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Li Q, Wang Y, Ji L, He J, Liu H, Xue W, Yue H, Dong R, Liu X, Wang D, Zhang H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis and resolution in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model revealed by spatial transcriptome analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22461. [PMID: 38125541 PMCID: PMC10730595 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model is commonly used in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis research, but its cellular and molecular changes and efficiency as a model at the molecular level are not fully understood. In this study, we used spatial transcriptome technology to investigate the cellular and molecular changes in the lungs of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse models. Our analyses revealed cell dynamics during fibrosis in epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, immunocytes, and erythrocytes with their spatial distribution available. We confirmed the differentiation of the alveolar type II (AT2) cell type expressing Krt8, and we inferred their trajectories from both the AT2 cells and club cells. In addition to the fibrosis process, we also noticed evidence of self-resolving, especially to identify possible self-resolving related genes, including Prkca. Our findings provide insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis resolution and represent the first spatiotemporal transcriptome dataset of the bleomycin-induced fibrosis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Wang
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing 102601, China
| | - Liu Ji
- Dalian Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Jianhan He
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | | | - Huihui Yue
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruihan Dong
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing 102601, China
| | - Daqing Wang
- Dalian Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Huilan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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Pascual-Antón L, Sandoval P, González-Mateo GT, Kopytina V, Tomero-Sanz H, Arriero-País EM, Jiménez-Heffernan JA, Fabre M, Egaña I, Ferrer C, Simón L, González-Cortijo L, Sainz de la Cuesta R, López-Cabrera M. Targeting carcinoma-associated mesothelial cells with antibody-drug conjugates in ovarian carcinomatosis. J Pathol 2023; 261:238-251. [PMID: 37555348 DOI: 10.1002/path.6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinomatosis is characterized by the accumulation of carcinoma-associated mesothelial cells (CAMs) in the peritoneal stroma and mainly originates through a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) process. MMT has been proposed as a therapeutic target for peritoneal metastasis. Most ovarian cancer (OC) patients present at diagnosis with peritoneal seeding, which makes tumor progression control difficult by MMT modulation. An alternative approach is to use antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeted directly to attack CAMs. This strategy could represent the cornerstone of precision-based medicine for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Here, we performed complete transcriptome analyses of ascitic fluid-isolated CAMs in advanced OC patients with primary-, high-, and low-grade, serous subtypes and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that both cancer biological aggressiveness and chemotherapy-induced tumor mass reduction reflect the MMT-associated changes that take place in the tumor surrounding microenvironment. Accordingly, MMT-related genes, including fibroblast activation protein (FAP), mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2), interleukin-11 receptor alpha (IL11RA), myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and sulfatase-1 (SULF1), were identified as specific actionable targets in CAMs of OC patients, which is a crucial step in the de novo design of ADCs. These cell surface target receptors were also validated in peritoneal CAMs of colorectal cancer peritoneal implants, indicating that ADC-based treatment could extend to other abdominal tumors that show peritoneal colonization. As proof of concept, a FAP-targeted ADC reduced tumor growth in an OC xenograft mouse model with peritoneal metastasis-associated fibroblasts. In summary, we propose MMT as a potential source of ADC-based therapeutic targets for peritoneal carcinomatosis. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pascual-Antón
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sandoval
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe T González-Mateo
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Kopytina
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Tomero-Sanz
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva María Arriero-País
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel López-Cabrera
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Li ZF, Yao YD, Zhao YY, Liu Y, Liu ZH, Hu P, Zhu ZR. Effects of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin-1 signaling pathway on proliferation, invasion, and migration of human osteosarcoma cells. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23362. [PMID: 32463132 PMCID: PMC7521293 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the effects of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 signaling pathway on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human osteosarcoma cells. Methods The expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in osteosarcoma tissues. The osteosarcoma cell line MG63 was transfected and divided into Mock, Control siRNA, si‐PAK4, LIMK1, and si‐PAK4+LIMK1 groups. Then, the cellular biological features of MG63 cells were detected by CCK‐8, wound‐healing, Transwell, and flow cytometry methods. The relationship of PAK4 and LIMK1 was performed by co‐immunoprecipitation test, and the protein expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 was determined by Western blotting. Finally, the effect of PAK4 on the growth of osteosarcoma was verified by subcutaneous transplantation model of osteosarcoma in nude mice. Results The expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 in both osteosarcoma tissues and cells was up‐regulated. Positive PAK4, LIMK1, and Cofilin‐1 expressions in osteosarcoma were associated with the clinical stage, distant metastasis, and tumor grade. The MG63 cell viability, migration, and invasion, as well as the expression of PAK4, p‐LIMK/LIMK, and p‐Cofilin‐1/Cofilin‐1, were restrained by the knock down of PAK4 while it promoted apoptosis. PAK4 silencing also suppressed the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumor in nude mice. Co‐immunocoprecipitation showed that LIMK and PAK4 protein can form complex in osteosarcoma cells. Besides, LIMK1 overexpression reversed the inhibition effect of PAK4 siRNA on the growth of osteosarcoma cells. Conclusion The expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 pathway in osteosarcoma tissues was up‐regulated. Thus, PAK4 inhibition may restrict the osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration but promote its apoptosis via decreasing the activity of LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yin-Di Yao
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yin-Yin Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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4
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Pradhan G, Raj Abraham P, Shrivastava R, Mukhopadhyay S. Calcium Signaling Commands Phagosome Maturation Process. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 38:57-69. [PMID: 31117900 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1592169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion is one of the central immune-effector responses of host. It is known that phagosome maturation process is associated with numerous signaling cascades and among these, important role of calcium (Ca2+) signaling has been realized recently. Ca2+ plays key roles in actin rearrangement, activation of NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C (PKC). Involvement of Ca2+ in these cellular processes directs phagosomal maturation process. Some of the intracellular pathogens have acquired the strategies to modulate Ca2+ associated pathways to block P-L fusion process. In this review we have described the mechanism of Ca2+ signals that influence P-L fusion by controlling ROS, actin and PKC signaling cascades. We have also discussed the strategies implemented by the intracellular pathogens to manipulate Ca2+ signaling to consequently subvert P-L fusion. A detail study of factors associated in manipulating Ca2+ signaling may provide new insights for the development of therapeutic tools for more effective treatment options against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourango Pradhan
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India.,b Graduate Studies , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Philip Raj Abraham
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India.,b Graduate Studies , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India
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5
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Marrone G, De Chiara F, Böttcher K, Levi A, Dhar D, Longato L, Mazza G, Zhang Z, Marrali M, Fernández-Iglesias A, Hall A, Luong TV, Viollet B, Pinzani M, Rombouts K. The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase-pH axis: A key regulator of the profibrogenic phenotype of human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2018; 68:1140-1153. [PMID: 29663481 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are characterized by activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which is associated with higher intracellular pH (pHi). The vacuolar H+ adenosine-triphosphatase (v-ATPase) multisubunit complex is a key regulator of pHi homeostasis. The present work investigated the functional role of v-ATPase in primary human HSC (hHSC) activation and its modulation by specific adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subunits. We demonstrate that the expression of different v-ATPase subunits was increased in in vivo and in vitro activated hHSCs compared to nonactivated hHSCs. Specific inhibition of v-ATPase with bafilomycin and KM91104 induced a down-regulation of the HSC fibrogenic gene profile, which coincided with increased lysosomal pH, decreased pHi, activation of AMPK, reduced proliferation, and lower metabolic activity. Similarly, pharmacological activation of AMPK by treatment with diflunisal, A769662, and ZLN024 reduced the expression of v-ATPase subunits and profibrogenic markers. v-ATPase expression was differently regulated by the AMPK α1 subunit (AMPKα1) and AMPKα2, as demonstrated in mouse embryo fibroblasts specifically deficient for AMPK α subunits. In addition, activation of v-ATPase in hHSCs was shown to be AMPKα1-dependent. Accordingly, pharmacological activation of AMPK in AMPKα1-depleted hHSCs prevented v-ATPase down-regulation. Finally, we showed that v-ATPase expression was increased in fibrotic livers from bile duct-ligated mice and in human cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSION The down-regulation of v-ATPase might represent a promising target for the development of antifibrotic strategies. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Marrone
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Francesco De Chiara
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katrin Böttcher
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Ana Levi
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Dipok Dhar
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Lisa Longato
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Martina Marrali
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute-CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Hall
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
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6
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Wang S, Cao Y, Deng S, Jiang X, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu G, Lian Z. Overexpression of Toll-like Receptor 4-linked Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Contributes to Internalization of Escherichia coli in Sheep. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1022-1032. [PMID: 29989103 PMCID: PMC6036738 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most common causal pathogens of mastitis in milk-producing mammals. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is important for host recognition of this bacteria. Increased activation of TLR4 can markedly enhance the internalization of E. coli. In this study, the relationship between TLR4 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in mediating E. coli internalization was evaluated in sheep monocytes. Using a TLR4-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) sheep model, we explored the bacterial internalization mechanism in sheep. We found that monocytes of Tg sheep could phagocytize more bacteria and exhibited higher adhesive capacity. The specific inhibition of p38 MAPK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) reduced TLR4-dependent internalization of bacteria into sheep monocytes. Furthermore, the inhibition of MAPK signaling down-regulated the adhesive capacity of monocytes and the expression of scavenger receptors and adhesion molecules. Taken together, the overexpression of TLR4 in transgenic sheep enhanced the internalization of E. coli via MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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7
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Fong LWR, Yang DC, Chen CH. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS): a multirole signaling protein in cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:737-747. [PMID: 29039083 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a major substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), in a critical role for cancer development and progression. MARCKS is tethered to the plasma membrane but can shuttle between the cytosol and plasma membrane via the myristoyl-electrostatic switch. Phosphorylation of MARCKS by PKC leads to its translocation from the plasma membrane to the cytosol where it functions in actin cytoskeletal remodeling, Ca2+ signaling through binding to calmodulin, and regulation of exocytic vesicle release in secretory cells such as neurons and airway goblet cells. Although the contribution of MARCKS to various cellular processes has been extensively studied, its roles in neoplastic disease have been conflicting. This review highlights the molecular and functional differences of MARCKS that exist between normal and tumor cells. We also discuss the recent advances in the potential roles of MARCKS in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, with a focus on addressing the inconsistent results regarding the function of MARCKS as a promoter or inhibitor of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon Wolf R Fong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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8
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Finkenstaedt-Quinn SA, Qiu TA, Shin K, Haynes CL. Super-resolution imaging for monitoring cytoskeleton dynamics. Analyst 2016; 141:5674-5688. [PMID: 27549146 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a key cellular structure that is important in the control of cellular movement, structure, and sensing. To successfully image the individual cytoskeleton components, high resolution and super-resolution fluorescence imaging methods are needed. This review covers the three basic cytoskeletal elements and the relative benefits and drawbacks of fixed versus live cell imaging before moving on to recent studies using high resolution and super-resolution techniques. The techniques covered include the near-diffraction limited imaging methods of confocal microscopy and TIRF microscopy and the super-resolution fluorescence imaging methods of STORM, PALM, and STED.
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9
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Heindryckx F, Binet F, Ponticos M, Rombouts K, Lau J, Kreuger J, Gerwins P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress enhances fibrosis through IRE1α-mediated degradation of miR-150 and XBP-1 splicing. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:729-44. [PMID: 27226027 PMCID: PMC4931288 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ER stress results in activation of the unfolded protein response and has been implicated in the development of fibrotic diseases. In this study, we show that inhibition of the ER stress-induced IRE1α signaling pathway, using the inhibitor 4μ8C, blocks TGFβ-induced activation of myofibroblasts in vitro, reduces liver and skin fibrosis in vivo, and reverts the fibrotic phenotype of activated myofibroblasts isolated from patients with systemic sclerosis. By using IRE1α(-/-) fibroblasts and expression of IRE1α-mutant proteins lacking endoribonuclease activity, we confirmed that IRE1α plays an important role during myofibroblast activation. IRE1α was shown to cleave miR-150 and thereby to release the suppressive effect that miR-150 exerted on αSMA expression through c-Myb. Inhibition of IRE1α was also demonstrated to block ER expansion through an XBP-1-dependent pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that ER stress could be an important and conserved mechanism in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and that components of the ER stress pathway may be therapeutically relevant for treating patients with fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - François Binet
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markella Ponticos
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pär Gerwins
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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VAN Dao C, Islam MZ, Sudo K, Shiraishi M, Miyamoto A. MARCKS is involved in methylmercury-induced decrease in cell viability and nitric oxide production in EA.hy926 cells. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1569-1576. [PMID: 27349763 PMCID: PMC5095626 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a persistent environmental contaminant that has been reported worldwide. MeHg exposure has been reported to lead to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of MeHg on the cardiovascular system have not been well elucidated. We have previously reported that mice exposed to MeHg had increased blood pressure along with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of MeHg on a human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926. In addition, we have tried to elucidate the role of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) in the MeHg toxicity mechanism in EA.hy926 cells. Cells exposed to MeHg (0.1-10 µM) for 24 hr showed decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with submaximal concentrations of MeHg decreased cell migration in the wound healing assay, tube formation on Matrigel and spontaneous nitric oxide (NO) production of EA.hy926 cells. MeHg exposure also elicited a decrease in MARCKS expression and an increase in MARCKS phosphorylation. MARCKS knockdown or MARCKS overexpression in EA.hy926 cells altered not only cell functions, such as migration, tube formation and NO production, but also MeHg-induced decrease in cell viability and NO production. These results suggest the broad role played by MARCKS in endothelial cell functions and the involvement of MARCKS in MeHg-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong VAN Dao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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11
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Gan DK, Zhu X. Role of RhoA in occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1682-1687. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i11.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiologic process resulting from a variety of chronic liver injuries, characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix or the formation of scar. The transdifferentiation from quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) or portal fibroblasts (PFs) to activated myofibroblasts (MFBs) is a key step of producing extracellular matrix. RhoA can regulate the cell cytoskeleton and is involved in activating HSCs/PFs, thus having a significant fibrogenic effect. In this paper, we review the recent advances in understanding the role of RhoA in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis.
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12
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The Effector Domain of MARCKS Is a Nuclear Localization Signal that Regulates Cellular PIP2 Levels and Nuclear PIP2 Localization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140870. [PMID: 26470026 PMCID: PMC4607481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation to the nucleus of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)– ζ is dependent on a sequence homologous to the effector domain of Myristoylated Alanine Rich C-Kinase Substrate (MARCKS). These data would suggest that MARCKS could also localize to the nucleus. A single report demonstrated immunofluorescence staining of MARCKS in the nucleus; however, further experimental evidence confirming the specific domain responsible for this localization has not been reported. Here, we report that MARCKS is present in the nucleus in GBM cell lines. We then over-expressed wild-type MARCKS (WT) and MARCKS with the effector domain deleted (ΔED), both tagged with V5-epitope in a GBM cell line with low endogenous MARCKS expression (U87). We found that MARCKS-WT localized to the nucleus, while the MARCKS construct without the effector domain remained in the cytoplasm. We also found that over-expression of MARCKS-WT resulted in a significant increase in total cellular phosphatidyl-inositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2) levels, consistent with prior evidence that MARCKS can regulate PIP2 levels. We also found increased staining for PIP2 in the nucleus with MARCKS-WT over-expression compared to MARCKS ΔED by immunofluorescence. Interestingly, we observed MARCKS and PIP2 co-localization in the nucleus. Lastly, we found changes in gene expression when MARCKS was not present in the nucleus (MARCKS ΔED). These data indicate that the MARCKS effector domain can function as a nuclear localization signal and that this sequence is critical for the ability of MARCKS to regulate PIP2 levels, nuclear localization, and gene expression. These data suggests a novel role for MARCKS in regulating nuclear functions such as gene expression.
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells are resident perisinusoidal cells distributed throughout the liver, with a remarkable range of functions in normal and injured liver. Derived embryologically from septum transversum mesenchyme, their precursors include submesothelial cells that invade the liver parenchyma from the hepatic capsule. In normal adult liver, their most characteristic feature is the presence of cytoplasmic perinuclear droplets that are laden with retinyl (vitamin A) esters. Normal stellate cells display several patterns of intermediate filaments expression (e.g., desmin, vimentin, and/or glial fibrillary acidic protein) suggesting that there are subpopulations within this parental cell type. In the normal liver, stellate cells participate in retinoid storage, vasoregulation through endothelial cell interactions, extracellular matrix homeostasis, drug detoxification, immunotolerance, and possibly the preservation of hepatocyte mass through secretion of mitogens including hepatocyte growth factor. During liver injury, stellate cells activate into alpha smooth muscle actin-expressing contractile myofibroblasts, which contribute to vascular distortion and increased vascular resistance, thereby promoting portal hypertension. Other features of stellate cell activation include mitogen-mediated proliferation, increased fibrogenesis driven by connective tissue growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta 1, amplified inflammation and immunoregulation, and altered matrix degradation. Evolving areas of interest in stellate cell biology seek to understand mechanisms of their clearance during fibrosis resolution by either apoptosis, senescence, or reversion, and their contribution to hepatic stem cell amplification, regeneration, and hepatocellular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Puche
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, New York
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Trakarnsanga K, Wilson MC, Griffiths RE, Toye AM, Carpenter L, Heesom KJ, Parsons SF, Anstee DJ, Frayne J. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of the proteome of erythroid cells differentiated from human iPSCs and adult erythroid cells by multiplex TMT labelling and nanoLC-MS/MS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100874. [PMID: 25019302 PMCID: PMC4096399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are an attractive progenitor source for the generation of in vitro blood products. However, before iPSC-derived erythroid cells can be considered for therapeutic use their similarity to adult erythroid cells must be confirmed. We have analysed the proteome of erythroid cells differentiated from the iPSC fibroblast derived line (C19) and showed they express hallmark RBC proteins, including all those of the ankyrin and 4.1R complex. We next compared the proteome of erythroid cells differentiated from three iPSC lines (C19, OCE1, OPM2) with that of adult and cord blood progenitors. Of the 1989 proteins quantified <3% differed in level by 2-fold or more between the different iPSC-derived erythroid cells. When compared to adult cells, 11% of proteins differed in level by 2-fold or more, falling to 1.9% if a 5-fold threshold was imposed to accommodate slight inter-cell line erythropoietic developmental variation. Notably, the level of >30 hallmark erythroid proteins was consistent between the iPSC lines and adult cells. In addition, a sub-population (10-15%) of iPSC erythroid cells in each of the iPSC lines completed enucleation. Aberrant expression of some cytoskeleton proteins may contribute to the failure of the majority of the cells to enucleate since we detected some alterations in cytoskeletal protein abundance. In conclusion, the proteome of erythroid cells differentiated from iPSC lines is very similar to that of normal adult erythroid cells, but further work to improve the induction of erythroid cells in existing iPSC lines or to generate novel erythroid cell lines is required before iPSC-derived red cells can be considered suitable for transfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongtana Trakarnsanga
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Rebecca E. Griffiths
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley M. Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Carpenter
- Blood Research Laboratory, National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate J. Heesom
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steve F. Parsons
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Anstee
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Frayne
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Shiraishi M, Hangai M, Yamamoto M, Sasaki M, Tanabe A, Sasaki Y, Miyamoto A. Alteration in MARCKS phosphorylation and expression by methylmercury in SH-SY5Y cells and rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1256-1263. [PMID: 24835554 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms mediating methylmercury (MeHg)-induced neurotoxicity are not completely understood. Because myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) plays an essential role in the differentiation and development of neuronal cells, we studied the alteration of MARCKS expression and phosphorylation in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in the rat brain. Exposure to MeHg induced a decrease in cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells, which was accompanied by a significant increase in phosphorylation and a reduction in MARCKS expression. Pretreatment of cells with a protein kinase C inhibitor or an extracellular Ca(2+) chelator suppressed MeHg-induced MARCKS phosphorylation. In MARCKS knock-down cells, MeHg-induced cell death was significantly augmented in comparison to control siRNA. In brain tissue from MeHg-treated rats, MARCKS phosphorylation was enhanced in the olfactory bulb in comparison to control rats. The present study may indicate that alteration in MARCKS expression or phosphorylation has consequences for MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Makoto Hangai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease, 4058-18 Hama, Minamata, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease, 4058-18 Hama, Minamata, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyamoto
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Cui X, Zhang X, Yin Q, Meng A, Su S, Jing X, Li H, Guan X, Li X, Liu S, Cheng M. F‑actin cytoskeleton reorganization is associated with hepatic stellate cell activation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1641-7. [PMID: 24626324 PMCID: PMC4020483 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is involved in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Previous studies have indicated that the acquisition of certain properties by activated HSCs is highly dependent on the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, direct evidence showing that the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is responsible for HSC activation is lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of cytoskeletal reorganization during HSC activation and to clarify the underlying mechanism. HSC-T6 cells were treated either with the F-actin stabilizer jasplakinolide (Jas) or the depolymerizer cytochalasin D (Cyto D). The actin cytoskeleton was evaluated via assessment of stress fiber formation. Furthermore, the activation properties of HSCs, including proliferation, adhesion, migration and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1, were investigated in vitro. The results showed that Jas and Cyto D affected the actin distribution in HSC-T6 cells. Treatment with Jas resulted in thick actin bundles and a patchy appearance in the cytoplasm in HSC-T6 cells. In parallel, polymerization of actin microfilaments induced by Jas upregulated the expression of α-SMA and collagen 1, and also enhanced the migration and adhesion properties of HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, the activation of HSC-T6 cells induced by the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton was associated with the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton is associated with HSC activation and that the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in this process. The inhibition of F-actin reorganization may thus be a potential key factor or molecular target for the control of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cui
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Qingling Yin
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Aixia Meng
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Shaojuan Su
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xu Jing
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Guan
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Shunmei Liu
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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Myristoylated Alanine-Rich protein Kinase C Substrate (MARCKS) expression modulates the metastatic phenotype in human and murine colon carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2013; 333:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Toledo A, Zolessi FR, Arruti C. A novel effect of MARCKS phosphorylation by activated PKC: the dephosphorylation of its serine 25 in chick neuroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62863. [PMID: 23634231 PMCID: PMC3636281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MARCKS (Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate) is a peripheral membrane protein, especially abundant in the nervous system, and functionally related to actin organization and Ca-calmodulin regulation depending on its phosphorylation by PKC. However, MARCKS is susceptible to be phosphorylated by several different kinases and the possible interactions between these phosphorylations have not been fully studied in intact cells. In differentiating neuroblasts, as well as some neurons, there is at least one cell-type specific phosphorylation site: serine 25 (S25) in the chick. We demonstrate here that S25 is included in a highly conserved protein sequence which is a Cdk phosphorylatable region, located far away from the PKC phosphorylation domain. S25 phosphorylation was inhibited by olomoucine and roscovitine in neuroblasts undergoing various states of cell differentiation in vitro. These results, considered in the known context of Cdks activity in neuroblasts, suggest that Cdk5 is the enzyme responsible for this phosphorylation. We find that the phosphorylation by PKC at the effector domain does not occur in the same molecules that are phosphorylated at serine 25. The in situ analysis of the subcellular distribution of these two phosphorylated MARCKS variants revealed that they are also segregated in different protein clusters. In addition, we find that a sustained stimulation of PKC by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) provokes the progressive disappearance of phosphorylation at serine 25. Cells treated with PMA, but in the presence of several Ser/Thr phosphatase (PP1, PP2A and PP2B) inhibitors indicated that this dephosphorylation is achieved via a phosphatase 2A (PP2A) form. These results provide new evidence regarding the existence of a novel consequence of PKC stimulation upon the phosphorylated state of MARCKS in neural cells, and propose a link between PKC and PP2A activity on MARCKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toledo
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos, Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Flavio R. Zolessi
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos, Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Arruti
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos, Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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Zheng D, Decker KF, Zhou T, Chen J, Qi Z, Jacobs K, Weilbaecher KN, Corey E, Long F, Jia L. Role of WNT7B-induced noncanonical pathway in advanced prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:482-93. [PMID: 23386686 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer is characterized by incurable castration-resistant progression and osteoblastic bone metastasis. While androgen deprivation therapy remains the primary treatment for advanced prostate cancer, resistance inevitably develops. Importantly, mounting evidence indicates that androgen receptor (AR) signaling continues to play a critical role in the growth of advanced prostate cancer despite androgen deprivation. While the mechanisms of aberrant AR activation in advanced prostate cancer have been extensively studied, the downstream AR target genes involved in the progression of castration resistance are largely unknown. Here, we identify WNT7B as a direct AR target gene highly expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Our results show that expression of WNT7B is necessary for the growth of prostate cancer cells and that this effect is enhanced under androgen-deprived conditions. Further analyses reveal that WNT7B promotes androgen-independent growth of CRPC cells likely through the activation of protein kinase C isozymes. Our results also show that prostate cancer-produced WNT7B induces osteoblast differentiation in vitro through a direct cell-cell interaction, and that WNT7B is upregulated in human prostate cancer xenografts that cause an osteoblastic reaction when grown in bone. Taken together, these results suggest that AR-regulated WNT7B signaling is critical for the growth of CRPC and development of the osteoblastic bone response characteristic of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zheng
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Odena G, Bataller R. Actin-binding proteins as molecular targets to modulate hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Focus on "MARCKS actin-binding capacity mediates actin filament assembly during mitosis in human hepatic stellate cells". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C355-6. [PMID: 22744005 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00192.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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