1
|
Chen Z, Zhang J, Lee FY, Kyriakides TR. Bone-derived extracellular matrix hydrogel from thrombospondin-2 knock-out mice for bone repair. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00455-0. [PMID: 39134130 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Bone extracellular matrix (ECM) has been shown to mimic aspects of the tissue's complex microenvironment, suggesting its potential role in promoting bone repair. However, current ECM-based therapies suffer from limitations such as inefficient scale-up, lack of mechanical integrity, and sub-optimal efficacy. Here, we fabricated hydrogels from decellularized ECM (dECM) from wild type (WT) and thrombospondin-2 knock-out (TSP2KO) mouse bones. TSP2KO bone ECM hydrogel was found to have distinct mechanical properties and collagen fibril assembly from WT. Furthermore, TSP2KO hydrogel promoted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) attachment, spreading, and invasion in vitro. Similarly, it promoted formation of tube-like structures by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). When applied to a murine calvarial defect model, TSP2KO hydrogel enhanced repair, in part, due to increased angiogenesis. Our study suggests the pro-angiogenic therapeutic potential of TSP2KO bone ECM hydrogel in bone repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The study describes the first successful preparation of a novel hydrogel made from decellularized bones from wild-type mice and mice lacking thrombospondin-2 (TSP2). Hydrogels from TSP2 knock-out (TSP2KO) bones have unique characteristics in structure and biomechanics. These gels interacted well with cells in vitro and helped repair damaged bone in a mouse model. Therefore, TSP2KO bone-derived hydrogel has translational potential for accelerating repair of bone defects that are otherwise difficult to heal. This study not only creates a new material with promise for accelerated healing, but also validates tunability of native biomaterials by genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Francis Y Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Celik B, Leal AF, Tomatsu S. Potential Targeting Mechanisms for Bone-Directed Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8339. [PMID: 39125906 PMCID: PMC11312506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone development is characterized by complex regulation mechanisms, including signal transduction and transcription factor-related pathways, glycobiological processes, cellular interactions, transportation mechanisms, and, importantly, chemical formation resulting from hydroxyapatite. Any abnormal regulation in the bone development processes causes skeletal system-related problems. To some extent, the avascularity of cartilage and bone makes drug delivery more challenging than that of soft tissues. Recent studies have implemented many novel bone-targeting approaches to overcome drawbacks. However, none of these strategies fully corrects skeletal dysfunction, particularly in growth plate-related ones. Although direct recombinant enzymes (e.g., Vimizim for Morquio, Cerezyme for Gaucher, Elaprase for Hunter, Mepsevii for Sly diseases) or hormone infusions (estrogen for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), traditional gene delivery (e.g., direct infusion of viral or non-viral vectors with no modifications on capsid, envelope, or nanoparticles), and cell therapy strategies (healthy bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) partially improve bone lesions, novel delivery methods must be addressed regarding target specificity, less immunogenicity, and duration in circulation. In addition to improvements in bone delivery, potential regulation of bone development mechanisms involving receptor-regulated pathways has also been utilized. Targeted drug delivery using organic and inorganic compounds is a promising approach in mostly preclinical settings and future clinical translation. This review comprehensively summarizes the current bone-targeting strategies based on bone structure and remodeling concepts while emphasizing potential approaches for future bone-targeting systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betul Celik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
| | - Andrés Felipe Leal
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nørregaard KS, Jürgensen HJ, Heltberg SS, Gårdsvoll H, Bugge TH, Schoof EM, Engelholm LH, Behrendt N. A proteomics-based survey reveals thrombospondin-4 as a ligand regulated by the mannose receptor in the injured lung. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107284. [PMID: 38614208 PMCID: PMC11107221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated cellular uptake of specific ligands constitutes an important step in the dynamic regulation of individual protein levels in extracellular fluids. With a focus on the inflammatory lung, we here performed a proteomics-based search for novel ligands regulated by the mannose receptor (MR), a macrophage-expressed endocytic receptor. WT and MR-deficient mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide, after which the protein content in their lung epithelial lining fluid was compared by tandem mass tag-based mass spectrometry. More than 1200 proteins were identified in the epithelial lining fluid using this unbiased approach, but only six showed a statistically different abundance. Among these, an unexpected potential new ligand, thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4), displayed a striking 17-fold increased abundance in the MR-deficient mice. Experiments using exogenous addition of TSP-4 to MR-transfected CHO cells or MR-positive alveolar macrophages confirmed that TSP-4 is a ligand for MR-dependent endocytosis. Similar studies revealed that the molecular interaction with TSP-4 depends on both the lectin activity and the fibronectin type-II domain of MR and that a closely related member of the TSP family, TSP-5, is also efficiently internalized by the receptor. This was unlike the other members of this protein family, including TSPs -1 and -2, which are ligands for a close MR homologue known as urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein. Our study shows that MR takes part in the regulation of TSP-4, an important inflammatory component in the injured lung, and that two closely related endocytic receptors, expressed on different cell types, undertake the selective endocytosis of distinct members of the TSP family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine S Nørregaard
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Jürgensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe S Heltberg
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Gårdsvoll
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erwin M Schoof
- Section for Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars H Engelholm
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Behrendt
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Zhang L, Lin X, Chen X, Liu H, Yuan X, Zhao Q, Wang W, Lei X, Jose PA, Deng C, Yang J. Thrombospondin 2 is a novel biomarker of essential hypertension and associated with nocturnal Na + excretion and insulin resistance. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2276029. [PMID: 37943619 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2276029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondins (TSPs) play important roles in several cardiovascular diseases. However, the association between circulating (plasma) thrombospondin 2 (TSP2) and essential hypertension remains unclear. The present study was aimed to investigate the association of circulating TSP2 with blood pressure and nocturnal urine Na+ excretion and evaluate the predictive value of circulating TSP2 in subjects with hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS 603 newly diagnosed essential hypertensive subjects and 508 healthy subjects were preliminarily screened, 47 healthy subjects and 40 newly diagnosed essential hypertensive subjects without any chronic diseases were recruited. The results showed that the levels of circulating TSP2 were elevated in essential hypertensive subjects. The levels of TSP2 positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and other clinical parameters, including homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and serum triglycerides, but negatively associated with nocturnal urine Na+ concentration and excretion and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results of multiple linear regressions showed that HOMA-IR and nocturnal Na+ excretion were independent factors related to circulating TSP2. Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test displayed linear relationships between TSP2 and SBP (χ2 = 35.737) and DBP (χ2 = 26.652). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of hypertension prediction was 0.901. CONCLUSION Our study suggests for the first time that the circulating levels of TSP2 may be a novel potential biomarker for essential hypertension. The association between TSP2 and blood pressure may be, at least in part, related to the regulation of renal Na+ excretion, insulin resistance, and/or endothelial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhou
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lin
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yuan
- Health Management Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhao
- Health Management Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Lei
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, New York, WA, USA
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sorvina A, Antoniou M, Esmaeili Z, Kochetkova M. Unusual Suspects: Bone and Cartilage ECM Proteins as Carcinoma Facilitators. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030791. [PMID: 36765749 PMCID: PMC9913341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the complex three-dimensional network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans that constitutes an essential part of every tissue to provide support for normal tissue homeostasis. Tissue specificity of the ECM in its topology and structure supports unique biochemical and mechanical properties of each organ. Cancers, like normal tissues, require the ECM to maintain multiple processes governing tumor development, progression and spread. A large body of experimental and clinical evidence has now accumulated to demonstrate essential roles of numerous ECM components in all cancer types. Latest findings also suggest that multiple tumor types express, and use to their advantage, atypical ECM components that are not found in the cancer tissue of origin. However, the understanding of cancer-specific expression patterns of these ECM proteins and their exact roles in selected tumor types is still sketchy. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the aberrant expression of bone and cartilage ECM proteins in epithelial cancers and their specific functions in the pathogenesis of carcinomas and discuss future directions in exploring the utility of this selective group of ECM components as future drug targets.
Collapse
|
6
|
Germon A, Heesom KJ, Amoah R, Adams JC. Protein disulfide isomerase A3 activity promotes extracellular accumulation of proteins relevant to basal breast cancer outcomes in human MDA-MB-A231 breast cancer cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C113-C132. [PMID: 36374169 PMCID: PMC9799142 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00445.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer remain major causes of patient mortality, and there is an ongoing need to identify new therapeutic targets relevant to tumor invasion. Protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3) is a disulfide oxidoreductase and isomerase of the endoplasmic reticulum that has known extracellular substrates and has been correlated with aggressive breast cancers. We show that either prior PDIA3 inhibition by the disulfide isomerase inhibitor 16F16 or depletion of heparin-binding proteins strongly reduces the activity of conditioned medium (CM) of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells to support promigratory cell spreading and F-actin organization by newly adherent MDA-MB-231 cells. Quantitative proteomics to investigate effects of 16F16 inhibition on heparin-binding proteins in the CM of MDA-MB-231 cells identified 80 proteins reproducibly decreased at least twofold (at q ≤ 0.05) after 16F16 treatment. By Gene Ontology analysis, many of these have roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and function and cell adhesion; ribosomal proteins that also correlate with extracellular vesicles were also identified. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that many of the extracellular proteins have known network interactions with each other. The predominant types of disulfide-bonded domains in the extracellular proteins contained β-hairpin folds, with the knottin fold the most common. From human breast cancer data sets, the extracellular proteins were found to correlate specifically with the basal subtype of breast cancer and their high expression in tumors correlated with reduced distant metastasis-free survival. These data provide new evidence that PDIA3 may be a relevant therapeutic target to alter properties of the ECM-associated microenvironment in basal breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Germon
- School of Biochemistry, https://ror.org/0524sp257University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kate J Heesom
- University of Bristol Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Reiss Amoah
- School of Biochemistry, https://ror.org/0524sp257University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, https://ror.org/0524sp257University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Granata V, Crisafulli L, Nastasi C, Ficara F, Sobacchi C. Bone Marrow Niches and Tumour Cells: Lights and Shadows of a Mutual Relationship. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884024. [PMID: 35603212 PMCID: PMC9121377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) niche is the spatial structure within the intra-trabecular spaces of spongious bones and of the cavity of long bones where adult haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain their undifferentiated and cellular self-renewal state through the intervention of vascular and nervous networks, metabolic pathways, transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, and humoral signals. Within the niche, HSCs interact with various cell types such as osteoblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which maintain HSCs in a quiescent state or sustain their proliferation, differentiation, and trafficking, depending on body needs. In physiological conditions, the BM niche permits the daily production of all the blood and immune cells and their admittance/ingress/progression into the bloodstream. However, disruption of this delicate microenvironment promotes the initiation and progression of malignancies such as those included in the spectrum of myeloid neoplasms, also favouring resistance to pharmacological therapies. Alterations in the MSC population and in the crosstalk with HSCs owing to tumour-derived factors contribute to the formation of a malignant niche. On the other hand, cells of the BM microenvironment cooperate in creating a unique milieu favouring metastasization of distant tumours into the bone. In this framework, the pro-tumorigenic role of MSCs is well-documented, and few evidence suggest also an anti-tumorigenic effect. Here we will review recent advances regarding the BM niche composition and functionality in normal and in malignant conditions, as well as the therapeutic implications of the interplay between its diverse cellular components and malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Granata
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, CNR-IRGB, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Crisafulli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, CNR-IRGB, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ficara
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, CNR-IRGB, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, CNR-IRGB, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristina Sobacchi,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Andrés Sastre E, Maly K, Zhu M, Witte-Bouma J, Trompet D, Böhm AM, Brachvogel B, van Nieuwenhoven CA, Maes C, van Osch GJVM, Zaucke F, Farrell E. Spatiotemporal distribution of thrombospondin-4 and -5 in cartilage during endochondral bone formation and repair. Bone 2021; 150:115999. [PMID: 33971315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During skeletal development most bones are first formed as cartilage templates, which are gradually replaced by bone. If later in life those bones break, temporary cartilage structures emerge to bridge the fractured ends, guiding the regenerative process. This bone formation process, known as endochondral ossification (EO), has been widely studied for its potential to reveal factors that might be used to treat patients with large bone defects. The extracellular matrix of cartilage consists of different types of collagens, proteoglycans and a variety of non-collagenous proteins that organise the collagen fibers in complex networks. Thrombospondin-5, also known as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (TSP-5/COMP) is abundant in cartilage, where it has been described to enhance collagen fibrillogenesis and to interact with a variety of growth factors, matrix proteins and cellular receptors. However, very little is known about the skeletal distribution of its homologue thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4). In our study, we compared the spatiotemporal expression of TSP-5 and TSP-4 during postnatal bone formation and fracture healing. Our results indicate that in both these settings, TSP-5 distributes across all layers of the transient cartilage, while the localisation of TSP-4 is restricted to the population of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Furthermore, in fractured bones we observed TSP-4 sparsely distributed in the periosteum, while TSP-5 was absent. Last, we analysed the chemoattractant effects of the two proteins on endothelial cells and bone marrow stem cells and hypothesised that, of the two thrombospondins, only TSP-4 might promote blood vessel invasion during ossification. We conclude that TSP-4 is a novel factor involved in bone formation. These findings reveal TSP-4 as an attractive candidate to be evaluated for bone tissue engineering purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Andrés Sastre
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K Maly
- Dr. Rolf Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Zhu
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - J Witte-Bouma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Trompet
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - A M Böhm
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - C A van Nieuwenhoven
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Maes
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - G J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - E Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|