1
|
Shepherd EL, Northall E, Papakyriacou P, Safranska K, Sorensen KK, Lalor PF. Decellularization of the Human Liver to Generate Native Extracellular Matrix for Use in Automated Functional Assays with Stellate Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:233-244. [PMID: 37247064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With the incidence of liver disease on the rise globally, increasing numbers of patients are presenting with advanced hepatic fibrosis and significant mortality risk. The demand far outstrips possible transplantation capacities, and thus there is an intense drive to develop new pharmacological therapies that stall or reverse liver scarring. Recent late-stage failures of lead compounds have highlighted the challenges of resolving fibrosis, which has developed and stabilized over many years and varies in nature and composition from individual to individual. Hence, preclinical tools are being developed in both the hepatology and tissue engineering communities to elucidate the nature, composition, and cellular interactions of the hepatic extracellular niche in health and disease. In this protocol, we describe strategies for decellularizing cirrhotic and healthy human liver specimens and show how these can be used in simple functional assays to detect the impact on stellate cell function. Our simple, small-scale approach is translatable to diverse lab settings and generates cell-free materials which could be used for a variety of in vitro analyses as well as a scaffold for repopulating with key hepatic cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ellie Northall
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pantelitsa Papakyriacou
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karolina Safranska
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway., Tromso, Norway
| | - Karen K Sorensen
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway., Tromso, Norway
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Attenuation of tryptophan metabolism by Fe chelators: A hypothesis regarding inhibiting tumor suppressive microenvironments in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Andersen HB, Ialchina R, Pedersen SF, Czaplinska D. Metabolic reprogramming by driver mutation-tumor microenvironment interplay in pancreatic cancer: new therapeutic targets. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1093-1114. [PMID: 34855109 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers globally with a mortality rate exceeding 95% and very limited therapeutic options. A hallmark of PDAC is its acidic tumor microenvironment, further characterized by excessive fibrosis and depletion of oxygen and nutrients due to poor vascularity. The combination of PDAC driver mutations and adaptation to this hostile environment drives extensive metabolic reprogramming of the cancer cells toward non-canonical metabolic pathways and increases reliance on scavenging mechanisms such as autophagy and macropinocytosis. In addition, the cancer cells benefit from metabolic crosstalk with nonmalignant cells within the tumor microenvironment, including pancreatic stellate cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial and immune cells. Increasing evidence shows that this metabolic rewiring is closely related to chemo- and radioresistance and immunosuppression, causing extensive treatment failure. Indeed, stratification of human PDAC tumors into subtypes based on their metabolic profiles was shown to predict disease outcome. Accordingly, an increasing number of clinical trials target pro-tumorigenic metabolic pathways, either as stand-alone treatment or in conjunction with chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight key findings and potential future directions of pancreatic cancer metabolism research, specifically focusing on novel therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Berg Andersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Renata Ialchina
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dominika Czaplinska
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Targeting of Smad7 in Mesenchymal Cells Does Not Exacerbate Fibrosis During Experimental Chronic Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2021; 50:1427-1434. [PMID: 35041343 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen I is a common feature of fibrosis. Pancreatic stellate cells play an integral role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, and their profibrotic ability is mainly mediated by TGF-β signaling. To specifically address the role of fibrogenic cells in experimental pancreatic fibrosis, we deleted Smad7, the main feedback inhibitor of TGF-β signaling in this cell type in mice. METHODS A mouse strain harboring a conditional knockout allele of Smad7 (Smad7fl/fl) with the tamoxifen-inducible inducible Col1a2-CreERT allele was generated and compared with wild-type mice challenged with the cerulein-based model of chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS Pancreatic stellate cells lacking Smad7 had significantly increased collagen I and fibronectin production and showed a higher activation level in vitro. Surprisingly, the fibrotic index in the pancreata of treated conditional knockout mice was only slightly increased, without statistical significance. Except for fibronectin, the expression of different extracellular matrix proteins and the numbers of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells were similar between Smad7-mutant and control mice. CONCLUSIONS There was no clear evidence that the lack of Smad7 in pancreatic stellate cells plays a major role in experimental pancreatitis, at least in the mouse model investigated here.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wandmacher AM, Mehdorn AS, Sebens S. The Heterogeneity of the Tumor Microenvironment as Essential Determinant of Development, Progression and Therapy Response of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4932. [PMID: 34638420 PMCID: PMC8508450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is commonly diagnosed at advanced stages and most anti-cancer therapies have failed to substantially improve prognosis of PDAC patients. As a result, PDAC is still one of the deadliest tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, manifesting at multiple levels, provides a conclusive explanation for divergent survival times and therapy responses of PDAC patients. Besides tumor cell heterogeneity, PDAC is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory stroma comprising various non-neoplastic cells such as myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and different leukocyte populations which enrich in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during pancreatic tumorigenesis. Thus, the stromal compartment also displays a high temporal and spatial heterogeneity accounting for diverse effects on the development, progression and therapy responses of PDAC. Adding to this heterogeneity and the impact of the TME, the microbiome of PDAC patients is considerably altered. Understanding this multi-level heterogeneity and considering it for the development of novel therapeutic concepts might finally improve the dismal situation of PDAC patients. Here, we outline the current knowledge on PDAC cell heterogeneity focusing on different stromal cell populations and outline their impact on PDAC progression and therapy resistance. Based on this information, we propose some novel concepts for treatment of PDAC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maxi Wandmacher
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Anne-Sophie Mehdorn
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30 Entrance 1, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El Baz H, Demerdash Z, Kamel M, Hammam O, Abdelhady DS, Mahmoud S, Hassan S, Mahmoud F, Atta S, Riad NM, Gaafar T. Induction of Hepatic Regeneration in an Experimental Model Using Hepatocyte-Differentiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:134-146. [PMID: 32243193 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based liver tissue engineering on nanofibrous scaffold holds great promise for cell-based therapy in liver injuries and end-stage liver failure treatments. MSCs were generated from umbilical cord blood. Hepatogenic differentiation was induced on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture system and characterized by morphology, scanning electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and gene expression. Albumin and α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) in culture supernatants were measured. Differentiated cells were administered intravenous into a murine model of carbon tetra induced liver cirrhosis. After 12 weeks of injection, liver pathology was examined. The hepatogenic differentiated MSCs stained positively for albumin, alpha fetoprotein, HepPar1, cytokeratin 7 and 18, and OV6 with more mature cells, hexagonal in shape with central nuclei forming large sheets in groups in 3D culture system. AAT secretion and indocyanine green uptake were significantly increased in 3D system. In experimental model, MSC-3D treated group exhibited maximal restoration of liver architecture with absent septal fibrosis and marked improvement of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and mild increase in albumin. Both 3D and 2D culture system are effective in functional hepatogenic differentiation from MSCs and serve as a vehicle in liver tissue engineering. In vivo hepatogenic differentiation is more effective on 3D scaffold, with better functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan El Baz
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Demerdash
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Kamel
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Pathology Department, and Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Soheir Mahmoud
- Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salwa Hassan
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faten Mahmoud
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Atta
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermine Magdi Riad
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taghrid Gaafar
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qian B, Wei L, Yang Z, He Q, Chen H, Wang A, Yang D, Li Q, Li J, Zheng S, Fu W. Hic-5 in pancreatic stellate cells affects proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and postoperative survival time of pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109355. [PMID: 31683179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most severe types of tumors, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. The prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer are largely limited by the extent of tumor invasion and the presence of lymph node and distant metastases. Therefore, exploring the biological behavior of pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) is extremely important for the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Current studies have shown that pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) regulate the biological behavior of PCCs, such as their proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration, by remodeling the extracellular matrix. Though Hic-5 is an important gene in PSCs, no study has investigated the regulation of PCCs by Hic-5. Here, we demonstrate that Hic-5 expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and that siRNA transfection can effectively inhibit Hic-5 expression. Compared to the control group, Hic-5 inhibition significantly reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced invasion and migration of PCCs. Moreover, the inhibition of Hic-5 expression simultaneously reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Statistical analysis revealed that Hic-5 expression was higher among the pancreatic cancer group than among the normal group and was negatively correlated with postoperative survival time among patients with pancreatic cancer. These results have important clinical significance for further exploring the molecular mechanism involved in Hic-5-mediated invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer and ameliorating the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinyuan He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ankang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Dayin Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Silin Zheng
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wenguang Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xue R, Jia K, Wang J, Yang L, Wang Y, Gao L, Hao J. A Rising Star in Pancreatic Diseases: Pancreatic Stellate Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:754. [PMID: 29967585 PMCID: PMC6015921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) is a type of pluripotent cell located between pancreatic lobules and the surrounding area of acinars. When activated, PSC can be transformed into myofibroblast-like cell. A number of evidences suggest that activated PSC is the main source of the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein under the pathological conditions, which lead to pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Recent studies have found that PSC also plays an important role in the endocrine cell function, islet fibrosis and diabetes. In order to provide new strategies for the treatment of pancreatic diseases, this paper systematically summarizes the recent researches about the biological behaviors of PSC, including its stem/progenitor cell characteristics, secreted exosomes, cellular senescence, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT), energy metabolism and direct mechanical reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou M, Diao Z, Yue X, Chen Y, Zhao H, Cheng L, Sun J. Construction and analysis of dysregulated lncRNA-associated ceRNA network identified novel lncRNA biomarkers for early diagnosis of human pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56383-56394. [PMID: 27487139 PMCID: PMC5302921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasing evidence that ceRNA activity of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) played critical roles in both normal physiology and tumorigenesis. However, functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs as ceRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and their potential implications for early diagnosis remain unclear. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis to investigate potential lncRNA-mediated ceRNA interplay based on "ceRNA hypothesis". A dysregulated lncRNA-associated ceRNA network (DLCN) was constructed by utilizing sample-matched miRNA, lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in PDAC and normal samples in combination with miRNA regulatory network. The results of network analysis uncovered seven novel lncRNAs as functional ceRNAs whose aberrant expression will result in the extensive variation in tumorigenic or tumor-suppressive gene expression through DLCN at the post-transcriptional level contributing to PDAC. Therefore, we developed a 7-lncRNA signature (termed LncRisk-7) based on the expression data of seven lncRNAs and SVM algorithm as a novel diagnostic tool to improve early diagnosis of PDAC. The LncRisk-7 achieved high performance in distinguishing PDAC patients from nonmalignant pancreas samples in the discovery cohort and was further confirmed in another two independent validation cohorts. Functional analysis demonstrated that seven lncRNA biomarkers act as ceRNAs involving the regulation of cell death, cell adhesion and cell cycle. This study will help to improve our understanding of the lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PDAC and provide novel lncRNAs as candidate diagnostic biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Diao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Yue
- Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Hengqiang Zhao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suklabaidya S, Das B, Ali SA, Jain S, Swaminathan S, Mohanty AK, Panda SK, Dash P, Chakraborty S, Batra SK, Senapati S. Characterization and use of HapT1-derived homologous tumors as a preclinical model to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of drugs against pancreatic tumor desmoplasia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41825-41842. [PMID: 27259232 PMCID: PMC5173099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia in human pancreatic cancer (PC) promotes cancer progression and hinders effective drug delivery. The objectives of this study were to characterize a homologous orthotopic model of PC in Syrian golden hamster and investigate the effect of anti-fibrotic (pirfenidone), antioxidant (N-acetyl cysteine, NAC) and anti-addiction (disulfiram, DSF) drugs on desmoplasia and tumor growth in this model. The HapT1 PC cells when implanted orthotopically into hamsters formed tumors with morphological, cellular and molecular similarities to human PC. Protein profiling of activated hamster pancreatic stellate cells (ha-PSCs) revealed expression of proteins involved in fibrosis, cancer cells growth and metastasis. Pirfenidone, suppressed growth of HapT1 cells and the desmoplastic response in vivo; these effects were enhanced by co-administration of NAC. Disulfiram alone or in combination with copper (Cu) was toxic to HapT1 cells and PSCs in vitro; but co-administration of DSF and Cu accelerated growth of HapT1 cells in vivo. Moreover, DSF had no effect on tumor-associated desmoplasia. Overall, this study identifies HapT1-derived orthotopic tumors as a useful model to study desmoplasia and tumor-directed therapeutics in PC. Pirfenidone in combination with NAC could be a novel combination therapy for PC and warrants investigation in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Suklabaidya
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Department, National Diary Research Institute, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Jain
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok K Mohanty
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Department, National Diary Research Institute, Haryana, India
| | - Susen K Panda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pujarini Dash
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shantibhusan Senapati
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Čunderlíková B. Extracellular Matrix Containing in vitro Three-dimensional Tumor Models in Photodynamic Therapy-related Research. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:398-403. [PMID: 29143338 DOI: 10.1111/php.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tumor models have been intensively evaluated for their use in cancer research, and there is a strong rationale behind using 3D cell cultures in photodynamic therapy (PDT)-related experimentation. In this contribution, it is explained why 3D cell cultures containing extracellular matrix (ECM) are preferred for this purpose. Results of experimental studies utilizing ECM-containing 3D cellular models in PDT research are summarized. Finally, the design of in vitro 3D models that would provide clinically relevant information is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Čunderlíková
- Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Bratislava Slovakia
- International Laser Centre; Bratislava Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng L, Qiao Z, Xu C, Shen J. Midkine is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis and promotes the pancreatic recovery in L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1265-1272. [PMID: 27992669 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Midkine (MK) is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous malignancies, but the expression and effect of MK in acute pancreatitis (AP) have not been well studied and documented. METHODS In this study, the expression of MK was assayed in mice with L-arginine-induced AP. A recombinant human MK (rhMK) was introduced in this study to test the effect of MK on the L-arginine-induced AP. Serum amylase and lipase were assayed. Pancreas tissue samples were also collected for the evaluation of histological injury. Western blot and immunochemical staining of α-amylase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were applied for the study of acinar regeneration in the pancreas. RESULTS The elevation of MK expression was found in mice with AP induced by L-arginine. After rhMK administration, rhMK did not affect the severity of acute pancreatic injury in acute phase in L-arginine-induced pancreatitis in mice, in accordance with changes of serum amylase and lipase and the histological evaluation. But during the recovery phase, the area of remaining acinar cells was increased and the fibrosis was reduced in rhMK-treated mice. Furthermore, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and α-amylase was also upregulated after rhMK treatment. CONCLUSION Midkine is over-expressed during AP in the animal model. Recombinant MK could promote the recovery of L-arginine-induced pancreatitis in mice. Therefore, MK may be involved in the regeneration of acinar cells in AP, and rhMK may be a possible therapeutic intervention for the repairment of AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Wujiang Hospital of Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Jiaqing Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bynigeri RR, Jakkampudi A, Jangala R, Subramanyam C, Sasikala M, Rao GV, Reddy DN, Talukdar R. Pancreatic stellate cell: Pandora's box for pancreatic disease biology. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:382-405. [PMID: 28210075 PMCID: PMC5291844 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i3.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were identified in the early 1980s, but received much attention after 1998 when the methods to isolate and culture them from murine and human sources were developed. PSCs contribute to a small proportion of all pancreatic cells under physiological condition, but are essential for maintaining the normal pancreatic architecture. Quiescent PSCs are characterized by the presence of vitamin A laden lipid droplets. Upon PSC activation, these perinuclear lipid droplets disappear from the cytosol, attain a myofibroblast like phenotype and expresses the activation marker, alpha smooth muscle actin. PSCs maintain their activated phenotype via an autocrine loop involving different cytokines and contribute to progressive fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Several pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT, Smad, Wnt signaling, Hedgehog etc.), transcription factors and miRNAs have been implicated in the inflammatory and profibrogenic function of PSCs. The role of PSCs goes much beyond fibrosis/desmoplasia in PDAC. It is now shown that PSCs are involved in significant crosstalk between the pancreatic cancer cells and the cancer stroma. These interactions result in tumour progression, metastasis, tumour hypoxia, immune evasion and drug resistance. This is the rationale for therapeutic preclinical and clinical trials that have targeted PSCs and the cancer stroma.
Collapse
|
14
|
Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
15
|
Lin PY, Peng SJ, Shen CN, Pasricha PJ, Tang SC. PanIN-associated pericyte, glial, and islet remodeling in mice revealed by 3D pancreatic duct lesion histology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G412-22. [PMID: 27340125 PMCID: PMC6347070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes and glial cells are accessory cells of neurovascular networks, which have been reported to participate in scar formation after tissue injury. However, it remains unclear whether similar reactive cellular responses occur in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). In this study we developed three-dimensional (3D) duct lesion histology to investigate PanIN and the associated pericyte, glial, and islet remodeling. Transparent mouse pancreata with a Kras(G12D) mutation were used to develop 3D duct lesion histology. Deep-tissue, tile-scanning microscopy was performed to generate panoramic views of the diseased pancreas for global examination of early stage and advanced duct lesion formation. Fluorescence signals of ductal and neurovascular networks were simultaneously detected to reveal associated remodeling. Significantly, in Kras(G12D)-mutant mice, when the low-grade PanINs emerge, duct lesions appear as epithelial buds with perilesional pericyte and glial activation. When PanINs occur in large scale (induced by cerulein injections to the mutant mice), the 3D image data identifies 1) aggregation of PanINs in clusters in space; 2) overexpression of the pericyte marker NG2 in the PanIN microenvironment; and 3) epithelial in-growth to islets, forming the PanIN-islet complexes. Particularly, the PanIN-islet complexes associate with proliferating epithelial and stromal cells and receive substantial neurovascular supplies, making them landmarks in the atrophic lobe. Overall, perilesional pericyte and glial activation and formation of the PanIN-islet complex underline cellular heterogeneity in the duct lesion microenvironment. The results also illustrate the advantage of using 3D histology to reveal previously unknown details of neurovascular and endocrine links to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Lin
- 1Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; ,2Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- 3Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; ,4Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; and
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- 1Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; ,2Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Pankaj J. Pasricha
- 5Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khodabandeh Z, Vojdani Z, Talaei-Khozani T, Jaberipour M, Hosseini A, Bahmanpour S. Comparison of the Expression of Hepatic Genes by Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in 2D and 3D Collagen Culture Systems. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:28-36. [PMID: 26722142 PMCID: PMC4691267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (HWJMSCs) express liver-specific markers such as albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin-19, cytokeratin-18, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Therefore, they can be considered as a good source for cell replacement therapy for liver diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various culture systems on the hepatocyte-specific gene expression pattern of naïve HWJMSCs. METHODS HWJMSCs were characterized as MSCs by detecting the surface CD markers and capability to differentiate toward osteoblast and adipocyte. HWJMSCs were cultured in 2D collagen films and 3D collagen scaffolds for 21 days and were compared to control cultures. Real time RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of liver-specific genes. RESULTS The HWJMSCs which were grown on non-coated culture plates expressed cytokeratin-18 and -19, alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, glucose-6-phosphatase, and claudin. The expression of the hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) was very low. The cells showed a significant increase in caludin expression when they cultured in 3D collagen scaffolds compared to the conventional monolayer culture and 2D collagen scaffold. CONCLUSION Various culture systems did not influence on hepatocyte specific marker expression by HWJMSCs, except for claudin. The expression of claudin showed that 3D collagen scaffold provided the extracellular matrix for induction of the cells to interconnect with each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodabandeh
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Vojdani
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Zahra Vojdani, PhD; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Tel: +98 71 32304372 Fax: +98 71 32304372
| | - Tahereh Talaei-Khozani
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advance Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Jaberipour
- Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini
- Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soghra Bahmanpour
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Liao R, Li H, Liu L, Chen X, Chen H. Expression of Cofilin-1 and Transgelin in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2659-65. [PMID: 26344167 PMCID: PMC4576925 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has attracted much research attention around the world, and the number of ESCC cases has increased gradually in recent years. Identifying the specific biomarkers of ESCC is an effective approach for the early diagnosis of tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical streptavidin-peroxidase method was used to determine the expressions of Cofilin-1 and transgelin in 68 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and 48 individuals with normal esophageal tissues. In addition to the relationships between the expression of Cofilin-1 and transgelin, the clinicopathologic features of ESCC were also discussed. The correlation between Cofilin-1 and transgelin protein expression in ESCC was analyzed. RESULTS (1) The positive expression rates of Cofilin-1 and transgelin were 60.3% (41/68) and 54.4% (37/68) in esophageal carcinoma tissue, respectively. The positive expression rates of Cofilin-1 and transgelin in normal esophageal tissue were 27.1% (13/48) and 29.1% (14/48), respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). (2) The positive expression rate of Cofilin-1 did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with sex, age, ethnicity, tumor size, or infiltration depth; but did have a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference with various degrees of tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stages. (3) The positive expression rate of transgelin did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with sex, age, ethnicity, tumor size, infiltration depth, and clinical stage, but did significantly (P<0.05) differ with degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Cofilin-1 and transgelin may play roles in the carcinogenesis and development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cofilin-1 may be useful as an important biomarker for indicating the degree of malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and the detection of transgelin is valuable in early diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of International Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ruyi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Li
- Scientific Research and Innovation Center, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongming Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moir JAG, Mann J, White SA. The role of pancreatic stellate cells in pancreatic cancer. Surg Oncol 2015; 24:232-8. [PMID: 26080604 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains desperately poor, with little progress made over the past 30 years despite the development of new combination chemotherapy regimens. Stromal activity is especially prominent in the tissue surrounding pancreatic tumours, and has a profound influence in dictating tumour development and dissemination. Pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs) have a key role in this tumour microenvironment, and have been the subject of much research in the past decade. This review examines the relationship between PaSCs and cancer cells. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed of multiple databases up to March 2014, including Medline, Pubmed and Google Scholar. RESULTS A complex bidirectional interplay exists between PaSCs and cancer cells, resulting in a perpetuating loop of increased activity and an overriding pro-tumorigenic effect. This involves a number of signalling pathways that also impacts on other stromal components and vasculature, contributing to chemoresistance. The Reverse Warburg Effect is also introduced as a novel concept in tumour stroma. CONCLUSION This review highlights the pancreatic tumour microenvironment, and in particular PaSCs, as an ideal target for therapeutics. There are a number of cellular processes involving PaSCs which could hold the key to more effectively treating pancreatic cancer. The feasibility of targeting these pathways warrant further in depth investigation, with the aim of reducing the aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer and improving chemodelivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A G Moir
- Freeman Hospital, Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Fibrosis Lab, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Fibrosis Lab, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Steve A White
- Freeman Hospital, Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu C, Shen J, Zhang J, Jia Z, He Z, Zhuang X, Xu T, Shi Y, Zhu S, Wu M, Han W. Recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates the severity of chronic pancreatitis induced by TNBS in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:449-60. [PMID: 25559498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common disease in the department of gastroenterology, with the main symptoms of exocrine and/or endocrine insufficiency and abdominal pain. The pathogenic mechanism of CP is still not fully clarified and the aims of treatment now are to relieve symptoms. In this study, we attempted to find a connection between interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced chronic pancreatitis, and then the therapeutic effect of recombinant IL-1Ra was also detected in the CP model. Chronic pancreatitis was induced by intraductal infusion of TNBS in SD rats followed by a consecutive administration of rIL-1Ra, and the histological changes and collagen content in the pancreas were measured, as well as the abdominal hypersensitivity. We found that rhIL-1Ra could attenuate the severity of chronic pancreatic injury, modulate the extracellular matrix secretion, focal proliferation and apoptosis, and cellular immunity in TNBS-induced CP. Interestingly, rIL-1Ra could also block the pancreatitis-induced referred abdominal hypersensitivity. In conclusion, IL-1Ra may play a protective role in CP and rIL-1Ra would be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CP, while its possible mechanisms and clinical usage still need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiaqing Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200219, China
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhilong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yuqi Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shunying Zhu
- Shanghai Municipality Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Regeneromics, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Han
- Laboratory of Regeneromics, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tang SC, Chen YC. Novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10825-10844. [PMID: 25152585 PMCID: PMC4138462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has become the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the last two decades. Only 3%-15% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer had 5 year survival rate. Drug resistance, high metastasis, poor prognosis and tumour relapse contributed to the malignancies and difficulties in treating pancreatic cancer. The current standard chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer is gemcitabine, however its efficacy is far from satisfactory, one of the reasons is due to the complex tumour microenvironment which decreases effective drug delivery to target cancer cell. Studies of the molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer have revealed that activation of KRAS, overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2, inactivation of p16INK4A and loss of p53 activities occurred in pancreatic cancer. Co-administration of gemcitabine and targeting the molecular pathological events happened in pancreatic cancer has brought an enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of gemcitabine. Therefore, studies looking for novel targets in hindering pancreatic tumour growth are emerging rapidly. In order to give a better understanding of the current findings and to seek the direction in future pancreatic cancer research; in this review we will focus on targets suppressing tumour metastatsis and progression, KRAS activated downstream effectors, the relationship of Notch signaling and Nodal/Activin signaling with pancreatic cancer cells, the current findings of non-coding RNAs in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, brief discussion in transcription remodeling by epigenetic modifiers (e.g., HDAC, BMI1, EZH2) and the plausible therapeutic applications of cancer stem cell and hyaluronan in tumour environment.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rucki AA, Zheng L. Pancreatic cancer stroma: Understanding biology leads to new therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2237-2246. [PMID: 24605023 PMCID: PMC3942829 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the deadliest cancers in the United States and in the world. Late diagnosis, early metastasis and lack of effective therapy are among the reasons why only 6% of patients diagnosed with PDA survive past 5 years. Despite development of targeted therapy against other cancers, little progression has been made in the treatment of PDA. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new treatments. However, in order to proceed with treatments, the complicated biology of PDA needs to be understood first. Interestingly, majority of the tumor volume is not made of malignant epithelial cells but of stroma. In recent years, it has become evident that there is an important interaction between the stromal compartment and the less prevalent malignant cells, leading to cancer progression. The stroma not only serves as a growth promoting source of signals but it is also a physical barrier to drug delivery. Understanding the tumor-stroma signaling leading to development of desmoplastic reaction and tumor progression can lead to the development of therapies to decrease stromal activity and improve drug delivery. In this review, we focus on how the current understanding of biology of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment can be translated into the development of targeted therapy.
Collapse
|