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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Balzan S, Carpi A, Evangelista M, Nicolini G, Pollastri A, Bottoni A, Iervasi G. Acute effect of TSH on oxygenation state and volume of erythrocytes from subjects thyroidectomized for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:381-4. [PMID: 21742463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the presence in the membrane erythrocyte of a TSH receptor (TSHR), a G-protein coupled receptor, which responds to TSH with increased cAMP level. Since there is evidence for a role of G protein receptors as oxygen sensor(s) implicated in cell volume regulation, we hypothesized that erythrocyte TSHR, by TSH stimulation, could modify the erythrocyte volume and the oxygenation state of erythrocytes. We determined the effect of TSH on the gas analysis in 35 thyroidectomized patients for stage I differentiated thyroid cancer enrolled for recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) test during chronic treatment with synthetic l-thyroxine. Moreover, we explored the influence of TSH on the shape of erythrocytes. Venous blood-gas analysis before and after TSH were determined with a pH/blood gas electrolyte and 682 CO-Oxymeter. In a subgroup of subjects (n=10), the isolated red blood cells (RBC) were analyzed by flow cytometry for morphological changes. After TSH stimulation, we found a significant decrease in PCO(2) (P<0.001), an increase in pH (P<0.01) and an increase of % O(2)-Hb (P<0.05) and pO(2) (P<0.05). By flow cytometry, the erythrocytes after TSH showed a significant enrichment on the mean number in the selected region R1 corresponding to bigger volumes (P<0.05, n=10). Finally, by contrast phase microscopy, when the cell area was measured, a mean increased volume was observed in erythrocytes after TSH compared to the basal before TSH (P<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that acute stimulation of TSH by rhTSH modifies the oxygenation state and volume of erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Balzan
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy.
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Tran N, Valentín-Blasini L, Blount BC, McCuistion CG, Fenton MS, Gin E, Salem A, Hershman JM. Thyroid-stimulating hormone increases active transport of perchlorate into thyroid cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E802-6. [PMID: 18303123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate blocks thyroidal iodide transport in a dose-dependent manner. The human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) has a 30-fold higher affinity for perchlorate than for iodide. However, active transport of perchlorate into thyroid cells has not previously been demonstrated by direct measurement techniques. To demonstrate intracellular perchlorate accumulation, we incubated NIS-expressing FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells in various concentrations of perchlorate, and we used a sensitive ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to measure perchlorate accumulation in the cells. Perchlorate caused a dose-related inhibition of 125-iodide uptake at 1-10 microM. The perchlorate content from cell lysate was analyzed, showing a higher amount of perchlorate in cells that were incubated in medium with higher perchlorate concentration. Thyroid-stimulating hormone increased perchlorate uptake in a dose-related manner, thus supporting the hypothesis that perchlorate is actively transported into thyroid cells. Incubation with nonradiolabeled iodide led to a dose-related reduction of intracellular accumulation of perchlorate. To determine potential toxicity of perchlorate, the cells were incubated in 1 nM to 100 microM perchlorate and cell proliferation was measured. Even the highest concentration of perchlorate (100 microM) did not inhibit cell proliferation after 72 h of incubation. In conclusion, perchlorate is actively transported into thyroid cells and does not inhibit cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Tran
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center West Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Dayem M, Navarro V, Marsault R, Darcourt J, Lindenthal S, Pourcher T. From the molecular characterization of iodide transporters to the prevention of radioactive iodide exposure. Biochimie 2006; 88:1793-806. [PMID: 16905238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the event of a nuclear reactor accident, the major public health risk will likely result from the release and dispersion of volatile radio-iodines. Upon body exposure and food ingestion, these radio-iodines are concentrated in the thyroid, resulting in substantial thyroidal irradiation and accordingly causing thyroid cancers. Stable potassium iodide (KI) effectively blocks thyroid iodine uptake and is thus used in iodide prophylaxis for reactor accidents. The efficiency of KI is directly related to the physiological inhibition of the thyroid function in the presence of high plasma iodide concentrations. This regulation is called the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. However, to be fully effective, KI should be administered shortly before or immediately after radioiodine exposure. If KI is provided only several hours after exposure, it will elicit the opposite effect e.g. lead to an increase in the thyroid irradiation dose. To date, clear evaluation of the benefit and the potential toxicity of KI administration remain difficult, and additional data are needed. We outline in this review the molecular characterization of KI-induced regulation of the thyroid function. Significant advances in the knowledge of the iodide transport mechanisms and thyroid physiology have been made. Recently developed molecular tools should help clarify iodide metabolism and the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. The major goals are clarifying the factors which increase thyroid cancer risk after a reactor accident and improving the KI administration protocol. These will ultimately lead to the development of novel strategies to decrease thyroid irradiation after radio-iodine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dayem
- Unité TIRO (Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique DSV-DIEP-SBTN, School of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 28, avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice cedex, France
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Zhang HT, Wu J, Zhang HF, Zhu QF. Efflux of potassium ion is an important reason of HL-60 cells apoptosis induced by tachyplesin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1367-74. [PMID: 17007745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of intercellular potassium in tachyplesin-induced HL-60 cells apoptosis. METHODS The concentration of intercellular potassium, cell volume and mitochondrial membrane potential were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS The concentration of intercellular potassium reduced in a time-dependent manner in tachyplesin-treated HL-60 cells. In addition, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was tightly coupled with the shrinkage of cell volume. Different caspase inhibitors protected against DNA degradation but did not prevent the loss of HL-60 cell viability induced by tachyplesin. Ba2+, which was a kind of blocker of volume-regulatory K+ channels, increased the viability of tachyplesin-treated HL-60 cells and maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and cell volume. CONCLUSION Efflux of K+ was an important reason for apoptosis in tachyplesin-treated HL-60 cells. Efflux of K+ affected the viability of tachyplesin-treated HL-60 cells independent of the process of caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-tao Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, China.
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Heuft JM, Meijer EJ. Density functional theory based molecular-dynamics study of aqueous iodide solvation. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:94506. [PMID: 16164352 DOI: 10.1063/1.2013209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the solvation of iodide in water using density functional theory based molecular-dynamics simulations. Detailed analysis of the structural and dynamical properties of the first solvation shell is presented, showing a disruptive influence of the ion on the local water structure. Iodide-water hydrogen bonding is weak, compared to water-water hydrogen bonds. This effective repulsive ion-water interaction leads to the formation of a quite unstructured solvation shell. The dynamics of water molecules surrounding the iodide is relatively fast. The intramolecular structural and electronical properties of water molecules around the ion are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Heuft
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ng E, Chen T, Lam R, Sin D, Ying M. Three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of thyroid volume in asymptomatic male Chinese. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2004; 30:1427-1433. [PMID: 15588952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy and reliability of volume measurements using 3-D ultrasound (US). Variation of thyroid gland volume with age in asymptomatic Chinese men was also investigated. Volumetric measurements of the phantoms and thyroid glands were performed with a commercially available US machine in conjunction with the 3-D SonoScan Pro workstation. Ten tissue phantoms with volumes of 1.5 to 6.5 mL were measured with 3-D US. A water displacement method was used to measure the actual volume of the phantoms. The measured volumes were compared to the actual volumes. Volumes were measured by four operators to investigate interobserver variation. Thyroid US examinations were performed in 38 asymptomatic male Chinese subjects ages 21 to 72 years. The subjects were categorized into four age groups. In each subject, the volume of the left and right lobes and the isthmus of the thyroid gland were measured with 3-D US, and any variation with age was evaluated. Results showed that the actual volume of the tissue phantoms was highly correlated with the volume measured by the four operators (r = 0.9912 to 0.9977, p < 0.05). Interobserver variation in the volumetric measurements of the tissue phantoms was not significant (ICC = 0.9861). The range of thyroid volume of the subjects was 8.81 to 17.25 mL (mean 12.78 +/- SD 2.483), and there was no significant difference in thyroid volume between subjects of different age groups (p > 0.05). 3-D US is an accurate and reliable method by which to measure thyroid volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Ng
- Department of Optometry and Radiography, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Cauvi D, Nlend MC, Venot N, Chabaud O. Sulfate transport in porcine thyroid cells. Effects of thyrotropin and iodide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281:E440-8. [PMID: 11500298 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.e440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In porcine thyroid cells, thyroglobulin sulfation is controlled by thyrotropin (TSH) and iodide, which contribute to regulating the intracellular sulfate concentration, as we previously established. Here, we studied the transport of sulfate and its regulation by these two effectors. Kinetic studies were performed after [(35)S]sulfate was added to either the basal or apical medium of cell monolayers cultured without any effectors, or with TSH with or without iodide. The basolateral uptake rates were about tenfold higher than the apical uptake rates. TSH increased the basolateral and apical uptake values (by 24 and 9%, respectively, compared with unstimulated cells), and iodide inhibited these effects of TSH. On the basis of results of the pulse-chase experiments, the basolateral and apical effluxes appeared to be well balanced in unstimulated cells and in cells stimulated by both TSH and iodide: approximately 40-50% of the intracellular radioactivity was released into each medium, whereas in the absence of iodide, 70% of the intracellular radioactivity was released on the basolateral side. The rates of transepithelial sulfate transport were increased by TSH compared with unstimulated cells, and these effects decreased in response to iodide. These results suggest that TSH and iodide may each control the sulfate transport process on two sides of the polarized cells, and that the absence of iodide in the TSH-stimulated cells probably results in an unbalanced state of sulfate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cauvi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U555, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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