1
|
Meng X, Wen K, Citartan M, Lin Q. A comparative study of aptamer isolation by conventional and microfluidic strategies. Analyst 2023; 148:787-798. [PMID: 36688616 PMCID: PMC10143297 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotide molecules that bind with high affinity and specificity to a wide range of target molecules. The method of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) plays an essential role in the isolation of aptamers from a randomized oligonucleotide library. To date, significant modifications and improvements of the SELEX process have been achieved, engendering various forms of SELEX from conventional SELEX to microfluidics-based full-chip SELEX. While full-chip SELEX is generally considered advantageous over conventional SELEX, there has not yet been a conclusive comparison between the methods. Herein, we present a comparative study of three SELEX strategies for aptamer isolation, including those using conventional agarose bead-based partitioning, microfluidic affinity selection, and fully integrated microfluidic affinity selection and PCR amplification. Using immunoglobulin E (IgE) as a model target molecule, we compare these strategies in terms of the time and cost for each step of the SELEX process including affinity selection, amplification, and oligonucleotide conditioning. Target-binding oligonucleotides in the enriched pools are sequenced and compared to assess the relative efficacy of the SELEX strategies. We show that the microfluidic strategies are more time- and cost-efficient than conventional SELEX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Kechun Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Marimuthu Citartan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olsen TR, Tapia-Alveal C, Wen K, Worgall TS, Stojanovic MN, Lin Q. Microfluidic isolation of aptamers with affinity towards multiple myeloma monoclonal immunoglobulins. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 25:3. [PMID: 36480127 PMCID: PMC11113000 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow cancer of resident plasma cells that affects 125,000 patients in the U.S. with about 30,000 new cases per year. Its signature is the clonal proliferation of a single plasma cell that secretes a patient specific monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-Ig). Targeting the M-Ig in patient serum could allow sensitive and noninvasive identification of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma. Aptamers, which are single-stranded oligonucleotides with affinity and specificity to a target molecule, have recently been introduced as affinity reagents for recognition of MM M-Igs. Here we exploit microfluidic SELEX technology to enable rapid and efficient generation of aptamers against M-Ig proteins from MM patients. We first characterize the technology by isolating aptamers with affinity towards the monoclonal antibody rituximab as a model M-Ig and then apply the technology to isolating aptamers specifically targeting M-Igs obtained from serum samples of MM patients. We demonstrate that high-affinity DNA aptamers (KD < 50 nM) for M-Ig proteins from a patient sample could be isolated via microfluidic SELEX within approximately 12 h and using less than 100 micrograms of patient M-Ig. Such aptamers can potentially be used in personalized monitoring of minimal residual disease in MM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Olsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Tapia-Alveal
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 10032, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kechun Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tilla S Worgall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 10032, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cruz-Hernández CD, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cortés-Ramírez SA, Morales-Pacheco M, Cruz-Burgos M, Losada-García A, Reyes-Grajeda JP, González-Ramírez I, González-Covarrubias V, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cerbón M, Rodríguez-Dorantes M. Aptamers as Theragnostic Tools in Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081056. [PMID: 36008950 PMCID: PMC9406110 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of the capacity that several drugs have for specific inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR), in most cases, PCa progresses to an androgen-independent stage. In this context, the development of new targeted therapies for prostate cancer (PCa) has remained as a challenge. To overcome this issue, new tools, based on nucleic acids technology, have been developed. Aptamers are small oligonucleotides with a three-dimensional structure capable of interacting with practically any desired target, even large targets such as mammalian cells or viruses. Recently, aptamers have been studied for treatment and detection of many diseases including cancer. In PCa, numerous works have reported their use in the development of new approaches in diagnostics and treatment strategies. Aptamers have been joined with drugs or other specific molecules such as silencing RNAs (aptamer–siRNA chimeras) to specifically reduce the expression of oncogenes in PCa cells. Even though these studies have shown good results in the early stages, more research is still needed to demonstrate the clinical value of aptamers in PCa. The aim of this review was to compile the existing scientific literature regarding the use of aptamers in PCa in both diagnosis and treatment studies. Since Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) aptamers are the most studied type of aptamers in this field, special emphasis was given to these aptamers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos David Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Griselda Rodríguez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Sergio A. Cortés-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Miguel Morales-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Marian Cruz-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Alberto Losada-García
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Grajeda
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Imelda González-Ramírez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | | | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.C.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.C.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Mauricio Rodríguez-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.D.C.-H.); (G.R.-M.); (S.A.C.-R.); (M.M.-P.); (M.C.-B.); (A.L.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bruno JG. Applications in Which Aptamers Are Needed or Wanted in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:693. [PMID: 35745612 PMCID: PMC9228505 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One strategy for bringing aptamers more into the mainstream of biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics is to exploit niche applications where aptamers are truly needed or wanted for their innate differences versus antibodies. This brief review article highlights some of those relatively rare applications in which aptamers are necessary or better suited to the user requirements than antibodies with explanations for why the aptamer is a necessary or superior choice. These situations include when no commercial antibody exists, when antibodies are excessively difficult to develop against a particular target because the target is highly toxic to host animals, when antibodies fail to discriminate closely related targets, when a smaller size is preferable to penetrate a tissue, when humanized monoclonal antibodies are too expensive and when the target is rapidly evolving or mutating. Examples of each are provided to illustrate these points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Nanohmics Inc., 6201 E. Oltorf Street, Suite 400, Austin, TX 78640, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xue J, Chen F, Bai M, Cao X, Fu W, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Aptamer-Functionalized Microdevices for Bioanalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9402-9411. [PMID: 33170621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers have drawn great attention in the field of biological research and disease diagnosis for the remarkable advantages as recognition elements. They show unique superiority for facile selection, desirable thermal stability, flexible engineering, and low immunogenicity, complementing the use of conventional antibodies. Aptamer-functionalized microdevices offer promising properties for bioanalysis applications because of the compact sizes, minimal reaction volume, high throughput, operational feasibility, and controlled preciseness. In this review, we first introduce the innovative technologies in the selection of aptamers with microdevices and then highlight some advanced applications of aptamer-functionalized microdevices in bioanalysis field for diverse targets. Aptamer-functionalized microfluidic devices, microarrays, and paper-based and other interface-based microdevices are all bioanalysis platforms with huge potential in the near future. Finally, the major challenges of these microdevices applied in bioanalysis are discussed and future perspectives are also envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Min Bai
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Cao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Fu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yongxi Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saito S. SELEX-based DNA Aptamer Selection: A Perspective from the Advancement of Separation Techniques. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:17-26. [PMID: 33132238 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA aptamers, which are short, single-stranded DNA sequences that selectively bind to target substances (proteins, cells, small molecules, metal ions), can be acquired by means of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) methodology. In the SELEX procedure, one of the keys for the effective acquisition of high-affinity and functional aptamer sequences is the separation stage to isolate target-bound DNA from unbound DNA in a randomized DNA library. In this review, various remarkable advancements in separation techniques for SELEX-based aptamer selection developed in this decade, are described and discussed, including CE-, microfluidic chip-, solid phase-, and FACS-based SELEX along with other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo Sakura, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bognár Z, Gyurcsányi RE. Aptamers against Immunoglobulins: Design, Selection and Bioanalytical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5748. [PMID: 32796581 PMCID: PMC7461046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers show clear promise as diagnostic reagents, as highly specific strands were reported against a large variety of biomarkers. They have appealing benefits in terms of reproducible generation by chemical synthesis, controlled modification with labels and functionalities providing versatile means for detection and oriented immobilization, as along with high biochemical and temperature resistance. Aptamers against immunoglobulin targets-IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE-have a clear niche for diagnostic applications, therefore numerous aptamers have been selected and used in combination with a variety of detection techniques. The aim of this review is to overview and evaluate aptamers selected for the recognition of antibodies, in terms of their design, analytical properties and diagnostic applications. Aptamer candidates showed convincing performance among others to identify stress and upper respiratory tract infection through SIgA detection, for cancer cell recognition using membrane bound IgM, to detect and treat hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune diseases with IgG and detection of IgE for allergy diseases. However, in general, their use still lags significantly behind what their claimed benefits and the plethora of application opportunities would forecast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Róbert E. Gyurcsányi
- BME “Lendület” Chemical Nanosensors Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ZHAO LP, YANG G, ZHANG XM, QU F. Development of Aptamer Screening against Proteins and Its Applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Yu F, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Yuan Z, Wang H. Affinity Interactions by Capillary Electrophoresis: Binding, Separation, and Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 91:372-387. [PMID: 30392351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sinha A, Gopinathan P, Chung YD, Lin HY, Li KH, Ma HP, Huang PC, Shiesh SC, Lee GB. An integrated microfluidic platform to perform uninterrupted SELEX cycles to screen affinity reagents specific to cardiovascular biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 122:104-112. [PMID: 30245322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for millions of deaths annually, there is a need for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of CVD at earlier stages. Aptamers generated by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) processes have been shown to be superior to conventional antibody-based cardiac biomarker detection. However, SELEX is a complicated, lengthy procedure requiring multiple rounds of extraction/amplification and well-trained personnel. To circumvent such issue, we designed an automated, miniaturized SELEX platform for the screening of aptamers towards three protein biomarkers associated with CVDs: N-terminal pro-peptide of B-type natriuretic peptide, human cardiac troponin I, and fibrinogen. The developed microfluidic platform was equipped with microfluidic devices capable of sample transport and mixing along with an on-chip nucleic acid amplification module such that the entire screening process (5 rounds of selection in 8 h.) could be performed consecutively on a single chip while consuming only 35 µL of reagents in each cycle. This system may therefore serve as a promising, sensitive, cost-effective platform for the selection of aptamers specific for CVD biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sinha
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Priya Gopinathan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Da Chung
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsien Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Pin Ma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiun Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chu Shiesh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mazaafrianto DN, Maeki M, Ishida A, Tani H, Tokeshi M. Recent Microdevice-Based Aptamer Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E202. [PMID: 30424135 PMCID: PMC6187364 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method was developed, aptamers have made significant contributions as bio-recognition sensors. Microdevice systems allow for low reagent consumption, high-throughput of samples, and disposability. Due to these advantages, there has been an increasing demand to develop microfluidic-based aptasensors for analytical technique applications. This review introduces the principal concepts of aptasensors and then presents some advanced applications of microdevice-based aptasensors on several platforms. Highly sensitive detection techniques, such as electrochemical and optical detection, have been integrated into lab-on-a-chip devices and researchers have moved towards the goal of establishing point-of-care diagnoses for target analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donny Nugraha Mazaafrianto
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Maeki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Ishida
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Tani
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
- ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|