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Kim P, Oster H, Lehnert H, Schmid SM, Salamat N, Barclay JL, Maronde E, Inder W, Rawashdeh O. Coupling the Circadian Clock to Homeostasis: The Role of Period in Timing Physiology. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:66-95. [PMID: 30169559 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of physiological processes show stable and synchronized daily oscillations that are either driven or modulated by biological clocks. A circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ventral hypothalamus coordinates 24-hour oscillations of central and peripheral physiology with the environment. The circadian clockwork involved in driving rhythmic physiology is composed of various clock genes that are interlocked via a complex feedback loop to generate precise yet plastic oscillations of ∼24 hours. This review focuses on the specific role of the core clockwork gene Period1 and its paralogs on intra-oscillator and extra-oscillator functions, including, but not limited to, hippocampus-dependent processes, cardiovascular function, appetite control, as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. Alterations in Period gene function have been implicated in a wide range of physical and mental disorders. At the same time, a variety of conditions including metabolic disorders also impact clock gene expression, resulting in circadian disruptions, which in turn often exacerbates the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureum Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Salamat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna L Barclay
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erik Maronde
- Department of Anatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Warrick Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Görük NY, Deveci E. Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and B-cell lymphoma 2 in the uterine tissue of rats treated with melatonin in the estrus phase1. Acta Cir Bras 2018; 33:629-640. [PMID: 30110064 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180070000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of melatonin on uterine tissue in the ovariectomized rat model. METHODS Fourty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups for histologic and immunohistochemical examination. The rats were first numbered randomly and then randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control (group 1), torsion (group 2), torsion+detorsion (group 3) and torsion+detorsion+melatonin (group 4) groups. In addition, four Wistar albino rats were used for western blot analysis in each group. And also, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured biochemically in all rats. RESULTS The histopathological examination of the uterine tissue in rats ovarectomized showed a degeneration in uterine glands, dilation of blood vessels in the internal layer with a thrombosis and bleeding, abnormal nucleuses and vacuolated cytoplasm above and below the nucleus. In torsion group, the apoptotic cells increased in luminal epithelium and gland cells. In the melatonin group showed that the Bcl2 negative effect on the uterine epithelium and did not lead to apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION The increase in vascular endothelial growth factor expression resulted in the rearrangement of endothelial cell growth and the induction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neval Yaman Görük
- MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey. Conception and design of the study, technical procedures, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Engin Deveci
- PhD, Professor, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey. Conception and design of the study, technical procedures, histological examinations, manuscript writing, critical revision
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Zhuo J, Zeng Q, Cai D, Zeng X, Chen Y, Gan H, Huang X, Yao N, Huang D, Zhang C. Evaluation of type 2 diabetic mellitus animal models via interactions between insulin and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways induced by a high fat and sugar diet and streptozotocin. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5132-5142. [PMID: 29393432 PMCID: PMC5865978 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), which is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, is a comprehensive dysfunction of metabolism. The insulin receptor (INSR)/phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway is well acknowledged as a predominant pathway associated with glucose uptake; however, the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) plus a high fat and sugar diet (HFSD) on the proteins associated with this pathway requires further elucidation. In order to explore this effect, a T2DM rat model was constructed to investigate T2DM pathogenesis and potential therapeutic advantages. Rats were randomly divided into control and model groups, including normal diet (ND) and HFSD types. ND types were administered intraperitoneal (IP) injections of STZ (35 mg/kg) or a combination of STZ and alloxan monohydrate (AON) (40 mg/kg), whereas HFSD types were composed of HFSD pre‑given, post‑given and simul‑given groups, and were modeled as follows: IP or intramuscular (IM) injection of STZ (35 mg/kg) or a combination of STZ and AON (40 mg/kg). Results indicated that, compared with controls, blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment‑insulin resistance and total triglyceride were significantly elevated in groups with HFSD and modeling agents (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas total cholesterol and low‑density lipoprotein levels were significantly elevated in groups simultaneously administered HFSD and modeling agents (P<0.05 or P<0.01), in addition to downregulation of the expression of insulin signaling pathway proteins in the liver, including INSR, PI3K, AKT1, phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4‑kinase type‑2α (PIP5Kα) and glucose transporter (GLUT)2, and increased expression of inflammatory factors, including p38, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)6. Furthermore, compared with other two HFSD types including pre‑given and post‑given group, the simul‑given group that received IM injection with STZ exhibited decreased expression levels of major insulin signal pathway proteins INSR, PI3K, AKT1, PIP5Kα, GLUT2 or GLUT4 in the liver and pancreas (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas the opposite was observed in the skeletal muscle. In addition, the protein expression levels of phosphorylated‑p38, p38, IL6 and TNFα in the simul‑given group that received IM injection with STZ were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and histopathology also indicated inflammation in pancreas and liver. The present findings suggest that a low dose of STZ may partially impair the β cells of the pancreas, whereas long‑term excess intake of HFSD may increase lipid metabolites, inhibit the insulin signaling pathway and activate the mitogen‑activated protein kinase p38 signaling pathway. The combined action of STZ and AON may result in insulin resistance, which ultimately results in abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism. The present model, analogue to T2DM onset of humans, evaluated the medical effect on metabolic dysfunction and provides an insight into the underlining mechanism of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Zhuo
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Qiaohuang Zeng
- Department of Chinese Medicine Immunity, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Dake Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Haining Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Dane Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhe Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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Sakimura K, Maekawa T, Kume SI, Ohta T. Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) Fatty Rat, a Novel Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Shows Blunted Circadian Rhythms and Melatonin Secretion. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9065690. [PMID: 30344606 PMCID: PMC6174757 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9065690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), impairments of circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle, blood pressure, and plasma melatonin concentrations, are frequently observed. Animal models of DM are also reported to show aberrant circadian rhythms. However, the changes in the circadian rhythms of plasma soluble substances, including melatonin, in diabetic animals are controversial. In the present study, we investigated the circadian rhythms of spontaneous locomotor activity, metabolic parameters (plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol), and plasma melatonin concentrations in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats, a novel animal model of type 2 DM. Although SDT fatty rats exhibited low locomotor activity in the dark phase, no phase shifts were observed. The circadian variations of plasma metabolic parameters were more apparent in the SDT fatty rats compared with control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The circadian rhythms of plasma melatonin concentrations were significantly impaired in SDT fatty rats. To get an insight into the mechanism underlying the impaired melatonin secretion in SDT fatty rats, the expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) and acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (Asmt) mRNA, which encode the rate-limiting enzymes for melatonin synthesis, was investigated in the pineal gland. There were no significant differences in Aanat and Asmt expression between the control SD and SDT fatty rats. These results suggest that SDT fatty rats show impaired circadian rhythms and dysregulated melatonin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakimura
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kume
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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