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Jiang CL, Lin FJ. Insights into the roles of Apolipoprotein E in adipocyte biology and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01549-9. [PMID: 38839985 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifunctional protein expressed by various cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes, immune cells of the myeloid lineage, vascular smooth muscle cells, astrocytes, etc. Initially, APOE was discovered as an arginine-rich peptide within very-low-density lipoprotein, but it was subsequently found in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans and other animals, where its presence facilitates the clearance of these lipoproteins from circulation. Recent epidemiolocal studies and experimental research in mice suggest a link between ApoE and obesity. The latest findings highlight the role of endogenous adipocyte ApoE in regulating browning of white adipose tissue, beige adipocyte differentiation, thermogenesis and energy homeostasis. This review focuses on the emerging evidence showing the involvement of ApoE in the regulation of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gutowska K, Czajkowski K, Kuryłowicz A. Receptor for the Advanced Glycation End Products ( RAGE) Pathway in Adipose Tissue Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10982. [PMID: 37446161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are mediators in the process of cellular dysfunction in response to hyperglycemia. Numerous data indicate that the accumulation of AGEs in the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the development of obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction. Through binding of their membrane receptor (RAGE), AGEs affect numerous intracellular pathways and impair adipocyte differentiation, metabolism, and secretory activity. Therefore, inhibiting the production and accumulation of AGEs, as well as interfering with the metabolic pathways they activate, may be a promising therapeutic strategy for restoring normal adipose tissue function and, thus, combating obesity-related comorbidities. This narrative review summarizes data on the involvement of the RAGE pathway in adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and the development of its metabolic complications. The paper begins with a brief review of AGE synthesis and the RAGE signaling pathway. The effect of the RAGE pathway on adipose tissue development and activity is then presented. Next, data from animal and human studies on the involvement of the RAGE pathway in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are summarized. Finally, therapeutic perspectives based on interference with the RAGE pathway are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Gutowska
- II Faculty and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 81, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czajkowski
- II Faculty and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alina Kuryłowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 00-401 Warsaw, Poland
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Saryono, Sarmoko, Nani D, Proverawati A, Taufik A. Black solo garlic protects hepatic and renal cell function in streptozotocin-induced rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962993. [PMID: 36523339 PMCID: PMC9745152 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Black solo garlic (BSG) has been evaluated for its ability to reduce free radicals; however, the safety test on kidney and liver function has not been evaluated. This study aimed to examine the effect of brewed BSG on the liver (total protein, albumin, glutathione S-transferase/GST) and kidney (urea, creatinine, and β 2 -microglobulin) function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced white rats. The experimental animals were randomly divided into six groups, each including five animals. The groups consist of the normal control group, the STZ-induced control group, the BSG treatment group with doses 6.5, 13.5, and 26 g/kg body weight, and metformin positive control. After STZ induction, the serum levels of GST, total protein, and albumin are decreased. After treatment with BSG, the serum level of GST, total protein, and albumin increased significantly (p < 0.05). The levels of urea, creatinine, and β2-microglobulin increased after STZ induction. After treatment of BSG, levels of urea, creatinine, and β2-microglobulin are decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These results suggest that BSG use is safe for the liver and kidneys of STZ-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saryono
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Sarmoko
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Sumatera Institute of Technology, South Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Desiyani Nani
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Atikah Proverawati
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Agis Taufik
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
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Strieder-Barboza C, Baker NA, Flesher CG, Karmakar M, Neeley CK, Polsinelli D, Dimick JB, Finks JF, Ghaferi AA, Varban OA, Lumeng CN, O'Rourke RW. Advanced glycation end-products regulate extracellular matrix-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk in diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19748. [PMID: 31875018 PMCID: PMC6930305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates adipocyte cellular metabolism and is altered in obesity and type 2 diabetes, but mechanisms underlying ECM-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk are poorly defined. Advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation is increased in diabetes. AGE alter tissue function via direct effects on ECM and by binding scavenger receptors on multiple cell types and signaling through Rho GTPases. Our goal was to determine the role and underlying mechanisms of AGE in regulating human ECM-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk. Visceral adipocytes from diabetic and non-diabetic humans with obesity were studied in 2D and 3D-ECM culture systems. AGE is increased in adipose tissue from diabetic compared to non-diabetic subjects. Glycated collagen 1 and AGE-modified ECM regulate adipocyte glucose uptake and expression of AGE scavenger receptors and Rho signaling mediators, including the DIAPH1 gene, which encodes the human Diaphanous 1 protein (hDia1). Notably, inhibition of hDia1, but not scavenger receptors RAGE or CD36, attenuated AGE-ECM inhibition of adipocyte glucose uptake. These data demonstrate that AGE-modification of ECM contributes to adipocyte insulin resistance in human diabetes, and implicate hDia1 as a potential mediator of AGE-ECM-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Strieder-Barboza
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicki A Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carmen G Flesher
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monita Karmakar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher K Neeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dominic Polsinelli
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin B Dimick
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan F Finks
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amir A Ghaferi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oliver A Varban
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Cheuy VA, Hastings MK, Commean PK, Mueller MJ. Muscle and Joint Factors Associated With Forefoot Deformity in the Diabetic Neuropathic Foot. Foot Ankle Int 2016; 37:514-21. [PMID: 26666675 PMCID: PMC5111819 DOI: 10.1177/1071100715621544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic forefoot joint deformities are a known risk factor for skin breakdown and amputation, but the causes of deformity are not well understood. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle deterioration and limited ankle joint mobility on the severity of metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) deformity, and determine the relationships between these potential contributing factors and indicators of diabetic complications (peripheral neuropathy and advanced glycation end products). METHODS A total of 34 participants with diabetic neuropathy (average age, 59 years; range 41-73) were studied. MTPJ angle and intrinsic foot muscle deterioration were measured with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion was measured using kinematics. Skin intrinsic fluorescence served as a proxy measure for advanced glycation end product accumulation. RESULTS Total forefoot lean muscle volume (r = -0.52, P < .01) and maximum ankle dorsiflexion (r = -0.42, P < .05) were correlated with severity of MTPJ deformity. Together they explained 35% of the variance of MTPJ angle. Neuropathy was correlated with forefoot muscle deterioration (ρ = 0.53, P < .01). Skin intrinsic fluorescence was correlated to severity of neuropathy (r = 0.50, P < .01) but not maximum ankle dorsiflexion, or forefoot deterioration when controlling for neuropathy. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the interplay of intrinsic foot muscle deterioration and limited ankle mobility may be the primary contributor to the development of MTPJ deformity. Identifying these muscle and ankle motion impairments as risk factors for MTPJ deformity supports the need for targeted interventions early in the disease process to slow, or possibly stop the progression of deformity over time and reduce the risk of amputation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Cheuy
- Physical Therapy Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary K. Hastings
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul K. Commean
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J. Mueller
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Huang ZH, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Maeda N, Mazzone T. Selective suppression of adipose tissue apoE expression impacts systemic metabolic phenotype and adipose tissue inflammation. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:215-26. [PMID: 25421060 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
apoE is a multi-functional protein expressed in several cell types and in several organs. It is highly expressed in adipose tissue, where it is important for modulating adipocyte lipid flux and gene expression in isolated adipocytes. In order to investigate a potential systemic role for apoE that is produced in adipose tissue, mice were generated with selective suppression of adipose tissue apoE expression and normal circulating apoE levels. These mice had less adipose tissue with smaller adipocytes containing fewer lipids, but no change in adipocyte number compared with control mice. Adipocyte TG synthesis in the presence of apoE-containing VLDL was markedly impaired. Adipocyte caveolin and leptin gene expression were reduced, but adiponectin, PGC-1, and CPT-1 gene expression were increased. Mice with selective suppression of adipose tissue apoE had lower fasting lipid, insulin, and glucose levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were consistent with increased insulin sensitivity. Lipid storage in muscle, heart, and liver was significantly reduced. Adipose tissue macrophage inflammatory activation was markedly diminished with suppression of adipose tissue apoE expression. Our results establish a novel effect of adipose tissue apoE expression, distinct from circulating apoE, on systemic substrate metabolism and adipose tissue inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi H Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Theodore Mazzone
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL and University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Wu CL, Zhao SP, Yu BL. Intracellular role of exchangeable apolipoproteins in energy homeostasis, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:367-76. [PMID: 24834836 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lu Wu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
| | - Bi-Lian Yu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
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Huang ZH, Maeda N, Mazzone T. Expression of the human apoE2 isoform in adipocytes: altered cellular processing and impaired adipocyte lipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1733-41. [PMID: 21743035 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m017160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of apoE in adipocytes has been shown to have an important role in modulating adipocyte triglyceride (TG) metabolism and gene expression that is independent of circulating and extracellular apoE. The impact of adipocyte expression of common human apoE isoforms was evaluated using adipocytes harvested from human apoE2, -3, and -4 knock-in mice. Expression of the apoE2 isoform was associated with an increase in adipocyte apoE gene expression and apoE synthesis. Newly synthesized apoE2 was unstable in adipocytes and demonstrated increased degradation and decreased secretion. ApoE2-expressing mice were hyperlipidemic, and had increased size of gonadal fat pads and of adipocytes, compared with apoE3 mice. In isolated cells, however, expression of the apoE2 isoform produced defective lipogenesis and increased TG hydrolysis. Incubation of adipose tissue with apoE3-containing TG-rich lipoproteins resulted in a significant increase in TG in adipose tissue from apoE3 and -E4 mice, but not apoE2 mice. Reduced capacity to internalize FFA as lipogenic substrate contributed to defective lipogenesis. Newly synthesized apoE2 is unstable in adipocytes and results in decreased adipocyte TG synthesis and defective FA uptake. These changes recapitulate those observed in apoE knockout adipocytes and have implications for understanding metabolic disturbances in humans expressing the E2 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi H Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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