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Olszewski M, Maciejewska N, Kallingal A, Chylewska A, Dąbrowska AM, Biedulska M, Makowski M, Padrón JM, Baginski M. Palindromic carbazole derivatives: unveiling their antiproliferative effect via topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition and apoptosis induction. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2302920. [PMID: 38221785 PMCID: PMC10791108 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2302920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human DNA topoisomerases are essential for crucial cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, chromatin condensation, and maintenance of its structure. One of the significant strategies employed in cancer treatment involves the inhibition of a specific type of topoisomerase, known as topoisomerase II (Topo II). Carbazole derivatives, recognised for their varied biological activities, have recently become a significant focus in oncological research. This study assesses the efficacy of three symmetrically substituted carbazole derivatives: 2,7-Di(2-furyl)-9H-carbazole (27a), 3,6-Di(2-furyl)-9H-carbazole (36a), and 3,6-Di(2-thienyl)-9H-carbazole (36b) - as anticancer agents. Among investigated carbazole derivatives, compound 3,6-di(2-furyl)-9H-carbazole bearing two furan moieties emerged as a novel catalytic inhibitor of Topo II. Notably, 3,6-di(2-furyl)-9H-carbazole effectively selectively inhibited the relaxation and decatenation activities of Topo IIα, with minimal effects on the IIβ isoform. These findings underscore the potential of compound 3,6-Di(2-furyl)-9H-carbazole as a promising lead candidate warranting further investigation in the realm of anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anoop Kallingal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chylewska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M. Dąbrowska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Biedulska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Maciej Baginski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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Lockwood N, Martini S, Lopez-Pardo A, Deiss K, Segeren HA, Semple RK, Collins I, Repana D, Cobbaut M, Soliman T, Ciccarelli F, Parker PJ. Genome-Protective Topoisomerase 2a-Dependent G2 Arrest Requires p53 in hTERT-Positive Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1762-1773. [PMID: 35247890 PMCID: PMC7612711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2a (Topo2a)-dependent G2 arrest engenders faithful segregation of sister chromatids, yet in certain tumor cell lines where this arrest is dysfunctional, a PKCε-dependent failsafe pathway can be triggered. Here we elaborate on recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms associated with this G2 arrest by determining that p53-p21 signaling is essential for efficient arrest in cell lines, in patient-derived cells, and in colorectal cancer organoids. Regulation of this p53 axis required the SMC5/6 complex, which is distinct from the p53 pathways observed in the DNA damage response. Topo2a inhibition specifically during S phase did not trigger G2 arrest despite affecting completion of DNA replication. Moreover, in cancer cells reliant upon the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism, a distinct form of Topo2a-dependent, p53-independent G2 arrest was found to be mediated by BLM and Chk1. Importantly, the previously described PKCε-dependent mitotic failsafe was engaged in hTERT-positive cells when Topo2a-dependent G2 arrest was dysfunctional and where p53 was absent, but not in cells dependent on the ALT mechanism. In PKCε knockout mice, p53 deletion elicited tumors were less aggressive than in PKCε-replete animals and exhibited a distinct pattern of chromosomal rearrangements. This evidence suggests the potential of exploiting synthetic lethality in arrest-defective hTERT-positive tumors through PKCε-directed therapeutic intervention. SIGNIFICANCE The identification of a requirement for p53 in stringent Topo2a-dependent G2 arrest and engagement of PKCε failsafe pathways in arrest-defective hTERT-positive cells provides a therapeutic opportunity to induce selective synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lockwood
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Silvia Martini
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Ainara Lopez-Pardo
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Katharina Deiss
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Hendrika A Segeren
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Collins
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Repana
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Mathias Cobbaut
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Tanya Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Francesca Ciccarelli
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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3
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Ma X, Wang C, Zhou B, Cheng Z, Mao Z, Tang TS, Guo C. DNA polymerase η promotes nonhomologous end joining upon etoposide exposure dependent on the scaffolding protein Kap1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101861. [PMID: 35339488 PMCID: PMC9046958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) is a eukaryotic member of the Y-family of DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis and genome mutagenesis. Recently, several translesion DNA synthesis polymerases have been found to function in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, the role of Pol η in promoting DSB repair remains to be well defined. Here, we demonstrated that Pol η could be targeted to etoposide (ETO)-induced DSBs and that depletion of Pol η in cells causes increased sensitivity to ETO. Intriguingly, depletion of Pol η also led to a nonhomologous end joining repair defect in a catalytic activity–independent manner. We further identified the scaffold protein Kap1 as a novel interacting partner of Pol η, the depletion of which resulted in impaired formation of Pol η and Rad18 foci after ETO treatment. Additionally, overexpression of Kap1 failed to restore Pol η focus formation in Rad18-deficient cells after ETO treatment. Interestingly, we also found that Kap1 bound to Rad18 in a Pol η-dependent manner, and moreover, depletion of Kap1 led to a significant reduction in Rad18–Pol η association, indicating that Kap1 forms a ternary complex with Rad18 and Pol η to stabilize Rad18–Pol η association. Our findings demonstrate that Kap1 could regulate the role of Pol η in ETO-induced DSB repair via facilitating Rad18 recruitment and stabilizing Rad18–Pol η association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Ma
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Zina Cheng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Caixia Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
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4
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Otake K, Yamada K, Miura K, Sasazawa Y, Miyazaki S, Niwa Y, Ogura A, Takao KI, Simizu S. Identification of topoisomerases as molecular targets of cytosporolide C and its analog. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3334-3338. [PMID: 31204230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytosporolide (Cytos) A-C, isolated from the fungus Cytospora sp., have anti-microbial activity, but their molecular targets in mammalian cells are unknown. We have previously reported the total synthesis of Cytos A by biomimetic hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. In this study, to examine the novel bioactivity of Cytos, we synthesized Cytos C and measured cell growth-inhibiting activities of 7 compounds, including Cytos A and C, in several human cancer cell lines. Among these compounds, Cytos C and tetradeoxycytosporolide A (TD-Cytos A), a model compound for the synthesis of Cytos A, had anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells, and TD-Cytos A exhibited stronger activity than Cytos C. In vitro topoisomerase-mediated DNA relaxing experiments showed that TD-Cytos A inhibited the activities of topoisomerase I and II, whereas Cytos C targeted only topoisomerase I. These data suggest that the anti-proliferative activities of Cytos correlate with the inhibition of topoisomerases and implicated TD-Cytos A as a novel anti-cancer drug that suppresses the activities of topoisomerase I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Otake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kana Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sasazawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - So Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ogura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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5
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Cell-based chemical fingerprinting identifies telomeres and lamin A as modifiers of DNA damage response in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14827. [PMID: 30287851 PMCID: PMC6172206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance by telomerase activity supports the infinite growth of cancer cells. MST-312, a synthetic telomerase inhibitor, gradually shortens telomeres at non-acute lethal doses and eventually induces senescence and apoptosis of telomerase-positive cancer cells. Here we report that MST-312 at higher doses works as a dual inhibitor of telomerase and DNA topoisomerase II and exhibits acute anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells and xenografted tumours in vivo. Our cell-based chemical fingerprinting approach revealed that cancer cells with shorter telomeres and lower expression of lamin A, a nuclear architectural protein, exhibited higher sensitivity to the acute deleterious effects of MST-312, accompanied by formation of telomere dysfunction-induced foci and DNA double-strand breaks. Telomere elongation and lamin A overexpression attenuated telomeric and non-telomeric DNA damage, respectively, and both conferred resistance to apoptosis induced by MST-312 and other DNA damaging anticancer agents. These observations suggest that sufficient pools of telomeres and a nuclear lamina component contribute to the cellular robustness against DNA damage induced by therapeutic treatment in human cancer cells.
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6
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Zhang H, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Qiu Y, Zhang X, Yue D, Zhou Z, Wei W. A surrogate reporter system for multiplexable evaluation of CRISPR/Cas9 in targeted mutagenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1042. [PMID: 29348585 PMCID: PMC5773543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nucleases in genome editing manifest diverse efficiencies at different targeted loci. There is therefore a constant need to evaluate the mutation rates at given loci. T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1) and Surveyor mismatch cleavage assays are the most widely used methods, but they are labour and time consuming, especially when one must address multiple samples in parallel. Here, we report a surrogate system, called UDAR (Universal Donor As Reporter), to evaluate the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 in targeted mutagenesis. Based on the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated knock-in strategy, the UDAR-based assay allows us to rapidly evaluate the targeting efficiencies of sgRNAs. With one-step transfection and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, the UDAR assay can be completed on a large scale within three days. For detecting mutations generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a significant positive correlation was observed between the results from the UDAR and T7E1 assays. Consistently, the UDAR assay could quantitatively assess bleomycin- or ICRF193-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs), which suggests that this novel strategy is broadly applicable to assessing the DSB-inducing capability of various agents. With the increasing impact of genome editing in biomedical studies, the UDAR method can significantly benefit the evaluation of targeted mutagenesis, especially for high-throughput purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuexin Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yige Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yeting Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Di Yue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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7
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Benarroch-Popivker D, Pisano S, Mendez-Bermudez A, Lototska L, Kaur P, Bauwens S, Djerbi N, Latrick CM, Fraisier V, Pei B, Gay A, Jaune E, Foucher K, Cherfils-Vicini J, Aeby E, Miron S, Londoño-Vallejo A, Ye J, Le Du MH, Wang H, Gilson E, Giraud-Panis MJ. TRF2-Mediated Control of Telomere DNA Topology as a Mechanism for Chromosome-End Protection. Mol Cell 2016; 61:274-86. [PMID: 26774283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The shelterin proteins protect telomeres against activation of the DNA damage checkpoints and recombinational repair. We show here that a dimer of the shelterin subunit TRF2 wraps ∼ 90 bp of DNA through several lysine and arginine residues localized around its homodimerization domain. The expression of a wrapping-deficient TRF2 mutant, named Top-less, alters telomeric DNA topology, decreases the number of terminal loops (t-loops), and triggers the ATM checkpoint, while still protecting telomeres against non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In Top-less cells, the protection against NHEJ is alleviated if the expression of the TRF2-interacting protein RAP1 is reduced. We conclude that a distinctive topological state of telomeric DNA, controlled by the TRF2-dependent DNA wrapping and linked to t-loop formation, inhibits both ATM activation and NHEJ. The presence of RAP1 at telomeres appears as a backup mechanism to prevent NHEJ when topology-mediated telomere protection is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Benarroch-Popivker
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Sabrina Pisano
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Aaron Mendez-Bermudez
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Ruijin Hospital/CNRS/INSERM/Nice University, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherche en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Huangpu, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Liudmyla Lototska
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Serge Bauwens
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Nadir Djerbi
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Chrysa M Latrick
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Platform (PICT-IBiSA), Nikon Imaging Centre, UMR 144 CNRS Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Bei Pei
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Alexandre Gay
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Emilie Jaune
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Kevin Foucher
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Julien Cherfils-Vicini
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Eric Aeby
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simona Miron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 144, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | | | - Jing Ye
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Ruijin Hospital/CNRS/INSERM/Nice University, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherche en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Huangpu, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Marie-Hélène Le Du
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 144, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Hong Wang
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Eric Gilson
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Ruijin Hospital/CNRS/INSERM/Nice University, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherche en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Huangpu, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China; Department of Genetics, CHU Nice, Nice 06202, France.
| | - Marie-Josèphe Giraud-Panis
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
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