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Huang R, He Y, Zhang C, Luo Y, Chen C, Tan N, Ren Y, Xu K, Yuan L, Yang J. The mutation of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein residue 389 attenuates viral neuroinvasiveness. Virol J 2024; 21:128. [PMID: 38840203 PMCID: PMC11151615 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a key protein for virus infection and adsorption of host cells, which determines the virulence of the virus and regulates the intensity of inflammatory response. The mutation of multiple aa residues in the E protein plays a critical role in the attenuated strain of JEV. This study demonstrated that the Asp to Gly, Ser, and His mutation of the E389 site, respectively, the replication ability of the viruses in cells was significantly reduced, and the viral neuroinvasiveness was attenuated to different degrees. Among them, the mutation at E389 site enhanced the E protein flexibility contributed to the attenuation of neuroinvasiveness. In contrast, less flexibility of E protein enhanced the neuroinvasiveness of the strain. Our results indicate that the mechanism of attenuation of E389 aa mutation attenuates neuroinvasiveness is related to increased flexibility of the E protein. In addition, the increased flexibility of E protein enhanced the viral sensitivity to heparin inhibition in vitro, which may lead to a decrease in the viral load entering brain. These results suggest that E389 residue is a potential site affecting JEV virulence, and the flexibility of the E protein of aa at this site plays an important role in the determination of neuroinvasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yajing He
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chenghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China.
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2
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Matsui Y, Imai A, Izumi H, Yasumura M, Makino T, Shimizu T, Sato M, Mori H, Yoshida T. Cancer-associated point mutations within the extracellular domain of PTPRD affect protein stability and HSPG interaction. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23609. [PMID: 38593345 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302279rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PTPRD, a well-established tumor suppressor gene, encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase-type D. This protein consists of three immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains, four to eight fibronectin type 3 (FN) domains, a single transmembrane segment, and two cytoplasmic tandem tyrosine phosphatase domains. PTPRD is known to harbor various cancer-associated point mutations. While it is assumed that PTPRD regulates cellular functions as a tumor suppressor through the tyrosine phosphatase activity in the intracellular region, the function of its extracellular domain (ECD) in cancer is not well understood. In this study, we systematically examined the impact of 92 cancer-associated point mutations within the ECD. We found that 69.6% (64 out of 92) of these mutations suppressed total protein expression and/or plasma membrane localization. Notably, almost all mutations (20 out of 21) within the region between the last FN domain and transmembrane segment affected protein expression and/or localization, highlighting the importance of this region for protein stability. We further found that some mutations within the Ig domains adjacent to the glycosaminoglycan-binding pocket enhanced PTPRD's binding ability to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). This interaction is proposed to suppress phosphatase activity. Our findings therefore suggest that HSPG-mediated attenuation of phosphatase activity may be involved in tumorigenic processes through PTPRD dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsui
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ayako Imai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hironori Izumi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, United Graduate School of Child Development (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Makino
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, United Graduate School of Child Development (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Fang X, Chen D, Yang X, Cao X, Cheng Q, Liu K, Xu P, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhao S, Yan Z. Cancer associated fibroblasts-derived SULF1 promotes gastric cancer metastasis and CDDP resistance through the TGFBR3-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:111. [PMID: 38438372 PMCID: PMC10912303 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SULF1 has been implicated in a number of malignancies. The function of SULF1 in gastric cancer is disputed. The objective of this study was to examine the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of SULF1 in the context of gastric cancer. We found that the expression of SULF1 was increased in gastric cancer, especially in cancer-associated fibroblasts. The overexpression of SULF1 was found to be significantly correlated with unfavorable prognosis among individuals diagnosed with gastric cancer. Functionally, cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived SULF1 served as a oncogenic molecule which facilitated gastric cancer cells metastasis and CDDP resistance. Mechanistically, SULF1 regulated the communication between gastric cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment as a signaling molecule. Cancer-associated fibroblasts-secreted SULF1 interfered with the interaction between TGF-β1 and TGFBR3 by combining with TGFBR3 on gastric cancer cell membrane, subsequently activated TGF-β signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings have presented novel approaches for potential treatment and prognosis prediction in individuals diagnosed with gastric cancer through the targeting of the CAFs-SULF1-TGFBR3-TGF-β1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchao Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Damin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaogang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kanghui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiafeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Siguo Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengyuan Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Yang P, Lu Y, Gou W, Qin Y, Tan J, Luo G, Zhang Q. Glycosaminoglycans' Ability to Promote Wound Healing: From Native Living Macromolecules to Artificial Biomaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305918. [PMID: 38072674 PMCID: PMC10916610 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important for the occurrence of signaling molecules and maintenance of microenvironment within the extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissues. GAGs and GAG-based biomaterial approaches have been widely explored to promote in situ tissue regeneration and repair by regulating the wound microenvironment, accelerating re-epithelialization, and controlling ECM remodeling. However, most approaches remain unacceptable for clinical applications. To improve insights into material design and clinical translational applications, this review highlights the innate roles and bioactive mechanisms of native GAGs during in situ wound healing and presents common GAG-based biomaterials and the adaptability of application scenarios in facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, challenges before the widespread commercialization of GAG-based biomaterials are shared, to ensure that future designed and constructed GAG-based artificial biomaterials are more likely to recapitulate the unique and tissue-specific profile of native GAG expression in human tissues. This review provides a more explicit and clear selection guide for researchers designing biomimetic materials, which will resemble or exceed their natural counterparts in certain functions, thereby suiting for specific environments or therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Weiming Gou
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of DermatologyClinical Institute of Inflammation and ImmunologyFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Jianglin Tan
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
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5
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Lu D, Wang L, Ning Z, Li Z, Li M, Jia Y, Zhang Q. Identification and characterization of a novel heparinase PCHepII from marine bacterium Puteibacter caeruleilacunae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20112. [PMID: 37978313 PMCID: PMC10656541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) are multifunctional polysaccharides widely used in clinical therapy. Heparinases (Hepases) are enzymes that specifically catalyse HP and HS degradation, and they are valuable tools for studying the structure and function of these polysaccharides and for preparing low molecular weight heparins. In this study, by searching the NCBI database, a novel enzyme named PCHepII was discovered in the genome of the marine bacterium Puteibacter caeruleilacuae. Heterologously expressed PCHepII in Escherichia coli (BL21) has high expression levels and good solubility, active in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 20°C. PCHepII exhibits an enzyme activity of 254 mU/mg towards HP and shows weak degradation capacity for HS. More importantly, PCHepII prefers to catalyse the high-sulfated regions of HP and HS rather than the low-sulfated regions. Although PCHepII functions primarily as an endolytic Hepase, it mainly generates disaccharide products during the degradation of HP substrates over time. Investigations reveal that PCHepII exhibits a preference for catalysing the degradation of small substrates, especially HP tetrasaccharides. The catalytic sites of PCHepII include the residues His199, Tyr254, and His403, which play crucial roles in the catalytic process. The study and characterization of PCHepII can potentially benefit research and applications involving HP/HS, making it a promising enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danrong Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Luping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zeting Ning
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zuhui Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Meihua Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yan Jia
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China.
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6
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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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7
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Mukherjee P, Zhou X, Benicky J, Panigrahi A, Aljuhani R, Liu J, Ailles L, Pomin VH, Wang Z, Goldman R. Heparan-6- O-Endosulfatase 2 Promotes Invasiveness of Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines in Co-Cultures with Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5168. [PMID: 37958342 PMCID: PMC10650326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Local invasiveness of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a complex phenomenon supported by interaction of the cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment (TME). We and others have shown that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a component of the TME that can promote local invasion in HNSCC and other cancers. Here we report that the secretory enzyme heparan-6-O-endosulfatase 2 (Sulf-2) directly affects the CAF-supported invasion of the HNSCC cell lines SCC35 and Cal33 into Matrigel. The Sulf-2 knockout (KO) cells differ from their wild type counterparts in their spheroid growth and formation, and the Sulf-2-KO leads to decreased invasion in a spheroid co-culture model with the CAF. Next, we investigated whether a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria floridana (HfFucCS) affects the activity of the Sulf-2 enzyme. Our results show that HfFucCS not only efficiently inhibits the Sulf-2 enzymatic activity but, like the Sulf-2 knockout, inhibits Matrigel invasion of SCC35 and Cal33 cells co-cultured with primary HNSCC CAF. These findings suggest that the heparan-6-O-endosulfatases regulate local invasion and could be therapeutically targeted with the inhibitory activity of a marine glycosaminoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Mukherjee
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (P.M.); (X.Z.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (P.M.); (X.Z.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
- Biotechnology Program, Northern Virginia Community College, Manassas, VA 20109, USA
| | - Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (P.M.); (X.Z.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Aswini Panigrahi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (P.M.); (X.Z.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Reem Aljuhani
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Vitor H. Pomin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (P.M.); (X.Z.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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8
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Farrugia BL, Melrose J. The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14101. [PMID: 37762403 PMCID: PMC10531531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the roles of HS-proteoglycans (HS-PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in health and disease. HS-PGs are essential for the functional properties of tissues both in development and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that occurs in response to trauma or disease. HS-PGs interact with a biodiverse range of chemokines, chemokine receptors, protease inhibitors, and growth factors in immune regulation, inflammation, ECM stabilization, and tissue protection. Some cell regulatory proteoglycan receptors are dually modified hybrid HS/CS proteoglycans (betaglycan, CD47). Neurexins provide synaptic stabilization, plasticity, and specificity of interaction, promoting neurotransduction, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Ternary complexes of glypican-1 and Robbo-Slit neuroregulatory proteins direct axonogenesis and neural network formation. Specific neurexin-neuroligin complexes stabilize synaptic interactions and neural activity. Disruption in these interactions leads to neurological deficits in disorders of functional cognitive decline. Interactions with HS-PGs also promote or inhibit tumor development. Thus, HS-PGs have complex and diverse regulatory roles in the physiological processes that regulate cellular behavior and the functional properties of normal and pathological tissues. Specialized HS-PGs, such as the neurexins, pikachurin, and Eyes-shut, provide synaptic stabilization and specificity of neural transduction and also stabilize the axenome primary cilium of phototoreceptors and ribbon synapse interactions with bipolar neurons of retinal neural networks, which are essential in ocular vision. Pikachurin and Eyes-Shut interactions with an α-dystroglycan stabilize the photoreceptor synapse. Novel regulatory roles for HS-PGs controlling cell behavior and tissue function are expected to continue to be uncovered in this fascinating class of proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Northern), University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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9
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Timm S, Lettau M, Hegermann J, Rocha ML, Weidenfeld S, Fatykhova D, Gutbier B, Nouailles G, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Hocke A, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Kuebler WM, Ochs M. The unremarkable alveolar epithelial glycocalyx: a thorium dioxide-based electron microscopic comparison after heparinase or pneumolysin treatment. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02211-7. [PMID: 37386200 PMCID: PMC10387119 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations analyzed in depth the biochemical and biophysical properties of the endothelial glycocalyx. In comparison, this complex cell-covering structure is largely understudied in alveolar epithelial cells. To better characterize the alveolar glycocalyx ultrastructure, unaffected versus injured human lung tissue explants and mouse lungs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Lung tissue was treated with either heparinase (HEP), known to shed glycocalyx components, or pneumolysin (PLY), the exotoxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae not investigated for structural glycocalyx effects so far. Cationic colloidal thorium dioxide (cThO2) particles were used for glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan visualization. The level of cThO2 particles orthogonal to apical cell membranes (≙ stained glycosaminoglycan height) of alveolar epithelial type I (AEI) and type II (AEII) cells was stereologically measured. In addition, cThO2 particle density was studied by dual-axis electron tomography (≙ stained glycosaminoglycan density in three dimensions). For untreated samples, the average cThO2 particle level was ≈ 18 nm for human AEI, ≈ 17 nm for mouse AEI, ≈ 44 nm for human AEII and ≈ 35 nm for mouse AEII. Both treatments, HEP and PLY, resulted in a significant reduction of cThO2 particle levels on human and mouse AEI and AEII. Moreover, a HEP- and PLY-associated reduction in cThO2 particle density was observed. The present study provides quantitative data on the differential glycocalyx distribution on AEI and AEII based on cThO2 and demonstrates alveolar glycocalyx shedding in response to HEP or PLY resulting in a structural reduction in both glycosaminoglycan height and density. Future studies should elucidate the underlying alveolar epithelial cell type-specific distribution of glycocalyx subcomponents for better functional understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Timm
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Lettau
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy and Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Linda Rocha
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, 10249, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Weidenfeld
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgitt Gutbier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
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Ricard-Blum S, Couchman JR. Conformations, interactions and functions of intrinsically disordered syndecans. Biochem Soc Trans 2023:BST20221085. [PMID: 37334846 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans present on most mammalian cell surfaces. They have a long evolutionary history, a single syndecan gene being expressed in bilaterian invertebrates. Syndecans have attracted interest because of their potential roles in development and disease, including vascular diseases, inflammation and various cancers. Recent structural data is providing important insights into their functions, which are complex, involving both intrinsic signaling through cytoplasmic binding partners and co-operative mechanisms where syndecans form a signaling nexus with other receptors such as integrins and tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors. While the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-4 has a well-defined dimeric structure, the syndecan ectodomains are intrinsically disordered, which is linked to a capacity to interact with multiple partners. However, it remains to fully establish the impact of glycanation and partner proteins on syndecan core protein conformations. Genetic models indicate that a conserved property of syndecans links the cytoskeleton to calcium channels of the transient receptor potential class, compatible with roles as mechanosensors. In turn, syndecans influence actin cytoskeleton organization to impact motility, adhesion and the extracellular matrix environment. Syndecan clustering with other cell surface receptors into signaling microdomains has relevance to tissue differentiation in development, for example in stem cells, but also in disease where syndecan expression can be markedly up-regulated. Since syndecans have potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as possible targets in some forms of cancer, it remains important to unravel structure/function relationships in the four mammalian syndecans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - John R Couchman
- Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Heparan Sulfate and Enoxaparin Interact at the Interface of the Spike Protein of HCoV-229E but Not with HCoV-OC43. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030663. [PMID: 36992372 PMCID: PMC10056857 DOI: 10.3390/v15030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the spike protein of human coronaviruses can bind to a secondary receptor, or coreceptor, to facilitate the virus entry. While HCoV-229E uses human aminopeptidase N (hAPN) as a receptor, HCoV-OC43 binds to 9-O-acetyl-sialic acid (9-O-Ac-Sia), which is linked in a terminal way to the oligosaccharides that decorate glycoproteins and gangliosides on the surface of the host cell. Thus, evaluating the possible inhibitory activity of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide found in animal tissues, and enoxaparin sodium on these viral strains can be considered attractive. Therefore, our study also aims to evaluate these molecules’ antiviral activity as possible adsorption inhibitors against non-SARS-CoV. Once the molecules’ activity was verified in in vitro experiments, the binding was studied by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations confirming the interactions at the interface of the spike proteins.
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HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021148. [PMID: 36674659 PMCID: PMC9867265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a number of modifications (acetylation, de-acetylation, epimerization, sulfation). Variable heparan sulfate chain lengths and sequences within the heparan sulfate chains provide structural diversity generating interactive oligosaccharide binding motifs with a diverse range of extracellular ligands and cellular receptors providing instructional cues over cellular behaviour and tissue homeostasis through the regulation of essential physiological processes in development, health, and disease. heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate-PGs are integral components of the specialized glycocalyx surrounding cells. Heparan sulfate is the most heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan, in terms of its sequence and biosynthetic modifications making it a difficult molecule to fully characterize, multiple ligands also make an elucidation of heparan sulfate functional properties complicated. Spatio-temporal presentation of heparan sulfate sulfate groups is an important functional determinant in tissue development and in cellular control of wound healing and extracellular remodelling in pathological tissues. The regulatory properties of heparan sulfate are mediated via interactions with chemokines, chemokine receptors, growth factors and morphogens in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, tissue remodelling, wound healing, immune regulation, inflammation, and tumour development. A greater understanding of these HS interactive processes will improve therapeutic procedures and prognoses. Advances in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and sequencing, computational analytical carbohydrate algorithms and advanced software for the evaluation of molecular docking of heparan sulfate with its molecular partners are now available. These advanced analytic techniques and artificial intelligence offer predictive capability in the elucidation of heparan sulfate conformational effects on heparan sulfate-ligand interactions significantly aiding heparan sulfate therapeutics development.
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Miladinova E, Lilkova E, Krachmarova E, Malinova K, Petkov P, Ilieva N, Nacheva G, Litov L. Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Binding of hIFN γ to Its Cell-Surface Receptor hIFNGR1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169415. [PMID: 36012678 PMCID: PMC9408938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interferon-gamma (hIFNγ) is a crucial signaling molecule with an important role in the initialization and development of the immune response of the host. However, its aberrant activity is also associated with the progression of a multitude of autoimmune and other diseases, which determines the need for effective inhibitors of its activity. The development of such treatments requires proper understanding of the interaction of hIFNγ to its cell-surface receptor hIFNGR1. Currently, there is no comprehensive model of the mechanism of this binding process. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to study on a microscopic level the process of hIFNγ–hIFNGR1 complex formation in different scenarios. We find that the two molecules alone fail to form a stable complex, but the presence of heparan-sulfate-like oligosaccharides largely facilitates the process by both demobilizing the highly flexible C-termini of the cytokine and assisting in the proper positioning of its globule between the receptor subunits. An antiproliferative-activity assay on cells depleted from cell-surface heparan sulfate (HS) sulfation together with the phosphorylation levels of the signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT1 confirms qualitatively the simulation-based multistage complex-formation model. Our results reveal the key role of HS and its proteoglycans in all processes involving hIFNγ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisaveta Miladinova
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Lilkova
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Krachmarova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Kristina Malinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Peicho Petkov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena Ilieva
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Genoveva Nacheva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Leandar Litov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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