish between imaging lesions suggestive of axSpA and artifacts or lesions suggestive of other disorders is critical for the accurate diagnosis of axSpA. Diagnosis may be challenging, particularly in early-stage disease and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a key role in the detection of subtle or inflammatory changes. MRI also allows the detection of structural changes in the subchondral bone marrow that are not visible on conventional radiography and is of prognostic and monitoring value. However, bone structural changes are more accurately depicted using computed tomography. Conventional radiography, on the other hand, has limitations, but it is easily accessible and may provide insight on gross changes as well as rule out other pathological features of the axial skeleton. This review outlines the imaging evaluation of axSpA with a focus on imaging mimics and potential pitfalls when assessing the axial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Proença Caetano
- Radiology Department, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vasco V Mascarenhas
- Musculoskeletal Imaging Unit, Grupo Luz Saúde, Radiology Department, Imaging Center, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal.,EpiDoC Unit, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Machado
- Centre for Rheumatology & Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Rheumatology, London North West University Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Estreñimiento crónico debido a síndrome de Currarino. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 93:349-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Vitale A, Villa R, Giordano F, Napoli E, Ugga L, Manto A. Currarino syndrome in an elderly man: Multimodality imaging findings. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:1858-1863. [PMID: 32817777 PMCID: PMC7426326 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currarino syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the triad of anorectal anomalies, sacrococcygeal dysgenesis and presacral mass. Because of the anorectal anomalies, the extrinsic compression due to the presacral mass and neurologic deficits, patients usually present with gastrointestinal symptoms, most commonly chronic constipation. Most cases of Currarino syndromes are diagnosed in childhood, at birth or in the pre-birth period and, even if adult presentation has been reported in few sporadic case reports, the diagnosis in the late stages of life remains extremely rare. In this paper, we describe the imaging findings of an elderly man with a past medical history of megacolon surgically treated in his childhood, who was diagnosed with Currarino syndrome at the age of 72.
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Kwon YS, Lee N, Lee HS, Youn EJ, Lee SK, Kim Y, Lee JJ. Risk of rectal puncture due to needle entry into the presacral space: Importance of measuring the distance between the rectum and sacrococcyx, and the thickness of the sacrococcyx. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20935. [PMID: 32664091 PMCID: PMC7360314 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During ganglion impar block, the needle may approach the presacral space and the sacrum may be penetrated during caudal anesthesia. Because the rectum is in front of the sacrococcyx and is thus at risk for puncture, it is important to determine the distance between the sacrococcyx and rectum, as well as the thickness of the sacrococcyx.Computed tomography was used to measure the distance between the rectum and sacrococcyx, as well as the thickness of the sacrococcyx. The distances between the coccyx and rectum, sacrococcygeal joint and rectum, sacral level 5 ('sacrum 5') and rectum, and 'sacrum 4 to 5 junction' and rectum were measured. The results were compared based on the presence or absence of stools in the rectum. The thickness of the sacrococcyx was measured at the sacrum 4 to 5 junction and sacrococcygeal joint.In total, 1264 patients were included in this study. All distances were less than 1 mm in both males and females, with the exception of the distance between the coccyx and rectum in males. In both males and females, there was no significant difference in distance between the sacrococcyx and rectum according to the presence or absence of feces in the rectum, but there was a difference in the distance between sacrum 5 and the rectum in males (P = .048). Several male and female patients showed thicknesses of less than 5 mm at the sacrococcygeal joint.Some patients have a distance of less than 1 mm between the sacrum and rectum. Practitioners should exercise caution when applying a needle to the presacral space. If the sacrum is accidentally penetrated during caudal block, rectum puncture cannot be ruled out. Excretion of feces does not influence the distance between the sacrococcyx and rectum in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Narea Lee
- Western Seoul Branch, Korea Association of Health Promotion
| | - Ho Seok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine
| | - Eun Ji Youn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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15
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Sacrum agenesis and scimitar sacrum in Currarino syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:1337-1338. [PMID: 32447453 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Unveiling the tale of the tail: an illustration of spinal dysraphisms. Neurosurg Rev 2019; 44:97-114. [PMID: 31811517 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term describing herniation of meninges or neural elements through defective neural arch. They can be broadly categorized into open and closed types. MRI is the investigation of choice to study neural abnormalities and to assess the severity of hydrocephalus and Chiari malformation. Knowledge of the embryology of these disorders is valuable in correctly identifying the type of dysraphism. The aim of surgery is untethering and dural reconstruction. Accurate depiction of the abnormal anatomy in cases of spinal dysraphism is of utmost importance for surgical management of these patients. MRI makes this possible due to its excellent soft tissue contrast resolution and multiplanar capability, allowing the radiologist to evaluate the intricate details in small pediatric spinal structures. Imaging enlightens the surgeons about the status of spinal cord and other associated abnormalities and helps detect re-tethering in operated cases. Besides, antenatal surgery to repair myelomeningoceles has made detection of open dysraphisms on fetal MRI and antenatal ultrasound critical. The purpose of this review is to describe the development of spine, illustrate the myriad imaging features of open and closed spinal dysraphisms, and enlist the reporting points the operating surgeon seeks from the radiologist.
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Orman G, Tijssen MP, Seyfert D, Gassner I, Huisman TA. Ultrasound to Evaluate Neonatal Spinal Dysraphism: A First‐Line Alternative to CT and MRI. J Neuroimaging 2019; 29:553-564. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Orman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of RadiologyTexas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Maud P.M Tijssen
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
- Department of RadiologyMaastricht University Medical Center Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Donna Seyfert
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Ingmar Gassner
- Department of RadiologyInnsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thierry A.G.M. Huisman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of RadiologyTexas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
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18
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Naeem M, Maluf H, Baker JC, Jennings JW. Primary osseous sacral neuroblastoma in an adult. Skeletal Radiol 2019; 48:985-988. [PMID: 30269206 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-018-3081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasms of the sacrum are rare. Given the non-specific imaging findings in sacral lesions, the imaging-based differential diagnosis is always difficult. This case is about an adult with primary sacral neuroblastoma and we have discussed imaging and histopathological findings of this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Musculoskeletal Imaging and Interventions Section, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Horacio Maluf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan C Baker
- Musculoskeletal Imaging and Interventions Section, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jack W Jennings
- Musculoskeletal Imaging and Interventions Section, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Interventions, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus box 8131, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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19
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Hamilton K, Rebsamen S, Salamat S, Ahmed R. Pediatric extraosseous sacral chordoma: case report and literature review of embryonic derivation and clinical implications. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 23:628-633. [PMID: 30797212 DOI: 10.3171/2018.12.peds18544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An extraosseous intradural presentation for a sacral chordoma in the pediatric age group has not been reported to date. This is a report on an 11-year-old boy who presented with an extraosseous, intradural sacral chordoma. He underwent gross-total resection and received adjuvant proton beam therapy. Neoplastic transformation of the notochord is reviewed to illustrate the developmental basis for the surgical anatomy and pathogenesis of the classic chordoma variant. Clinical and pathological features are reviewed to differentiate this chordoma presentation from classic osseous chordomas and ecchordosis physaliphora, a related benign developmental notochordal lesion. Finally, the role of developmental signaling in the pathogenesis of chordomas from postembryonic notochordal tissue is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahriar Salamat
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery
- 3Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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20
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99mTc-LLEC Renal Dynamic Scan in a Patient With Pelvic Neuroblastoma. Clin Nucl Med 2019; 44:406-407. [PMID: 30762826 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 5-month-old boy with ultrasonography showing bilateral hydronephrosis, referred for renal scan. On Tc-L,L,ethylenedicysteine (Tc-LLEC) renal scan, tracer blush in flow images in the region of urinary bladder was seen and tumor mass was suspected. Contrast-enhanced CT showed a soft tissue mass in sacrococcygeal region. Histopathological examination of biopsy tissue revealed malignant round cell tumor and immunohistochemistry consistent with neuroblastoma. I-MIBG scan revealed uptake in the pelvic mass with no distant metastasis.
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21
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Yoon HM, Byeon SJ, Hwang JY, Kim JR, Jung AY, Lee JS, Yoon HK, Cho YA. Sacrococcygeal teratomas in newborns: a comprehensive review for the radiologists. Acta Radiol 2018; 59:236-246. [PMID: 28530139 DOI: 10.1177/0284185117710680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common solid tumor in newborn infants. The diagnosis is not difficult in many cases; however, there should be additional information on imaging studies in order to manage those infants properly. Details include histology, morphologic classification, complications such as rupture, bleeding, and mass effects on the adjacent structures. Although imaging features cannot accurately predict the histologic subtypes of the tumors, thorough evaluation of the imaging features can help distinguish malignant tumors from benign tumors. In this article, pathogenesis, histological characteristics, clinical considerations, and morphologic characteristics will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Mang Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-ju Byeon
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Rye Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Jung
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seong Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ah Cho
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Lee SM, Ha DH, Kang H, Lee HJ. Giant angioleiomyoma of the sacral foramina: an unusual location. Skeletal Radiol 2018; 47:293-297. [PMID: 29058044 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-017-2797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Angioleiomyoma is a benign, vascular smooth muscle tumor originating from the tunica media of the vessel wall. In general, it typically arises in the cutaneous, subcutaneous tissue or fascia of the lower extremities in middle-aged women and is less than 2 cm in diameter. We report an unusual case of an angioleiomyoma of the sacral foramina in an 82-year-old man. MRI revealed a well-defined irregular-shaped deep-seated mass in the sacral foramina, showing branching pattern of growth associated with pressure bony erosion of the adjacent bones, with isointense to hypointense signal on T2-weighted images. Surgical excision was performed and the mass was diagnosed as angioleiomyoma on pathological examination. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report of an angioleiomyoma involving the sacral foramina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Department of Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, College of Medicine, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo Hoe Ha
- Department of Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, College of Medicine, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoun Kang
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, College of Medicine, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, College of Medicine, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
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23
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Kumar J, Afsal M, Garg A. Imaging spectrum of spinal dysraphism on magnetic resonance: A pictorial review. World J Radiol 2017; 9:178-190. [PMID: 28529681 PMCID: PMC5415887 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i4.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital malformations of spine and spinal cord are collectively termed as spinal dysraphism. It includes a heterogeneous group of anomalies which result from faulty closure of midline structures during development. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now considered the imaging modality of choice for diagnosing these conditions. The purpose of this article is to review the normal development of spinal cord and spine and reviewing the MRI features of spinal dysraphism. Although imaging of spinal dysraphism is complicated, a systematic approach and correlation between neuro-radiological, clinical and developmental data helps in making the correct diagnosis.
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24
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Esposito F, Di Serafino M, Oresta P. Atypical presentation of sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor in infant: beware of the injuries of the gluteal region. J Ultrasound 2016; 19:227-9. [PMID: 27635156 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-014-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor is a rare extra-gonadal germ cell tumor of infancy and childhood. We report the case of a 14-month-old white female infant with a rapidly growing supra-gluteal mass at first misdiagnosed as hemangioma after a clinical assessment. The lesion was then classified as extra-gonadal yolk sac tumor due to alarming ultrasound features, later confirmed at MRI and pathology. This report remarks the need of a rigorous methodology in the ultrasound exploration of the gluteal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Esposito
- Dipartimento di Radiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Pediatrica "Santobono-Pausilipon", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Di Serafino
- Dipartimento di Radiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Pediatrica "Santobono-Pausilipon", Naples, Italy ; U.O. Radiodiagnostica P.O. Santa Maria alla Gruccia Azienda USL8 Arezzo-zona Valdarno, p.zza del Volontariato 2, 52025 Montevarchi, AR Italy
| | - Patrizia Oresta
- Dipartimento di Radiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Pediatrica "Santobono-Pausilipon", Naples, Italy
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25
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Naffaa L, Irani N, Saade C, Sreedher G. Congenital anomalies of lumbosacral spine: A pictorial review. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2016; 61:216-224. [PMID: 27469617 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital malformations of the lumbosacral spine include spinal dysraphism and caudal anomalies. Most often, these malformations are discovered prenatally or in early infancy, but some are not diagnosed until late childhood or adulthood. The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate the multi-modality imaging characteristics in these complex anomalies and to provide a systematic radiological approach aiming at improving diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Naffaa
- Department of Radiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Neville Irani
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Charbel Saade
- Department of Radiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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26
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Dogan S, Dogan MS, Doganay S, Koc G, Gorkem SB, Coskun A. Immature Cystic Teratoma Filling the Spinal Column. JOURNAL OF FETAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40556-016-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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D'Andrea G, Familiari P, Lorenzon L, Argento G, Raco A, Ziparo V. A giant intraperineal and extraperineal mass. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-206711. [PMID: 25257892 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo D'Andrea
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Organ Senses and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Familiari
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Organ Senses and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Lorenzon
- Surgery 1 Unit, Surgical and Medical Department of Traslational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Argento
- Radiology Unit, Surgical and Medical Department of Traslational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Raco
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Organ Senses and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ziparo
- Surgery 1 Unit, Surgical and Medical Department of Traslational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Ultrasound of the spine in the neonate is widely used as the initial modality to evaluate spinal canal anatomy, anatomical variants, and congenital malformations. The spinal canal and its contents are best visualized in the newborn and young infant owing to incomplete ossification of the posterior vertebral elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Ladino Torres
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children׳s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Michael A DiPietro
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children׳s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; John F. Holt Collegiate Professor of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, MI; Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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29
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Abstract
Both benign and malignant pelvic masses are encountered in the pediatric population. Although ultrasonography remains the modality of choice for initial evaluation of a pediatric pelvic mass, in selected cases magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can add important diagnostic information. MR imaging has several advantages over ultrasonography and computed tomography, including superior contrast resolution and an ability to characterize abnormalities based on unique tissue characteristics. MR evaluation assists in lesion characterization, presurgical planning, and staging when a malignancy is suspected. MR imaging also offers a nonionizing imaging modality for long-term follow-up of patients undergoing therapy for malignant pelvic masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R Pai
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4252, USA
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30
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Podberesky DJ, Towbin AJ, Eltomey MA, Levitt MA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Anorectal Malformations. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2013; 21:791-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Hain KS, Pickhardt PJ, Lubner MG, Menias CO, Bhalla S. Presacral Masses: Multimodality Imaging of a Multidisciplinary Space. Radiographics 2013; 33:1145-67. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.334115171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Kaplan M, Ozturk S, Cakin H, Akgun B, Onur MR, Erol FS. Sacrococcygeal sinus angle: as a new anatomic landmark for the posterior approach of presacral lesions. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2013; 23:337-40. [PMID: 23681499 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-013-2830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have discussed the importance of sacrococcygeal sinus angle (SSA), which is a new anatomical landmark in the surgery of presacral lesions. Because of its anatomical structure, the sacrum limits the surgical exposure like a compact barrier for the posterior surgical approach. The main aim of this paper is to explain the anatomical description and clinical importance of SSA in the surgery of presacral lesions. METHODS Three groups were designated, consisting of ten patients in each group, as early childhood (group 1), late childhood (group 2) and adulthood (group 3). Patients were selected randomly. The degree of SSA measurement was performed between the line tangent to the anterior margin of the first sacral vertebra and the line from the promontorium to the tip of the coccyx. The measurement of SSA was performed on patients' lumbosacral magnetic resonance images. When the SSA forms a triangle via a parallel line starting from the inferior tip of the sacrum and running parallel to the ground, the area of the triangle also covers the field of view of the presacral region. In addition, the sacral region needed to be resected for maximum exposure is also within this area. RESULTS The mean SSA was measured to be 53.9 ± 11.4° in group 1, 77.8 ± 11.2° in group 2 and 74.5 ± 12.5° in group 3. Intergroup comparisons revealed a significant difference between group 1 and the other two groups statistically. It was found that the SSA was 20° less in group 1 as compared to the other age groups (p = 0.0005). The area of a triangle is calculated using the sine area formula, and according to this formula the area of a triangle increases when the degree of the angle increases, thus comprising larger part of the sacrum. This condition requires more and wide sacral resection to obtain maximum exposure in the presacral zone. CONCLUSIONS We have observed that the SSA is significantly smaller during early childhood compared with the other age groups. This feature provides an anatomical superiority in this age group for the posterior approach in the surgical treatment of presacral masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University Hospital, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey,
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33
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Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) may occur in both children and adults and include a broad array of histologic subtypes, such as teratoma, seminoma (known as dysgerminoma in the ovary and germinoma in the pineal gland), choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, embryonal cell carcinoma, and mixed GCT. In adults, GCTs occur most commonly in the gonads. In children, sacrococcygeal tumors predominate. Teratomas are a common form of GCT. They are defined histologically as containing tissues derived from all 3 germ cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm (most teratomas contain fat, an imaging hallmark, which is a mesodermal derivative), and endoderm. Teratomas are also classified as mature or immature, depending on the degree of differentiation of its components, and in adults, immature tumors are more likely to exhibit malignant behavior.
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34
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Herráiz Hidalgo L, Cano Alonso R, Carrascoso Arranz J, Álvarez Moreno E, Martínez de Vega Fernández V. [3.0 T MRI with a high resolution protocol for the study of benign disease of the anus and rectum. Part one: High resolution protocol for 3.0 T MRI, anatomic review, benign tumors, and congenital or acquired alterations of the sphincter complex]. RADIOLOGIA 2012; 56:154-66. [PMID: 22998847 DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign anorectal disease comprises a broad group of processes with very diverse origins; these processes may be congenital or acquired as well as inflammatory or tumor related. However, benign anorectal disease has received less attention in the scientific literature than malignant disease. We present an image-based review of the most common benign diseases of the anus and rectum. In this first part, we review the anatomy of the region and provide a brief description of the peculiarities of the high resolution protocol that we use with 3.0 T MRI. We go on to describe the most common benign anorectal tumors and developmental cystic lesions, together with their differential diagnoses, as well as congenital and acquired anomalies of the anorectal sphincter complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Herráiz Hidalgo
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por la Imagen, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España.
| | - R Cano Alonso
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por la Imagen, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
| | - J Carrascoso Arranz
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por la Imagen, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
| | - E Álvarez Moreno
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por la Imagen, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
| | - V Martínez de Vega Fernández
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por la Imagen, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
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35
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common non-central nervous system solid tumors in children. Imaging plays a role in the evaluation of the primary tumor and regional and distant disease. This article reviews the biologic, clinical, and MR imaging features of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Siegel
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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36
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Hakozaki M, Hojo H, Kuze T, Tajino T, Yamada H, Kikuta A, Qualman SJ, Kikuchi S, Abe M. Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the sacrum: a case report and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol 2008; 37:683-7. [PMID: 18421456 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-008-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein a rare case of primary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) occurring in the sacrum. A 16-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of pain in bilateral buttocks and posterior thighs. Computed tomography showed a primary tumor with bone destruction in the 2nd sacral vertebra and invasion to the 1st to 3rd vertebrae and retroperitoneal space. Histological examination of the tumor showed proliferation of spindle-shaped cells intermingled with rhabdomyoblasts in a fascicular and storiform growth pattern. Tumor cells showed immunoreactivity for vimentin, desmin, muscle-specific actin, sarcomeric actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and CD99, and partial immunoreactivity for myoD1, myf-4, myogenin and myoglobin. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated expression of myoD1. On the basis of the aforementioned findings, a poorly differentiated spindle cell variant of embryonal RMS was diagnosed. The patient underwent combined therapy with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but died 17 months after incisional biopsy. The present case is instructive in differential diagnosis of primary bone tumors, and the possibility of skeletal RMS needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyuki Hakozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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37
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Cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma. Ultrasound Q 2008; 24:97-100. [PMID: 18528246 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0b013e31817b6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Antunes E, Werner Jr. H, Daltro PA, Rodrigues L, Amim B, Guerra F, Domingues RC, Gasparetto EL. Correlação entre os achados ultra-sonográficos e de ressonância magnética no teratoma sacrococcígeo fetal. Radiol Bras 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842008000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os achados ultra-sonográficos e de ressonância magnética no teratoma sacrococcígeo fetal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Três pacientes com idade gestacional entre 30 e 35 semanas, com diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico suspeito de teratoma sacrococcígeo fetal, foram submetidas a ressonância magnética e, posteriormente, a ultra-sonografia para correlação dos achados. Tanto na ressonância magnética quanto na ultra-sonografia foram avaliadas as dimensões, a localização, a extensão e os conteúdos dos tumores. RESULTADOS: A ultra-sonografia e a ressonância magnética obtiveram resultados semelhantes em relação à localização, ao tamanho e ao conteúdo dos tumores. Todas as lesões localizavam-se na região sacrococcígea, com dimensões médias de 6,0 cm x 9,0 cm. Quanto ao conteúdo dos tumores, um dos casos era completamente cístico e dois eram sólidos e císticos. A extensão exata das lesões foi mais bem avaliada pela ressonância magnética do que pela ultra-sonografia, mostrando de forma adequada o acometimento pélvico nos três casos. CONCLUSÃO: A ressonância magnética fetal é capaz de complementar os achados ultra-sonográficos do teratoma sacrococcígeo fetal, uma vez que determina com melhor precisão o conteúdo e a extensão do tumor, auxiliando na conduta terapêutica e aumentando as chances de cura desses fetos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Amim
- Clínica de Diagnóstico Por Imagem, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
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