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Qu S, Jia W, Nie Y, Shi W, Chen C, Zhao Z, Song W. AGR2: The Covert Driver and New Dawn of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 39062458 PMCID: PMC11275012 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of protein disulfide bonds within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Research suggests that AGR2 can function as an oncogene, with its heightened expression linked to the advancement of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers through invasion and metastasis. Notably, AGR2 not only serves as a pro-oncogenic agent but also as a downstream targeting protein, indirectly fostering cancer progression. This comprehensive review delves into the established functions and expression patterns of AGR2, emphasizing its pivotal role in cancer progression, particularly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies. Furthermore, AGR2 emerges as a potential cancer prognostic marker and a promising target for immunotherapy, offering novel avenues for the treatment of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Weili Jia
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ye Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wen Shi
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chao Chen
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
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2
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Wambach M, Montani M, Runz J, Stephan C, Jung K, Moch H, Eberli D, Bernhardt M, Hommerding O, Kreft T, Cronauer MV, Kremer A, Mayr T, Hauser S, Kristiansen G. Clinical implications of AGR2 in primary prostate cancer: Results from a large-scale study. APMIS 2024; 132:256-266. [PMID: 38288749 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of various solid tumours, but the expression data in prostate cancer are contradictory regarding its prognostic value. The objective of this study is to evaluate the expression of AGR2 in a large prostate cancer cohort and to correlate it with clinicopathological data. AGR2 protein expression was analysed immunohistochemically in 1023 well-characterized prostate cancer samples with a validated antibody. AGR2 expression levels in carcinomas were compared with matched tissue samples of adjacent normal glands. AGR2 expression levels were dichotomized and tested for statistical significance. Increased AGR2 expression was found in 93.5% of prostate cancer cases. AGR2 levels were significantly higher in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. A gradual loss of AGR2 expression was associated with increasing tumour grade (ISUP), and AGR2 expression is inversely related to patient survival, however, multivariable significance is not achieved. AGR2 is clearly upregulated in the majority of prostate cancer cases, yet a true diagnostic value appears unlikely. In spite of the negative correlation of AGR2 expression with increasing tumour grade, no independent prognostic significance was found in this large-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wambach
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matteo Montani
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josefine Runz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit Bernhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Kreft
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anika Kremer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Akbari A, Emamzadeh R, Nazari M, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Enhancing protein delivery for tissue regeneration: Development of AGR2-loaded hydrogels with controlled release properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:128846. [PMID: 38141714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The growth factor Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2) has been shown to have an effective role in tissue regeneration, but remained largely unexplored in localized tissue engineering applications. Alginate beads have been proven as safe carriers for protein encapsulation, but they suffer from fragility and uncontrolled protein release. For such alginate systems, little is known about how changes in concentrations and ion-crosslinking affect protein release and accumulation in 3-D matrices. To address these questions, an engineered interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has been used to synthesize a novel hybrid system consisting of AGR2 loaded beads composed of calcium-crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). These beads are embedded in films consisting of SA and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), using a simple ion gelation technique. We assess protein release kinetics and accumulation within the hybrid system by varying polymer concentrations and cross-linking parameters. The IPN hybrid system maintains controlled release over two weeks, without an initial burst period. Through this approach efficicnt delivery of AGR2 is achieved which in turn effectively mediates cell migration and proliferation, resulting in excellent cell viability and complete wound closure. The described release system opens new perspectives in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Akbari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rahman Emamzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahboobeh Nazari
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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Zhang F, Chen M, Liu X, Ji X, Li S, Jin E. New insights into the unfolded protein response (UPR)-anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) pathway in the regulation of intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:225-232. [PMID: 38033605 PMCID: PMC10685161 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustained dysfunction of the intestinal barrier caused by early weaning is a major factor that induces postweaning diarrhea in weaned piglets. In both healthy and diseased states, the intestinal barrier is regulated by goblet cells. Alterations in the characteristics of goblet cells are linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory conditions during pathogenic infections. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) in maintaining intestinal barrier function and how modifications to these systems affect mucus barrier characteristics and goblet cell dysregulation. We highlight a novel mechanism underlying the UPR-AGR2 pathway, which affects goblet cell differentiation and maturation and the synthesis and secretion of mucin by regulating epidermal growth factor receptor and mucin 2. This study provides a theoretical basis and new insights into the regulation of intestinal health in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou, China
| | - Mengxian Chen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xu Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou, China
| | - Erhui Jin
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou, China
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5
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Salm F, Znalesniak EB, Laskou A, Harder S, Schlüter H, Hoffmann W. Expression Profiling along the Murine Intestine: Different Mucosal Protection Systems and Alterations in Tff1-Deficient Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12684. [PMID: 37628863 PMCID: PMC10454331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tff1 is a typical gastric peptide secreted together with the mucin, Muc5ac. Tff1-deficient (Tff1KO) mice are well known for their prominent gastric phenotype and represent a recognized model for antral tumorigenesis. Notably, intestinal abnormalities have also been reported in the past in these animals. Here, we have compared the expression of selected genes in Tff1KO mice and their corresponding wild-type littermates (RT-PCR analyses), focusing on different mucosal protection systems along the murine intestine. As hallmarks, genes were identified with maximum expression in the proximal colon and/or the duodenum: Agr2, Muc6/A4gnt/Tff2, Tff1, Fut2, Gkn2, Gkn3, Duox2/Lpo, Nox1. This is indicative of different protection systems such as Tff2/Muc6, Tff1-Fcgbp, gastrokines, fucosylation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the proximal colon and/or duodenum. Few significant transcriptional changes were observed in the intestine of Tff1KO mice when compared with wild-type littermates, Clca1 (Gob5), Gkn1, Gkn2, Nox1, Tff2. We also analyzed the expression of Tff1, Tff2, and Tff3 in the pancreas, liver, and lung of Tff1KO and wild-type animals, indicating a cross-regulation of Tff gene expression. Furthermore, on the protein level, heteromeric Tff1-Fcgbp and various monomeric Tff1 forms were identified in the duodenum and a high-molecular-mass Tff2/Muc6 complex was identified in the proximal colon (FPLC, proteomics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eva B. Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Laskou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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Kosykh AV, Tereshina MB, Gurskaya NG. Potential Role of AGR2 for Mammalian Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097895. [PMID: 37175601 PMCID: PMC10178616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited ability of mammals to regenerate has garnered significant attention, particularly in regard to skin wound healing (WH), which is a critical step for regeneration. In human adults, skin WH results in the formation of scars following injury or trauma, regardless of severity. This differs significantly from the scarless WH observed in the fetal skin of mammals or anamniotes. This review investigates the role of molecular players involved in scarless WH, which are lost or repressed in adult mammalian WH systems. Specifically, we analyze the physiological role of Anterior Gradient (AGR) family proteins at different stages of the WH regulatory network. AGR is activated in the regeneration of lower vertebrates at the stage of wound closure and, accordingly, is important for WH. Mammalian AGR2 is expressed during scarless WH in embryonic skin, while in adults, the activity of this gene is normally inhibited and is observed only in the mucous epithelium of the digestive tract, which is capable of full regeneration. The combination of AGR2 unique potencies in postnatal mammals makes it possible to consider it as a promising candidate for enhancing WH processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadya G Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Tsai HW, Chen YL, Wang CI, Hsieh CC, Lin YH, Chu PM, Wu YH, Huang YC, Chen CY. Anterior gradient 2 induces resistance to sorafenib via endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:42. [PMID: 36899352 PMCID: PMC9999520 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for almost 80% of all liver cancer cases and is the sixth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The survival rate of sorafenib-treated advanced HCC patients is still unsatisfactory. Unfortunately, no useful biomarkers have been verified to predict sorafenib efficacy in HCC. RESULTS We assessed a sorafenib resistance-related microarray dataset and found that anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is highly associated with overall and recurrence-free survival and with several clinical parameters in HCC. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of AGR2 in sorafenib resistance and HCC progression remain unknown. We found that sorafenib induces AGR2 secretion via posttranslational modification and that AGR2 plays a critical role in sorafenib-regulated cell viability and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and induces apoptosis in sorafenib-sensitive cells. In sorafenib-sensitive cells, sorafenib downregulates intracellular AGR2 and conversely induces AGR2 secretion, which suppresses its regulation of ER stress and cell survival. In contrast, AGR2 is highly intracellularly expressed in sorafenib-resistant cells, which supports ER homeostasis and cell survival. We suggest that AGR2 regulates ER stress to influence HCC progression and sorafenib resistance. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report that AGR2 can modulate ER homeostasis via the IRE1α-XBP1 cascade to regulate HCC progression and sorafenib resistance. Elucidation of the predictive value of AGR2 and its molecular and cellular mechanisms in sorafenib resistance could provide additional options for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- Division of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 613, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Harn Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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8
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Zhang K, Li Y, Kong X, Lei C, Yang H, Wang N, Wang Z, Chang H, Xuan L. AGR2: a secreted protein worthy of attention in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1195885. [PMID: 37197416 PMCID: PMC10183570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1195885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AGR2 is a secreted protein widely existing in breast. In precancerous lesions, primary tumors and metastatic tumors, the expression of AGR2 is increased, which has aroused our interest. This review introduces the gene and protein structure of AGR2. Its endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, protein disulfide isomerase active site and multiple protein binding sequences endow AGR2 with diverse functions inside and outside breast cancer cells. This review also enumerates the role of AGR2 in the progress and prognosis of breast cancer, and emphasizes that AGR2 can be a promising biomarker and a target for immunotherapy of breast cancer, providing new ideas for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuqi Lei
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nianchang Wang
- Department of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhao Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongzhao Wang, ; Hu Chang, ; Lixue Xuan,
| | - Hu Chang
- Administration Office, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongzhao Wang, ; Hu Chang, ; Lixue Xuan,
| | - Lixue Xuan
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongzhao Wang, ; Hu Chang, ; Lixue Xuan,
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9
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Hussein D, Alsereihi R, Salwati AAA, Algehani R, Alhowity A, Al-Hejin AM, Schulten HJ, Baeesa S, Bangash M, Alghamdi F, Cross R, Al Zughaibi T, Saka M, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A. The anterior gradient homologue 2 (AGR2) co-localises with the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in cancer stem cells, and is critical for the survival and drug resistance of recurrent glioblastoma: in situ and in vitro analyses. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:387. [PMID: 36482387 PMCID: PMC9730595 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas (GBs) are characterised as one of the most aggressive primary central nervous system tumours (CNSTs). Single-cell sequencing analysis identified the presence of a highly heterogeneous population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The proteins anterior gradient homologue 2 (AGR2) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) are known to play critical roles in regulating unfolded protein response (UPR) machinery. The UPR machinery influences cell survival, migration, invasion and drug resistance. Hence, we investigated the role of AGR2 in drug-resistant recurrent glioblastoma cells. METHODS Immunofluorescence, biological assessments and whole exome sequencing analyses were completed under in situ and in vitro conditions. Cells were treated with CNSTs clinical/preclinical drugs taxol, cisplatin, irinotecan, MCK8866, etoposide, and temozolomide, then resistant cells were analysed for the expression of AGR2. AGR2 was repressed using single and double siRNA transfections and combined with either temozolomide or irinotecan. RESULTS Genomic and biological characterisations of the AGR2-expressed Jed66_GB and Jed41_GB recurrent glioblastoma tissues and cell lines showed features consistent with glioblastoma. Immunofluorescence data indicated that AGR2 co-localised with the UPR marker GRP78 in both the tissue and their corresponding primary cell lines. AGR2 and GRP78 were highly expressed in glioblastoma CSCs. Following treatment with the aforementioned drugs, all drug-surviving cells showed high expression of AGR2. Prolonged siRNA repression of a particular region in AGR2 exon 2 reduced AGR2 protein expression and led to lower cell densities in both cell lines. Co-treatments using AGR2 exon 2B siRNA in conjunction with temozolomide or irinotecan had partially synergistic effects. The slight reduction of AGR2 expression increased nuclear Caspase-3 activation in both cell lines and caused multinucleation in the Jed66_GB cell line. CONCLUSIONS AGR2 is highly expressed in UPR-active CSCs and drug-resistant GB cells, and its repression leads to apoptosis, via multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Hussein
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alsereihi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,College of Health Sciences, Al-Rayan Colleges, 41411, Madinah AL-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulla Ahmed A. Salwati
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rinad Algehani
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Alazouf Alhowity
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Hejin
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alghamdi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Cross
- grid.48815.300000 0001 2153 2936School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Emerging Technologies Research Centre (EMTERC), De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH UK
| | - Torki Al Zughaibi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Saka
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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10
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Boisteau E, Posseme C, Di Modugno F, Edeline J, Coulouarn C, Hrstka R, Martisova A, Delom F, Treton X, Eriksson LA, Chevet E, Lièvre A, Ogier-Denis E. Anterior gradient proteins in gastrointestinal cancers: from cell biology to pathophysiology. Oncogene 2022; 41:4673-4685. [PMID: 36068336 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most of the organs of the digestive tract comprise secretory epithelia that require specialized molecular machines to achieve their functions. As such anterior gradient (AGR) proteins, which comprise AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3, belong to the protein disulfide isomerase family, and are involved in secretory and transmembrane protein biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. They are generally expressed in epithelial cells with high levels in most of the digestive tract epithelia. To date, the vast majority of the reports concern AGR2, which has been shown to exhibit various subcellular localizations and exert pro-oncogenic functions. AGR2 overexpression has recently been associated with a poor prognosis in digestive cancers. AGR2 is also involved in epithelial homeostasis. Its deletion in mice results in severe diffuse gut inflammation, whereas in inflammatory bowel diseases, the secretion of AGR2 in the extracellular milieu participates in the reshaping of the cellular microenvironment. AGR2 thus plays a key role in inflammation and oncogenesis and may represent a therapeutic target of interest. In this review, we summarize the already known roles and mechanisms of action of the AGR family proteins in digestive diseases, their expression in the healthy digestive tract, and in digestive oncology. At last, we discuss the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications underlying the biology of AGR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Boisteau
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Posseme
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Federico Di Modugno
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Edeline
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Martisova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Xavier Treton
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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11
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Functions and mechanisms of protein disulfide isomerase family in cancer emergence. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:129. [PMID: 35965326 PMCID: PMC9375924 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multi-layered organelle that is essential for the synthesis, folding, and structural maturation of almost one-third of the cellular proteome. It houses several resident proteins for these functions including the 21 members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. The signature of proteins belonging to this family is the presence of the thioredoxin domain which mediates the formation, and rearrangement of disulfide bonds of substrate proteins in the ER. This process is crucial not only for the proper folding of ER substrates but also for maintaining a balanced ER proteostasis. The inclusion of new PDI members with a wide variety of structural determinants, size and enzymatic activity has brought additional epitomes of how PDI functions. Notably, some of them do not carry the thioredoxin domain and others have roles outside the ER. This also reflects that PDIs may have specialized functions and their functions are not limited within the ER. Large-scale expression datasets of human clinical samples have identified that the expression of PDI members is elevated in pathophysiological states like cancer. Subsequent functional interrogations using structural, molecular, cellular, and animal models suggest that some PDI members support the survival, progression, and metastasis of several cancer types. Herein, we review recent research advances on PDIs, vis-à-vis their expression, functions, and molecular mechanisms in supporting cancer growth with special emphasis on the anterior gradient (AGR) subfamily. Last, we posit the relevance and therapeutic strategies in targeting the PDIs in cancer.
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12
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Palazzo FC, Sitia R, Tempio T. Selective Secretion of KDEL-Bearing Proteins: Mechanisms and Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:967875. [PMID: 35912099 PMCID: PMC9326092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.967875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cells must continuously exchange messages with the right meaning, intensity, and duration. Most of these messages are delivered through cognate interactions between membrane and secretory proteins. Their conformational maturation is assisted by a vast array of chaperones and enzymes, ensuring the fidelity of intercellular communication. These folding assistants reside in the early secretory compartment (ESC), a functional unit that encompasses endoplasmic reticulum (ER), intermediate compartment and cis-Golgi. Most soluble ESC residents have C-terminal KDEL-like motifs that prevent their transport beyond the Golgi. However, some accumulate in the ER, while others in downstream stations, implying different recycling rates. Moreover, it is now clear that cells can actively secrete certain ESC residents but not others. This essay discusses the physiology of their differential intracellular distribution, and the mechanisms that may ensure selectivity of release.
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13
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Fessart D, Villamor I, Chevet E, Delom F, Robert J. Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic alterations of AGR2 and AGR3 in cancer. Open Biol 2022; 12:220068. [PMID: 35857928 PMCID: PMC9277299 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The AGR2 and AGR3 genes have been shown by numerous groups to be functionally associated with adenocarcinoma progression and metastasis. In this paper, we explore the data available in databases concerning genomic and transcriptomic features of these two genes: the NCBI dbSNP database was used to explore the presence and roles of constitutional SNPs, and the NCI, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and TCGA databases were used to explore somatic mutations and copy number variations (CNVs), as well as mRNA expression of these genes in human cancer cell lines and tumours. Relationships of AGR2/3 expression with whole-genome mRNA expression and cancer features (i.e. mutations and CNVs of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (TSG)) were established using the CCLE and TCGA databases. In addition, the CCLE data concerning CRISPR gene extinction screens (Achilles project) of these two genes and a panel of oncogenes and TSG were explored. We observed that no functional polymorphism or recurrent mutation could be detected in AGR2 or AGR3. The expression of these genes was positively correlated with the expression of epithelial genes and inversely correlated with that of mesenchymal genes. It was also significantly associated with several cancer features, such as TP53 or SMAD4 mutations, depending on the gene and the cancer type. In addition, the CRISPR screens revealed the absence of cell fitness modification upon gene extinction, in contrast with oncogenes (cell fitness decrease) and TSG (cell fitness increase). Overall, these explorations revealed that AGR2 and AGR3 proteins appear as common non-genetic evolutionary factors in the process of human tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fessart
- ARTiSt, University Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Bordeaux F-33000, France,POETIC, University Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Ines Villamor
- POETIC, University Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, ‘Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling’, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt, University Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt, University Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Bordeaux F-33000, France
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14
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Kurpińska A, Suraj-Prażmowska J, Stojak M, Jarosz J, Mateuszuk Ł, Niedzielska-Andres E, Smolik M, Wietrzyk J, Kalvins I, Walczak M, Chłopicki S. Comparison of anti-cancer effects of novel protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) inhibitors in breast cancer cells characterized by high and low PDIA17 expression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:218. [PMID: 35725466 PMCID: PMC9208212 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs) play an important role in cancer progression. However, the relative contribution of the various isoforms of PDI in tumorigenesis is not clear. Methods The content of PDI isoforms in 22 cancer cells lines was investigated using LC–MS/MS-based proteomic analysis. The effects of PDIA1, PDIA3 and PDIA17 inhibition on the proliferation, migration and adhesion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, identified as high and low PDIA17 expressing cells, respectively, were assessed using novel aromatic N-sulphonamides of aziridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives as PDI inhibitors. Results PDIA1 and PDIA3 were the most abundant in cancer cell lysates and were also detected extracellularly in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Some cancer cell lines (e.g., MCF-7, HT-29) showed upregulated expression of PDIA17, whereas in others (e.g., MDA-MB-231, 67NR), PDIA17 was not detected. The simultaneous inhibition of PDIA1 and PDIA3 showed similar anti-proliferative effects in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. However, the inhibition of PDIA1 and PDIA17 in the MCF-7 cell line resulted in more effective anti-adhesive and anti-proliferative effects. Conclusions PDIA1 and PDIA3 represent major isoforms of multiple cancer cells, and their non-selective inhibition displays significant anti-proliferative effects irrespective of whether or not PDIA17 is present. The more pronounced anti-adhesive effects of PDI inhibition in hormone-sensitive MCF-7 cells featured by higher levels of PDIs when compared to triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells suggests that targeting extracellular PDIA1 and PDIA3 with or without additional PDIA17 inhibition may represent a strategy for personalized anti-adhesive, anti-metastatic therapy in cancers with high PDI expression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02631-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kurpińska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prażmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Jarosz
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Experimental Oncology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Niedzielska-Andres
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Smolik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Experimental Oncology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ivars Kalvins
- Laboratory of Carbofunctional Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, 1006, Latvia.
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stefan Chłopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland. .,Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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15
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Ly TTG, Yun J, Ha JS, Kim YJ, Jang WB, Van Le TH, Rethineswaran VK, Choi J, Kim JH, Min SH, Lee DH, Yang JS, Chung JS, Kwon SM. Inhibitory Effect of Etravirine, a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, via Anterior Gradient Protein 2 Homolog Degradation against Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:944. [PMID: 35055132 PMCID: PMC8777939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (AGR2), an endoplasmic reticulum protein, is secreted in the tumor microenvironment. AGR2 is a member of the disulfide isomerase family, is highly expressed in multiple cancers, and promotes cancer metastasis. In this study, we found that etravirine, which is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, could induce AGR2 degradation via autophagy. Moreover, etravirine diminished proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Moreover, in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, the combination of etravirine and paclitaxel significantly suppressed cancer progression and metastasis. This drug may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Truong Giang Ly
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jisoo Yun
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jong-Seong Ha
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Woong-Bi Jang
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Vinoth Kumar Rethineswaran
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, Deagu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Deagu 41061, Korea;
| | - Dong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.-S.Y.)
| | - Ju-Seok Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.-S.Y.)
| | - Joo-Seop Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital Medical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
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16
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Bertoli-Avella A, Hotakainen R, Al Shehhi M, Urzi A, Pareira C, Marais A, Al Shidhani K, Aloraimi S, Morales-Torres G, Fisher S, Demuth L, Moteleb Selim LA, Al Menabawy N, Busehail M, AlShaikh M, Gilani N, Chalabi DN, Alharbi NS, Alfadhel M, Abdelrahman M, Venselaar H, Anjum N, Saeed A, Alghamdi MA, Aljaedi H, Arabi H, Karageorgou V, Khan S, Hajjari Z, Radefeldt M, Al-Ali R, Tripolszki K, Jamhawi A, Paknia O, Cozma C, Cheema H, Ameziane N, Al-Muhsen S, Bauer P. A disorder clinically resembling cystic fibrosis caused by biallelic variants in the AGR2 gene. J Med Genet 2021; 59:993-1001. [PMID: 34952832 PMCID: PMC9554030 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We sought to describe a disorder clinically mimicking cystic fibrosis (CF) and to elucidate its genetic cause. Methods Exome/genome sequencing and human phenotype ontology data of nearly 40 000 patients from our Bio/Databank were analysed. RNA sequencing of samples from the nasal mucosa from patients, carriers and controls followed by transcriptome analysis was performed. Results We identified 13 patients from 9 families with a CF-like phenotype consisting of recurrent lower respiratory infections (13/13), failure to thrive (13/13) and chronic diarrhoea (8/13), with high morbidity and mortality. All patients had biallelic variants in AGR2, (1) two splice-site variants, (2) gene deletion and (3) three missense variants. We confirmed aberrant AGR2 transcripts caused by an intronic variant and complete absence of AGR2 transcripts caused by the large gene deletion, resulting in loss of function (LoF). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified significant downregulation of components of the mucociliary machinery (intraciliary transport, cilium organisation), as well as upregulation of immune processes. Conclusion We describe a previously unrecognised autosomal recessive disorder caused by AGR2 variants. AGR2-related disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting a CF-like phenotype. This has implications for the molecular diagnosis and management of these patients. AGR2 LoF is likely the disease mechanism, with consequent impairment of the mucociliary defence machinery. Future studies should aim to establish a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and to identify potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronja Hotakainen
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Alice Urzi
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Catarina Pareira
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Marais
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Fisher
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Demuth
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Nihal Al Menabawy
- Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic division, Cairo University Childrens Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maryam Busehail
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed AlShaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | | | | | - Nasser S Alharbi
- Pulmonology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomic Research department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdelrahman
- Immunology Research laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Nadeem Anjum
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Saeed
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Malak Ali Alghamdi
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Aljaedi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Arabi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Suliman Khan
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Zahra Hajjari
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mandy Radefeldt
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ruslan Al-Ali
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Amer Jamhawi
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Omid Paknia
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Cozma
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Huma Cheema
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Immunology Research laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Bauer
- Medical Reporting & Genomic Research, Centogene GmbH, Rostock, Germany
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17
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Characterization of the AGR2 interactome uncovers new players of Protein Disulfide Isomerase network in cancer cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 21:100188. [PMID: 34929376 PMCID: PMC8816719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) known to be overexpressed in many human epithelial cancers and is involved in cell migration, cellular transformation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This protein inhibits the activity of the tumor suppressor p53, and its expression levels can be used to predict cancer patient outcome. However, the precise network of AGR2-interacting partners and clients remains to be fully characterized. Herein, we used label-free quantification and also stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture–based LC–MS/MS analyses to identify proteins interacting with AGR2. Functional annotation confirmed that AGR2 and its interaction partners are associated with processes in the ER that maintain intracellular metabolic homeostasis and participate in the unfolded protein response, including those associated with changes in cellular metabolism, energy, and redox states in response to ER stress. As a proof of concept, the interaction between AGR2 and PDIA3, another ER-resident PDI, was studied in more detail. Pathway analysis revealed that AGR2 and PDIA3 play roles in protein folding in ER, including post-translational modification and in cellular response to stress. We confirmed the AGR2–PDIA3 complex formation in cancer cells, which was enhanced in response to ER stress. Accordingly, molecular docking characterized potential quaternary structure of this complex; however, it remains to be elucidated whether AGR2 rather contributes to PDIA3 maturation in ER, the complex directly acts in cellular signaling, or mediates AGR2 secretion. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into the protein–protein interaction network of AGR2 by identifying functionally relevant proteins and related cellular and biochemical pathways associated with the role of AGR2 in cancer cells. LC–MS/MS analysis of AGR2-interacting proteins in T47D and H1299 cells. About 15 overlapping AGR2 interactors, including PDIA3 and PDIA6, were identified in both cell lines. PDI family members represent the key part of the network. AGR2–PDIA3 interaction is even stronger under ER stress. AGR2–PDIA3 complex formation supports extracellular secretion of AGR2.
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18
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Maarouf A, Boissard A, Henry C, Leman G, Coqueret O, Guette C, Lelièvre E. Anterior gradient protein 2 is a marker of tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer and favors chemotherapy‑induced senescence escape. Int J Oncol 2021; 60:5. [PMID: 34913074 PMCID: PMC8727137 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different chemotherapies available, genotoxic drugs are widely used. In response to these drugs, particularly doxorubicin, tumor cells can enter into senescence. Chemotherapy‑induced senescence (CIS) is a complex response. Long described as a definitive arrest of cell proliferation, the present authors and various groups have shown that this state may not be complete and could allow certain cells to reproliferate. The mechanism could be due to the activation of new signaling pathways. In the laboratory, the proteins involved in these pathways and triggering cell proliferation were studied. The present study determined a new role for anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) in vivo in patients and in vitro in a senescence escape model. AGR2's implication in breast cancer patients and proliferation of senescent cells was assessed based on a SWATH‑MS proteomic study of patients' samples and RNA interference technology on cell lines. First, AGR2 was identified and it was found that its concentration is higher in the serum of patients with breast cancer and that this high concentration is associated with metastasis occurrence. An inverse correlation between intratumoral AGR2 expression and the senescence marker p16 was also observed. This observation led to the study of the role of AGR2 in the CIS escape model. In this model, it was found that AGR2 is overexpressed in cells during senescence escape and that its loss considerably reduces this phenomenon. Furthermore, it was shown that the extracellular form of AGR2 stimulated the reproliferation of senescent cells. The power of proteomic analysis based on the SWATH‑MS approach allowed the present study to highlight the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT signaling pathway in the senescence escape mechanism mediated by AGR2. Analysis of the two signaling pathways revealed that AGR2 modulated RICTOR and AKT phosphorylation. All these results showed that AGR2 expression in sera and tumors of breast cancer patients is a marker of tumor progression and metastasis occurrence. They also showed that its overexpression regulates CIS escape via activation of the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Maarouf
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Cécile Henry
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Géraldine Leman
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Eric Lelièvre
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
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Ivanova AS, Tereshina MB, Araslanova KR, Martynova NY, Zaraisky AG. The Secreted Protein Disulfide Isomerase Ag1 Lost by Ancestors of Poorly Regenerating Vertebrates Is Required for Xenopus laevis Tail Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:738940. [PMID: 34676214 PMCID: PMC8523854 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.738940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm-blooded vertebrates regenerate lost limbs and their parts in general much worse than fishes and amphibians. We previously hypothesized that this reduction in regenerative capability could be explained in part by the loss of some genes important for the regeneration in ancestors of warm-blooded vertebrates. One of such genes could be ag1, which encodes secreted protein disulfide isomerase of the Agr family. Ag1 is activated during limb and tail regeneration in the frog Xenopus laevis tadpoles and is absent in warm-blooded animals. The essential role of another agr family gene, agr2, in limb regeneration was demonstrated previously in newts. However, agr2, as well as the third member of agr family, agr3, are present in all vertebrates. Therefore, it is important to verify if the activity of ag1 lost by warm-blooded vertebrates is also essential for regeneration in amphibians, which could be a further argument in favor of our hypothesis. Here, we show that in the Xenopus laevis tadpoles in which the expression of ag1 or agr2 was artificially suppressed, regeneration of amputated tail tips was also significantly reduced. Importantly, overexpression of any of these agrs or treatment of tadpoles with any of their recombinant proteins resulted in the restoration of tail regeneration in the refractory period when these processes are severely inhibited in normal development. These findings demonstrate the critical roles of ag1 and agr2 in regeneration in frogs and present indirect evidence that the loss of ag1 in evolution could be one of the prerequisites for the reduction of regenerative ability in warm-blooded vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Ivanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Y Martynova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Fessart D, Robert J, Hartog C, Chevet E, Delom F, Babin G. The Anterior GRadient (AGR) family proteins in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:271. [PMID: 34452625 PMCID: PMC8394676 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common gynecologic disorder. Even with the recent progresses made towards the use of new therapeutics, it still represents the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women from developed countries. The discovery of the anterior gradient proteins AGR2 and AGR3, which are highly related members belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, attracted researchers’ attention due to their putative involvement in adenocarcinoma development. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role of the AGR family and the expression of its members in EOC and discusses the potential clinical relevance of AGR2 and AGR3 for EOC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. A better understanding of the role of the AGR family may thus provide new handling avenues for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fessart
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France. .,ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cecile Hartog
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Guillaume Babin
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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21
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Al-Shaibi AA, Abdel-Motal UM, Hubrack SZ, Bullock AN, Al-Marri AA, Agrebi N, Al-Subaiey AA, Ibrahim NA, Charles AK, Elawad M, Uhlig HH, Lo B. Human AGR2 Deficiency Causes Mucus Barrier Dysfunction and Infantile Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1809-1830. [PMID: 34237462 PMCID: PMC8551217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gastrointestinal epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis with the gut microbiome. Mucins are essential for intestinal barrier function and serve as a scaffold for antimicrobial factors. Mucin 2 (MUC2) is the major intestinal gel-forming mucin produced predominantly by goblet cells. Goblet cells express anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), a protein disulfide isomerase that is crucial for proper processing of gel-forming mucins. Here, we investigated 2 siblings who presented with severe infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS We performed whole-genome sequencing to identify candidate variants. We quantified goblet cell numbers using H&E histology and investigated the expression of gel-forming mucins, stress markers, and goblet cell markers using immunohistochemistry. AGR2-MUC2 binding was evaluated using co-immunoprecipitation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulatory function of mutant AGR2 was examined by expression studies in Human Embryonic Kidney 293T (HEK293T) using tunicamycin to induce ER stress. RESULTS Both affected siblings were homozygous for a missense variant in AGR2. Patient biopsy specimens showed reduced goblet cells; depletion of MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6; up-regulation of AGR2; and increased ER stress. The mutant AGR2 showed reduced capacity to bind MUC2 and alleviate tunicamycin-induced ER stress. CONCLUSIONS Phenotype-genotype segregation, functional experiments, and the striking similarity of the human phenotype to AGR2-/- mouse models suggest that the AGR2 missense variant is pathogenic. The Mendelian deficiency of AGR2, termed "Enteropathy caused by AGR2 deficiency, Goblet cell Loss, and ER Stress" (EAGLES), results in a mucus barrier defect, the inability to mitigate ER stress, and causes infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex N Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mamoun Elawad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernice Lo
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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AGR2-AGR3 hetero-oligomeric complexes: Identification and characterization. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107808. [PMID: 33848875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we compare electrochemical behavior of two homolog proteins, namely anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) and anterior gradient 3 (AGR3), playing an important role in cancer cell biology. The slight variation in their protein structures has an impact on protein adsorption and orientation at charged surface and also enables AGR2 and AGR3 to form heterocomplexes. We confirm interaction between AGR2 and AGR3 (i) in vitro by immunochemical and constant current chronopotentiometric stripping (CPS) analysis and (ii) in vivo by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay. Mutation of AGR2 in dimerization domain (E60A) prevents development of wild type AGR2 dimers and also negatively affects interaction with wild type AGR3 as shown by CPS analysis. Beside new information about AGR2 and AGR3 protein including their joint interaction, our work introduces possible applications of CPS in bioanalysis of protein complexes, including those relatively unstable, but important in the cancer research.
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23
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Wang Y, Jia M, Liang C, Sheng N, Wang X, Wang F, Luo Y, Jiang J, Cai L, Niu H, Zhu D, Nesa EU, Young CY, Yuan H. Anterior gradient 2 increases long-chain fatty acid uptake via stabilizing FABP1 and facilitates lipid accumulation. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:834-847. [PMID: 33767592 PMCID: PMC7975708 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), is a well-established oncogene. Here, we found that Agr2-/- mice had a decreased fat mass and hepatic and serum lipid levels compared with their wild-type littermates after fasting, and exhibited reduced high-fat diet (HFD)-induced fat accumulation. Transgenic mice overexpressing AGR2 (Agr2/Tg) readily gained fat weight on a HFD but not a normal diet. Proteomic analysis of hepatic samples from Agr2-/- mice revealed that depletion of AGR2 impaired long-chain fatty acid uptake and activation but did not affect de novo hepatic lipogenesis. Further investigations led to the identification of several effector substrates, particularly fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1) as essential for the AGR2-mediated effects. AGR2 was coexpressed with FABP1, and knockdown of AGR2 resulted in a reduction in FABP1 stability. Physical interactions of AGR2 and FABP1 depended on the PDI motif in AGR2 and the formation of a disulfide bond between these two proteins. Overexpression of AGR2 but not a mutant AGR2 protein lacking PDI activity suppressed lipid accumulation in cells lacking FABP1. Moreover, AGR2 deficiency significantly reduced fatty acid absorption in the intestine, which might be resulted from decreased fatty acid transporter CD36 in mice. These findings demonstrated a novel role of AGR2 in fatty-acid uptake and activation in both the liver and intestine, which contributed to the AGR2-mediated lipid accumulation, suggesting that AGR2 is an important regulator of whole-body lipid metabolism and down-regulation of AGR2 may antagonize the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Chuanjie Liang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yanhai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Liangyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Huanmin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Deyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Effat Un Nesa
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Charles Yf Young
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester 55905, MN, USA
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Sciences, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
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Fessart D, de Barbeyrac C, Boutin I, Grenier T, Richard E, Begueret H, Bernard D, Chevet E, Robert J, Delom F. Extracellular AGR2 triggers lung tumour cell proliferation through repression of p21 CIP1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118920. [PMID: 33278424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human Anterior GRadient 2 (AGR2) protein is an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-resident protein which belongs to the Protein-Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) superfamily and is involved to productive protein folding in the ER. As such AGR2, often found overexpressed in adenocarcinomas, contributes to tumour development by enhancing ER proteostasis. We previously demonstrated that AGR2 is secreted (extracellular AGR2 (eAGR2)) in the tumour microenvironment and plays extracellular roles independent of its ER functions. Herein, we show that eAGR2 triggers cell proliferation and characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrate that eAGR2 enhances tumour cell growth by repressing the tumour suppressor p21CIP1. Our findings shed light on a novel mechanism through which eAGR2 behaves as a growth factor in the tumour microenvironment, independently of its ER function, thus promoting tumour cell growth through repression of p21CIP1. Our results provide a rationale for targeting eAGR2/p21CIP1-based signalling as a potential therapeutic target to impede tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fessart
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Claire de Barbeyrac
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ines Boutin
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Grenier
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Richard
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hughes Begueret
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Dept of Pathology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Hopital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - David Bernard
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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25
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Moidu NA, A Rahman NS, Syafruddin SE, Low TY, Mohtar MA. Secretion of pro-oncogenic AGR2 protein in cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05000. [PMID: 33005802 PMCID: PMC7519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) protein mediates the formation, breakage and isomerization of disulphide bonds during protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the homoeostasis of the secretory pathway. AGR2 promotes tumour development and metastasis and its elevated expression is almost completely restricted to malignant tumours. Interestingly, this supposedly ER-resident protein can be localised to other compartments of cancer cells and can also be secreted into the extracellular milieu. There are emerging evidences that describe the gain-of-function activities of the extracellular AGR2, particularly in cancer development. Here, we reviewed studies detailing the expression, pathological and physiological roles associated with AGR2 and compared the duality of localization, intracellular and extracellular, with special emphasis on the later. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of AGR2 secretion as well as deliberating the functional impacts of AGR2 in cancer settings. Last, we deliberate the current therapeutic strategies and posit the potential use AGR2, as a prognosis and diagnosis marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahirah Ashikin Moidu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Syakila A Rahman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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