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Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010068. [PMID: 36615726 PMCID: PMC9824001 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, there has been a wide debate about the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, valine, and isoleucine, with, on the one hand, the supporters of their anabolic effects and, on the other hand, those who suspect them of promoting insulin resistance. Indeed, the role of leucine in the postprandial activation of protein synthesis has been clearly established, even though supplementation studies aimed at taking advantage of this property are rather disappointing. Furthermore, there is ample evidence of an association between the elevation of their plasma concentrations and insulin resistance or the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, although there are many confounding factors, starting with the level of animal protein consumption. After a summary of their metabolism and anabolic properties, we analyze in this review the factors likely to increase the plasma concentrations of BCAAs, including insulin-resistance. After an analysis of supplementation or restriction studies in search of a direct role of BCAAs in insulin resistance, we discuss an indirect role through some of their metabolites: branched-chain keto acids, C3 and C5 acylcarnitines, and hydroxyisobutyrate. Overall, given the importance of insulin in the metabolism of these amino acids, it is very likely that small alterations in insulin sensitivity are responsible for a reduction in their catabolism long before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance.
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Metabolic flux between organs measured by arteriovenous metabolite gradients. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1354-1366. [PMID: 36075951 PMCID: PMC9534916 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian organs convert dietary nutrients into circulating metabolites and share them to maintain whole-body metabolic homeostasis. While the concentrations of circulating metabolites have been frequently measured in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, the exchange flux of circulating metabolites between organs is not easily measurable due to technical difficulties. Isotope tracing is useful for measuring such fluxes for a metabolite of interest, but the shuffling of isotopic atoms between metabolites requires mathematical modeling. Arteriovenous metabolite gradient measurements can complement isotope tracing to infer organ-specific net fluxes of many metabolites simultaneously. Here, we review the historical development of arteriovenous measurements and discuss their advantages and limitations with key example studies that have revealed metabolite exchange flux between organs in diverse pathophysiological contexts.
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Du C, Liu WJ, Yang J, Zhao SS, Liu HX. The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase in Metabolic Disorders. Front Nutr 2022; 9:932670. [PMID: 35923208 PMCID: PMC9339795 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.932670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), composed of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are important essential amino acids in human physiology. Decades of studies have revealed their roles in protein synthesis, regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). BCAAs are found to be related to many metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, obesity, and heart failure. Also, many diseases are related to the alteration of the BCAA catabolism enzyme branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK), including maple syrup urine disease, human autism with epilepsy, and so on. In this review, diseases and the corresponding therapies are discussed after the introduction of the catabolism and detection methods of BCAAs and BCKDK. Also, the interaction between microbiota and BCAAs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Jie Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Zhao,
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Hui-Xin Liu,
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Hirsch KR, Church DD, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Continuous oral stable isotope ingestion to measure whole-body protein turnover. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 49:385-389. [PMID: 35623841 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Protein kinetic responses to nutrition and exercise interventions are commonly evaluated using a primed-constant infusion of stable isotope tracers. While this methodology is state-of-the-art, the required preparation at a certified pharmacy makes the utilization of isotope infusion both expensive and logistically cumbersome. Oral tracer ingestion has been used to quantify 24-h whole-body protein status; however, this does not permit examination of acute interventional effects. Ingestion of a priming bolus, followed by continuous ingestion of stable isotope tracer in a 'sip feeding' fashion may provide a more feasible alternative for quantifying acute kinetic responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of a primed continuous oral sip-ingestion method of stable isotope tracers for the evaluation of whole-body protein kinetics. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, eight healthy adults (63% female; Age: 29.4 ± 5.8 yrs; BMI: 24.3 ± 2.7 kg/m2) completed two, two-period stable isotope oral ingestion studies, consisting of a 3 h basal fasted period, followed by a 4-h post-ingestion period. After the basal period, subjects ingested either 6.3 g (Low) or 12.6 g (High) of an essential amino acid (EAA) enriched whey protein supplement. The continuous oral sip-feed method was initiated with a primed oral bolus dose of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, L-[ring-2H2]tyrosine, and L-[ring-2H4]tyrosine, followed by oral sip doses of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, L-[ring-2H2]tyrosine every 10 min to approximate steady state tracer enrichment. Blood samples were taken throughout the basal and post-meal periods to determine tracer enrichment. Whole-body net protein balance (NB), synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and exogenous hydroxylation were calculated for each period. Repeated measure ANOVAs (treatment × time) were used to assess differences in protein kinetics. RESULTS Using the sip feed method, NB, PS, and hydroxylation were significantly increased with ingestion of protein (p < 0.05) during the postprandial period, regardless of amount of protein ingested; ΔNB from the postabsorptive to postprandial period was significantly greater for high compared to low protein (p = 0.026; low = 6.2 ± 5.1 g protein·240 min-1; high = 11.8 ± 3.9 g protein·240 min-1). CONCLUSION The current study provides preliminary evidence that continuous oral sip-feeding of stable isotope tracer is a feasible method that provides physiologically relevant measures of protein metabolism. Assessments of variance and individual responses revealed high measurement variability with the sip-feed method compared to previously published constant infusion responses, but ΔNB, ΔPS, and ΔPB were comparable. In situations where constant infusion is not feasible, oral sip-feeding could be used as an alternative method for measurement of acute, postprandial protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Peng YC, Zhao XH, Zeng CF, Xu JX, Qi LN, Li LQ. Integrated omics analysis: the relationship between significantly increased Klebsiella post-hepatectomy and decreased hub-metabolite 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is associated with induced liver failure. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:326-343. [PMID: 35284109 PMCID: PMC8899754 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to evaluate the association between intestinal Klebsiella and post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (B-HCC), and identify the inner relationship. METHODS Patients with B-HCC were divided into Groups A and B based on the presence or absence of PHLF. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid surveys were used to identify gut microbiome alterations. PICRUST2 was used to examine the metagenomic data in PHLF patients. Fecal and serum samples were processed by chromatography-mass spectrometry based non-targeted metabonomics, then comprehensively analyzed to obtain hub metabolites. A Spearman correlation analysis was then conducted to find any associations between fecal differential metabolites and the relative abundance of differential microbes. RESULTS Hepatectomies were significantly associated with a gut microbial imbalance in B-HCC patients, and a significant elevation of Klebsiella abundance was observed in PHLF patients. Klebsiella appears to act on 13 amino acid-related pathways, especially significantly observed in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolic pathways. Additionally, Klebsiella was found to be highly correlated with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid shared by feces and serum in the BCAA metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Hepatectomy can lead to an imbalance of intestinal microflora in B-HCC patients. Due to its potential connections with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid in the BCAA pathway, significantly increased Klebsiella has the potential to be an evaluation indicator of PHLF in B-HCC patients. Moreover, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid has research value in PHLF-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chong Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Chuan-Fa Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, China
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Ten Have GAM, Engelen MPKJ, Deutz NEP. In-vivo production of branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain keto acids, and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022; 25:43-49. [PMID: 34798641 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), branched-chain keto acids (BCKA), and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) have regained interest as food ingredients in health and disease. To support nutritional strategies, it is critical to gain insight into the whole body and transorgan kinetics of these components. We, therefore, reviewed the most recent literature in this field on in vivo analysis of BCAA, BCKA, and HMB kinetics in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS With a new comprehensive metabolic flux analysis BCAA, BCKA, and HMB whole body production, interconversion and disposal rates can be measured simultaneously. Recent studies have provided us with a better understanding of whole-body and transorgan kinetics under postabsorptive, postprandial, hibernating, and lactating conditions. In human pathophysiological conditions like COPD, obesity, and diabetes, the added value of BCAA kinetic measurements over the commonly used concentration measurements only, is discussed. SUMMARY This article highlights the importance of implementing BCAA, BCKA, and HMB kinetic studies to further advance the field by gaining more mechanistic insights and providing direction to the development of new targeted (nutritional) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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