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Gonzales J, Dharshika C, Mazhar K, Morales-Soto W, McClain JL, Moeser AJ, Nault R, Price TJ, Gulbransen BD. Early life adversity promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction through a sex-dependent phenotypic switch in enteric glia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596805. [PMID: 38895433 PMCID: PMC11185517 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome and related disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are common and exhibit a complex, poorly understood etiology that manifests as abnormal gut motility and pain. Risk factors such as biological sex, stressors during critical periods, and inflammation are thought to influence DGBI vulnerability by reprogramming gut-brain circuits, but the specific cells affected are unclear. Here, we used a model of early life stress to understand cellular mechanisms in the gut that produce DGBIs. Our findings identify enteric glia as a key cellular substrate in which stress and biological sex converge to dictate DGBI susceptibility. Enteric glia exhibit sexual dimorphism in genes and functions related to cellular communication, inflammation, and disease susceptibility. Experiencing early life stress has sex-specific effects on enteric glia that cause a phenotypic switch in male glia toward a phenotype normally observed in females. This phenotypic transformation is followed by physiological changes in the gut, mirroring those observed in DGBI in humans. These effects are mediated, in part, by alterations to glial prostaglandin and endocannabinoid signaling. Together, these data identify enteric glia as a cellular integration site through which DGBI risk factors produce changes in gut physiology and suggest that manipulating glial signaling may represent an attractive target for sex-specific therapeutic strategies in DGBIs.
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Filippi L, Nardini P, Zizi V, Molino M, Fazi C, Calvani M, Carrozzo F, Cavallaro G, Giuseppetti G, Calosi L, Crociani O, Pini A. β3 Adrenoceptor Agonism Prevents Hyperoxia-Induced Colonic Alterations. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1755. [PMID: 38136626 PMCID: PMC10741994 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen level is a key regulator of organogenesis and its modification in postnatal life alters the maturation process of organs, including the intestine, which do not completely develop in utero. The β3-adrenoreceptor (β3-AR) is expressed in the colon and has an oxygen-dependent regulatory mechanism. This study shows the effects of the β3-AR agonist BRL37344 in a neonatal model of hyperoxia-driven colonic injury. For the first 14 days after birth, Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to ambient oxygen levels (21%) or hyperoxia (85%) and treated daily with BRL37344 at 1, 3, 6 mg/kg or untreated. At the end of day 14, proximal colon samples were collected for analysis. Hyperoxia deeply influences the proximal colon development by reducing β3-AR-expressing cells (27%), colonic length (26%) and mucin production (47%), and altering the neuronal chemical coding in the myenteric plexus without changes in the neuron number. The administration of BRL37344 at 3 mg/kg, but not at 1 mg/kg, significantly prevented these alterations. Conversely, it was ineffective in preventing hyperoxia-induced body weight loss. BRL37344 at 6 mg/kg was toxic. These findings pave the way for β3-AR pharmacological targeting as a therapeutic option for diseases caused by hyperoxia-impaired development, typical prematurity disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Nardini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (O.C.)
- Imaging Platform, Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Virginia Zizi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Marta Molino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Camilla Fazi
- Department of Pediatric, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maura Calvani
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Carrozzo
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Giuseppetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Laura Calosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Olivia Crociani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (O.C.)
- Imaging Platform, Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Lan C, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang N, Su M, Qin D, Zhong W, Zhao X, Zhu Y, He Q, Xia H, Zhang Y. Establishment and identification of an animal model of Hirschsprung disease in suckling mice. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1935-1941. [PMID: 37460708 PMCID: PMC10665188 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital intestinal malformation. Previous HSCR animal model needs invasive operation on adult animal. The aim of this study is to establish an early-onset animal model which is consistent with the clinical manifestation of HSCR patients. METHODS The neonatal mice were randomly divided into the benzalkonium chloride (BAC) group, treated with BAC via enema, and the control group, treated with saline. Weight changes, excretion time of carmine, CT scan, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the effect of the model. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the HSCR mice were analyzed by using DAVID 6.8 database and compared with DEGs from HSCR patients. RESULTS The weight of mice was lower and the excretion time of carmine was longer in the BAC group. Moreover, distal colon stenosis and proximal colon enlargement appeared in the BAC group. Neurons in the distal colon decreased significantly after 4 weeks of BAC treatment and almost disappeared completely after 12 weeks. Transcriptome profiling of the mouse model and HSCR patients is similar in terms of altered gene expression. CONCLUSIONS An economical and reliable HSCR animal model which has similar clinical characteristics to HSCR patients was successfully established. IMPACT The animal model of Hirschsprung disease was first established in BALB/c mice. This model is an animal model of early-onset HSCR that is easy to operate and consistent with clinical manifestations. Transcriptome profiling of the mouse model and HSCR patients is similar in terms of altered gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoting Lan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613 West Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao Road, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingjiang Qin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao Road, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiyong Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao Road, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinying Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuming He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613 West Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe District, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Viola MF, Chavero-Pieres M, Modave E, Delfini M, Stakenborg N, Estévez MC, Fabre N, Appeltans I, Martens T, Vandereyken K, Theobald H, Van Herck J, Petry P, Verheijden S, De Schepper S, Sifrim A, Liu Z, Ginhoux F, Azhar M, Schlitzer A, Matteoli G, Kierdorf K, Prinz M, Berghe PV, Voet T, Boeckxstaens G. Dedicated macrophages organize and maintain the enteric nervous system. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06200-7. [PMID: 37316669 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Correct development and maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is critical for survival1. At birth, the ENS is immature and requires considerable refinement to exert its functions in adulthood2. Here we demonstrate that resident macrophages of the muscularis externa (MMϕ) refine the ENS early in life by pruning synapses and phagocytosing enteric neurons. Depletion of MMϕ before weaning disrupts this process and results in abnormal intestinal transit. After weaning, MMϕ continue to interact closely with the ENS and acquire a neurosupportive phenotype. The latter is instructed by transforming growth factor-β produced by the ENS; depletion of the ENS and disruption of transforming growth factor-β signalling result in a decrease in neuron-associated MMϕ associated with loss of enteric neurons and altered intestinal transit. These findings introduce a new reciprocal cell-cell communication responsible for maintenance of the ENS and indicate that the ENS, similarly to the brain, is shaped and maintained by a dedicated population of resident macrophages that adapts its phenotype and transcriptome to the timely needs of the ENS niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Viola
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Chavero-Pieres
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elodie Modave
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcello Delfini
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Stakenborg
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Cuende Estévez
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Naomi Fabre
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris Appeltans
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobie Martens
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katy Vandereyken
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannah Theobald
- Quantitative Systems Biology, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Van Herck
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Petry
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan De Schepper
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alejandro Sifrim
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Multi-Omic Integrative Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven AI Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Edwards BS, Stiglitz ES, Davis BM, Smith-Edwards KM. Abnormal enteric nervous system and motor activity in the ganglionic proximal bowel of Hirschsprung's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531750. [PMID: 36945585 PMCID: PMC10028932 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital defect in which the enteric nervous system (ENS) does not develop in the distal bowel, requiring surgical removal of the portions of bowel without ENS ganglia ('aganglionic') and reattachment of the 'normal' proximal bowel with ENS ganglia. Unfortunately, many HSCR patients have persistent dysmotility (e.g., constipation, incontinence) and enterocolitis after surgery, suggesting that the remaining bowel is not normal despite having ENS ganglia. Anatomical and neurochemical alterations have been observed in the ENS-innervated proximal bowel from HSCR patients and mice, but no studies have recorded ENS activity to define the circuit mechanisms underlying post-surgical HSCR dysfunction. Here, we generated a HSCR mouse model with a genetically-encoded calcium indicator to map the ENS connectome in the proximal colon. We identified abnormal spontaneous and synaptic ENS activity in proximal colons from GCaMP-Ednrb -/- mice with HSCR that corresponded to motor dysfunction. Many HSCR-associated defects were also observed in GCaMP-Ednrb +/- mice, despite complete ENS innervation. Results suggest that functional abnormalities in the ENS-innervated bowel contribute to post-surgical bowel complications in HSCR patients, and HSCR-related mutations that do not cause aganglionosis may cause chronic colon dysfunction in patients without a HSCR diagnosis.
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Caillaud M, Le Dréan ME, De-Guilhem-de-Lataillade A, Le Berre-Scoul C, Montnach J, Nedellec S, Loussouarn G, Paillé V, Neunlist M, Boudin H. A functional network of highly pure enteric neurons in a dish. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1062253. [PMID: 36685225 PMCID: PMC9853279 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1062253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system that innervates the entire digestive tract and regulates major digestive functions. Recent evidence has shown that functions of the ENS critically rely on enteric neuronal connectivity; however, experimental models to decipher the underlying mechanisms are limited. Compared to the central nervous system, for which pure neuronal cultures have been developed for decades and are recognized as a reference in the field of neuroscience, an equivalent model for enteric neurons is lacking. In this study, we developed a novel model of highly pure rat embryonic enteric neurons with dense and functional synaptic networks. The methodology is simple and relatively fast. We characterized enteric neurons using immunohistochemical, morphological, and electrophysiological approaches. In particular, we demonstrated the applicability of this culture model to multi-electrode array technology as a new approach for monitoring enteric neuronal network activity. This in vitro model of highly pure enteric neurons represents a valuable new tool for better understanding the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of enteric neuron synaptic connectivity and functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Caillaud
- Nantes Université, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France,*Correspondence: Martial Caillaud,
| | - Morgane E. Le Dréan
- Nantes Université, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | | | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- Nantes Université, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Montnach
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, L’institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, BioCore, US16, SFR Bonamy, Nantes, France
| | - Gildas Loussouarn
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, L’institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Paillé
- Nantes Université, INRAE, IMAD, CRNH-O, UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Nantes Université, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- Nantes Université, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
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Yip JLK, Balasuriya GK, Spencer SJ, Hill-Yardin EL. Examining enteric nervous system function in rat and mouse: an interspecies comparison of colonic motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G477-G487. [PMID: 36126271 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00175.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is crucial to gut health and has been associated with different disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and postoperative ileus. Despite rat and mouse being the two animal models most widely used in gastrointestinal research, minimal studies in rats have investigated gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, our study provides a comparison of colonic motility in the mouse and rat to clarify species differences and assess the relative effectiveness of each animal model for colonic motility research. We describe the protocol modifications and optimization undertaken to enable video imaging of colonic motility in the rat. Apart from the broad difference in terms of gastrointestinal diameter and length, we identified differences in the fundamental histology of the proximal colon such that the rat had larger villus height-to-width and villus height-to-crypt depth ratios compared with mouse. Since gut motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), we investigated how colonic contractile activity within each rodent species responds to modulation of the ENS inhibitory neuronal network. Here we used Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to assess proximal colon responses to the stimulatory effect of blocking the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). In rats, the frequency of proximal colonic contractions increased in the presence of l-NNA (vs. control levels) to a greater extent than in mice. This is despite a similar number of NOS-expressing neurons in the myenteric plexus across species. Given this increase in colonic contraction frequency, the rat represents another relevant animal model for investigating how gastrointestinal motility is regulated by the inhibitory neuronal network of the ENS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice and rats are widely used in gastrointestinal research but have fundamental differences that make them important as different models for different questions. We found that mice have a higher villi length-to-width and villi length-to-crypt depth ratio than rat in proximal colon. Using the ex vivo video imaging technique, we observed that rat colon has more prominent response to blockade of major inhibitory neurotransmitter (nitric oxide) in myenteric plexus than mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L K Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Zizzo MG, Cicio A, Raimondo S, Alessandro R, Serio R. Age-related differences of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission in human colonic smooth muscle. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14248. [PMID: 34432349 PMCID: PMC9285353 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric neurons undergo to functional changes during aging. We investigated the possible age-associated differences in enteric γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission evaluating function and distribution of GABAergic receptors in human colon. METHODS Mechanical responses to GABA and GABA receptor agonists on slow phasic contractions were examined in vitro as changes in isometric tension in colonic muscle strips from young (<65 years old) and aged patients (>65 years old). GABAergic receptor expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS In both preparations GABA induced an excitatory effect, consisting in an increase in the basal tone, antagonized by the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, and potentiated by phaclofen, GABAB receptor antagonist.Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and atropine-sensitive contractile responses to GABA and GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, were more pronounced in old compared to young subjects. Baclofen, GABAB receptor agonist, induced a TTX-sensitive reduction of the amplitude of the spontaneous. Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor abolished the inhibitory responses in old preparations, but a residual responses persisted in young preparations, which in turn was abolished by suramin, purinergic receptor antagonist. α3-GABAA receptor subunit expression tends to change in an age-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our results reveal age-related differences in GABAergic transmission in human colon. At all the age tested GABA regulates muscular contractility modulating the activity of the intrinsic neurons. Activation of GABAA receptor, through acetylcholine release, induces contraction, which increases in amplitude with age. GABAB receptor activation leads to neural release of NO and purines, being a loss of purinergic-component in aged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Zizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF)University of PalermoViale delle Scienze,ed 16Palermo90128Italy,ATeN (Advanced Technologies Network) CenterUniversity of PalermoViale delle Scienze, ed 18Palermo90128Italy
| | - Adele Cicio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF)University of PalermoViale delle Scienze,ed 16Palermo90128Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoSection of Biology and GeneticsPalermo90133Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoSection of Biology and GeneticsPalermo90133Italy
| | - Rosa Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF)University of PalermoViale delle Scienze,ed 16Palermo90128Italy
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9
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Bhattarai C, Poudel PP, Ghosh A, Kalthur SG. Histomorphology of enteric neurons and enteric ganglia in different layers of human fetal colon. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 17:556-563. [PMID: 35983451 PMCID: PMC9356345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Chacchu Bhattarai
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
- Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Phanindra P. Poudel
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
- Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Pathology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Sneha G. Kalthur
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
- Corresponding address: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Karnataka, 576104, India.
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10
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Chevalier NR, Agbesi RJA, Ammouche Y, Dufour S. How Smooth Muscle Contractions Shape the Developing Enteric Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678975. [PMID: 34150774 PMCID: PMC8206791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are constantly subject to mechanical stress stemming from contractions of the gut wall or pressure of the bolus, both in adulthood and during embryonic development. Because it is known that mechanical forces can have long reaching effects on neural growth, we investigate here how contractions of the circular smooth muscle of the gut impact morphogenesis of the developing fetal ENS, in chicken and mouse embryos. We find that the number of enteric ganglia is fixed early in development and that subsequent ENS morphogenesis consists in the anisotropic expansion of a hexagonal honeycomb (chicken) or a square (mouse) lattice, without de-novo ganglion formation. We image the deformations of the ENS during spontaneous myogenic motility and show that circular smooth muscle contractile waves induce longitudinal strain on the ENS network; we rationalize this behavior by mechanical finite element modeling of the incompressible gut wall. We find that the longitudinal anisotropy of the ENS vanishes when contractile waves are suppressed in organ culture, showing that these contractile forces play a key role in sculpting the developing ENS. We conclude by summarizing different key events in the fetal development of the ENS and the role played by mechanics in the morphogenesis of this unique nerve network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R. Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | | | - Yanis Ammouche
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
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11
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Pawolski V, Schmidt MHH. Neuron-Glia Interaction in the Developing and Adult Enteric Nervous System. Cells 2020; 10:E47. [PMID: 33396231 PMCID: PMC7823798 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) constitutes the largest part of the peripheral nervous system. In recent years, ENS development and its neurogenetic capacity in homeostasis and allostasishave gained increasing attention. Developmentally, the neural precursors of the ENS are mainly derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cell portions. Furthermore, Schwann cell precursors, as well as endodermal pancreatic progenitors, participate in ENS formation. Neural precursorsenherite three subpopulations: a bipotent neuron-glia, a neuronal-fated and a glial-fated subpopulation. Typically, enteric neural precursors migrate along the entire bowel to the anal end, chemoattracted by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin 3 (EDN3) molecules. During migration, a fraction undergoes differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Differentiation is regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog and Notch signalling. The fully formed adult ENS may react to injury and damage with neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Nevertheless, the origin of differentiating cells is currently under debate. Putative candidates are an embryonic-like enteric neural progenitor population, Schwann cell precursors and transdifferentiating glial cells. These cells can be isolated and propagated in culture as adult ENS progenitors and may be used for cell transplantation therapies for treating enteric aganglionosis in Chagas and Hirschsprung's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko H. H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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12
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Dariel A, Grynberg L, Auger M, Lefèvre C, Durand T, Aubert P, Le Berre-Scoul C, Venara A, Suply E, Leclair MD, de Vries P, Levard G, Parmentier B, Podevin G, Schmitt F, Couvrat V, Irtan S, Hervieux E, Villemagne T, Lardy H, Capito C, Muller C, Sarnacki S, Mosnier JF, Galmiche L, Derkinderen P, Boudin H, Brochard C, Neunlist M. Analysis of enteric nervous system and intestinal epithelial barrier to predict complications in Hirschsprung's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21725. [PMID: 33303794 PMCID: PMC7729910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR), postoperative course remains unpredictable. Our aim was to define predictive factors of the main postoperative complications: obstructive symptoms (OS) and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). In this prospective multicentre cohort study, samples of resected bowel were collected at time of surgery in 18 neonates with short-segment HSCR in tertiary care hospitals. OS and HAEC were noted during postoperative follow-up. We assessed the enteric nervous system and the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in ganglionic segments by combining immunohistochemical, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, with functional ex vivo analysis of motility and para/transcellular permeability. Ten HSCR patients presented postoperative complications (median follow-up 23.5 months): 6 OS, 4 HAEC (2 with OS), 2 diarrhoea (without OS/HAEC). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant 41% and 60% decrease in median number of nNOS-IR myenteric neurons per ganglion in HSCR with OS as compared to HSCR with HAEC/diarrhoea (without OS) and HSCR without complications (p = 0.0095; p = 0.002, respectively). Paracellular and transcellular permeability was significantly increased in HSCR with HAEC as compared to HSCR with OS/diarrhoea without HAEC (p = 0.016; p = 0.009) and HSCR without complications (p = 0.029; p = 0.017). This pilot study supports the hypothesis that modulating neuronal phenotype and enhancing IEB permeability may treat or prevent postoperative complications in HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dariel
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France. .,Paediatric Surgery Department, La Timone-Enfants Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille, France. .,Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Lucie Grynberg
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Auger
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Chloé Lefèvre
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Venara
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Etienne Suply
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Marc-David Leclair
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philine de Vries
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Guillaume Levard
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Benoit Parmentier
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Podevin
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Françoise Schmitt
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Sabine Irtan
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Erik Hervieux
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Villemagne
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hubert Lardy
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Carmen Capito
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Muller
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Sarnacki
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Louise Galmiche
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Charlène Brochard
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
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13
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Joly A, Leulier F, De Vadder F. Microbial Modulation of the Development and Physiology of the Enteric Nervous System. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:686-699. [PMID: 33309188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors an intrinsic neuronal network, the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS controls motility, fluid homeostasis, and blood flow, but also interacts with other components of the intestine such as epithelial and immune cells. Recent studies indicate that gut microbiota diversification, which occurs alongside postnatal ENS maturation, could be critical for the development and function of the ENS. Here we discuss the possibility that this functional relationship starts in utero, whereby the maternal microbiota would prime the developing ENS and shape its physiology. We review ENS/microbiota interactions and their modulation in physiological and pathophysiological contexts. While microbial modulation of the ENS physiology is now well established, further studies are required to understand the contribution of the gut microbiota to the development and pathology of the ENS and to reveal the precise mechanisms underlying microbiota-to-ENS communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Joly
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Filipe De Vadder
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France.
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14
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Gonzales J, Le Berre-Scoul C, Dariel A, Bréhéret P, Neunlist M, Boudin H. Semaphorin 3A controls enteric neuron connectivity and is inversely associated with synapsin 1 expression in Hirschsprung disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15119. [PMID: 32934297 PMCID: PMC7492427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the gut functions are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex network of enteric neurons located throughout the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The formation of ENS connectivity during the perinatal period critically underlies the establishment of gastrointestinal motility, but the factors involved in this maturation process remain poorly characterized. Here, we examined the role of Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) on ENS maturation and its potential implication in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a developmental disorder of the ENS with impaired colonic motility. We found that Sema3A and its receptor Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) are expressed in the rat gut during the early postnatal period. At the cellular level, NRP1 is expressed by enteric neurons, where it is particularly enriched at growth areas of developing axons. Treatment of primary ENS cultures and gut explants with Sema3A restricts axon elongation and synapse formation. Comparison of the ganglionic colon of HSCR patients to the colon of patients with anorectal malformation shows reduced expression of the synaptic molecule synapsin 1 in HSCR, which is inversely correlated with Sema3A expression. Our study identifies Sema3A as a critical regulator of ENS connectivity and provides a link between altered ENS connectivity and HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gonzales
- Inserm UMR1235-TENS, University of Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- Inserm UMR1235-TENS, University of Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Dariel
- Inserm UMR1235-TENS, University of Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France.,Pediatric Surgery Department, Hôpital Timone-Enfants, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Bréhéret
- Inserm UMR1235-TENS, University of Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm UMR1235-TENS, University of Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- Inserm UMR1235-TENS, University of Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France.
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15
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Meister AL, Doheny KK, Travagli RA. Necrotizing enterocolitis attenuates developmental heart rate variability increases in newborn rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13484. [PMID: 30298607 PMCID: PMC6386597 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown previously that a decreased high-frequency spectrum of heart rate variability (HF-HRV), indicative of reduced vagal tone, shows promise in predicting neonates likely to develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) before its clinical onset. We hypothesized that NEC induction in rat pups decreases HF-HRV power; subdiaphragmatic vagotomy worsens the severity of the NEC phenotype, increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alters the myenteric phenotype. METHODS Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats, representative of preterm human neonates, were subjected to 7-8 days of brief periods of cold stress and hypoxia to induce NEC with or without unilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. HRV was measured at postnatal days one and five, pups were sacrificed at day 8/9, and gastrointestinal tissues and blood were collected for immunohistochemical, corticosterone, and cytokine analysis. KEY RESULTS Compared to control, NEC-induced rats showed the following: (a) typical histological signs of grade 2 NEC, which were more severe in rats that underwent vagotomy; (b) reduced developmental increases in time (RMSSD) and frequency (HF) HRV spectra when combined with the stress of laparotomy/vagotomy; (c) increases in nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus of jejunum and ileum; furthermore, compared to mild NEC and controls, vagotomized NEC rats had increased plasma values of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our data suggest that in rodents, similar to neonatal observations, NEC induction attenuated developmental HF-HRV increases, furthermore, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy worsened the histological severity, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and altered the nitrergic myenteric phenotype, suggesting a role of the vagus in the development of NEC pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L. Meister
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Kim K. Doheny
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA,Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
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16
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Hydrogen peroxide promotes gastric motility in the newborn rat. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:751-756. [PMID: 30166643 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When compared with infant formula, human milk enhances gastric emptying in preterm infants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is present in large quantities in human milk that has an antimicrobial role for the mother and infant. In vitro adult rat studies suggest that H2O2 facilitates gastric motor contraction. Hypothesizing that H2O2 enhances gastric motility, we investigated its effects on the newborn rat stomach tissue. METHODS Rat newborn and adult gastric fundic segments, or their smooth muscle cells, were used to evaluate the muscle response to H2O2 exposure. Tissue expression of Rho kinase 2 (ROCK-2; Western blot), its catalase activity, and H2O2 content (Amplex Red) were measured. H2O2 gastric mucosal diffusion was evaluated with Ussing chambers. RESULTS In both newborn and adult rats, H2O2 induced gastric muscle contraction and this response was attenuated by pre-incubation with the antioxidant melatonin. H2O2 passively diffused across the gastric mucosa. Its effect on the muscle was modulated via ROCK-2 activation and inhibited by melatonin. CONCLUSION H2O2, at a concentration similar to that of human milk, promotes gastric motility in the rat. To the extent that the present findings can be clinically extrapolated, the human milk H2O2 content may enhance gastric emptying in neonates.
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17
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Aubert P, Oleynikova E, Rizvi H, Ndjim M, Le Berre-Scoul C, Grohard PA, Chevalier J, Segain JP, Le Drean G, Neunlist M, Boudin H. Maternal protein restriction induces gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteric nervous system remodeling in rat offspring. FASEB J 2018; 33:770-781. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Aubert
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Elena Oleynikova
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Hina Rizvi
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Marième Ndjim
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN)Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Pierre Antoine Grohard
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Julien Chevalier
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Jean-Pierre Segain
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN)Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Gwenola Le Drean
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Unité Mixte de Recherche 1280Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN)Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
| | - Helene Boudin
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain DisordersINSERMUniversité de Nantes Nantes France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Grand Ouest Nantes France
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Nagpal R, Mainali R, Ahmadi S, Wang S, Singh R, Kavanagh K, Kitzman DW, Kushugulova A, Marotta F, Yadav H. Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights. NUTRITION AND HEALTHY AGING 2018; 4:267-285. [PMID: 29951588 PMCID: PMC6004897 DOI: 10.3233/nha-170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of human gut microbiota begins as soon as the neonate leaves the protective environment of the uterus (or maybe in-utero) and is exposed to innumerable microorganisms from the mother as well as the surrounding environment. Concurrently, the host responses to these microbes during early life manifest during the development of an otherwise hitherto immature immune system. The human gut microbiome, which comprises an extremely diverse and complex community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract, keeps on fluctuating during different stages of life. While these deviations are largely natural, inevitable and benign, recent studies show that unsolicited perturbations in gut microbiota configuration could have strong impact on several features of host health and disease. Our microbiota undergoes the most prominent deviations during infancy and old age and, interestingly, our immune health is also in its weakest and most unstable state during these two critical stages of life, indicating that our microbiota and health develop and age hand-in-hand. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions are only now beginning to be revealed. The present review summarizes the evidences related to the age-associated changes in intestinal microbiota and vice-versa, mechanisms involved in this bi-directional relationship, and the prospective for development of microbiota-based interventions such as probiotics for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rabina Mainali
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shokouh Ahmadi
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ria Singh
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dalane W. Kitzman
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Almagul Kushugulova
- Center for Life Sciences, NLA, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Francesco Marotta
- ReGenera Research and Development for Aging Interventions, and San Babila Clinic, Corso Matteotti 1/A, Milano, Italy
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Corresponding author: Hariom Yadav, PhD., Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotech Place, Suite 2E-034, 575 Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA. Tel.: +1 336 713 5049; Fax: +1 336 716 9928; E-mail:
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Muscularis macrophage development in the absence of an enteric nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4696-4701. [PMID: 29666241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802490115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system of the bowel regulates the inflammatory phenotype of tissue resident muscularis macrophages (MM), and in adult mice, enteric neurons are the main local source of colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), a protein required for MM survival. Surprisingly, we find that during development MM colonize the bowel before enteric neurons. This calls into question the requirement for neuron-derived CSF1 for MM colonization of the bowel. To determine if intestinal innervation is required for MM development, we analyzed MM of neonatal Ret-/- (Ret KO) mice that have no enteric nervous system in small bowel or colon. We found normal numbers of well-patterned MM in Ret KO bowel. Similarly, the abundance and distribution of MM in aganglionic human colon obtained from Hirschsprung disease patients was normal. We also identify endothelial cells and interstitial cells of Cajal as the main sources of CSF1 in the developing bowel. Additionally, MM from neonatal Ret KOs do not differ from controls in baseline activation status or cytokine-production in response to lipopolysaccharide. Unexpectedly, these data demonstrate that the enteric nervous system is dispensable for MM colonization and patterning in the bowel, and suggest that modulatory interactions between MM and the bowel nervous system are established postnatally.
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20
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Ferreira CHF, Shifrin Y, Pan J, Ivanovska J, McNamara PJ, Belik J. The newborn rat gastric emptying rate is volume and not developmentally dependent. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13233. [PMID: 29024213 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric residuals are a common finding in enterally fed preterm neonates and traditionally thought to reflect immaturity-related delayed gastric emptying. Adult human data suggest that the meal volume regulate the gastric emptying rate, but early in life, this has not been adequately evaluated. The goal of this study was to study the rat postnatal changes in gastric emptying rate and the strain-induced effect on muscle contraction. We hypothesized that the stomach content volume and not developmental factors determines the newborn gastric emptying rate, via the Rho-kinase 2 (ROCK-2) pathway. METHODS Gastric volume and emptying rate measurements were obtained by ultrasound at different postprandial times and the wall strain-dependent changes in muscle contraction were evaluated ex vivo. KEY RESULTS The newborn rat gastric emptying rate was unrelated to postnatal age, maximal 30 min postprandial, and directly proportional to content volume. In vitro measurements showed that the agonist-induced gastric muscle contraction was directly proportional to the stomach wall strain. These changes were mediated via upregulation of ROCK-2 activity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The newborn rat gastric emptying rate is not developmentally regulated, but dependent on the content volume via wall strain-induced ROCK-2 activation. Further clinical studies addressing the content volume effect on the rate of gastric emptying are warranted, to enhance feeding tolerance in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H F Ferreira
- Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Y Shifrin
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Pan
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Ivanovska
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P J McNamara
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Belik
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Vanhaecke T, Aubert P, Grohard PA, Durand T, Hulin P, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Fournier A, Docagne F, Ligneul A, Fressange-Mazda C, Naveilhan P, Boudin H, Le Ruyet P, Neunlist M. L. fermentum CECT 5716 prevents stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in newborn rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28370715 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) dysfunction plays a critical role in various intestinal disorders affecting infants and children, including the development of food allergies and colitis. Recent studies highlighted the role of probiotics in regulating IEB functions and behavior in adults, but their effects in the newborn remain largely unknown. We therefore characterized in rat pups, the impact of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 (L. fermentum) on stress-induced IEB dysfunction, systemic immune response and exploratory behavior. METHODS Newborn rats received daily by gavage either L. fermentum or water. Intestinal permeability to fluorescein sulfonic acid (FSA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was measured following maternal separation (MS) and water avoidance stress (WAS). Immunohistochemical, transcriptomic, and Western blot analysis of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) distribution and expression were performed. Anxiety-like and exploratory behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze test. Cytokine secretion of activated splenocytes was also evaluated. KEY RESULTS L. fermentum prevented MS and WAS-induced IEB dysfunction in vivo. L. fermentum reduced permeability to both FSA and HRP in the small intestine but not in the colon. L. fermentum increased expression of ZO-1 and prevented WAS-induced ZO-1 disorganization in ileal epithelial cells. L. fermentum also significantly reduced stress-induced increase in plasma corticosteronemia. In activated splenocytes, L. fermentum enhanced IFNγ secretion while it prevented IL-4 secretion. Finally, L. fermentum increased exploratory behavior. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that L. fermentum could provide a novel tool for the prevention and/or treatment of gastrointestinal disorders associated with altered IEB functions in the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanhaecke
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France.,Lactalis Recherche et Développement, Retiers, France
| | - P Aubert
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - P-A Grohard
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - T Durand
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - P Hulin
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,MicroPICell - Cellular and Tissular Imaging Core Facility of Nantes, SFR Santé F. Bonamy-FED 4203/Inserm UMS016/CNRS UMS3556, Nantes, France
| | - P Paul-Gilloteaux
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,MicroPICell - Cellular and Tissular Imaging Core Facility of Nantes, SFR Santé F. Bonamy-FED 4203/Inserm UMS016/CNRS UMS3556, Nantes, France
| | - A Fournier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Centre Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - F Docagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Centre Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - A Ligneul
- Lactalis Recherche et Développement, Retiers, France
| | | | - P Naveilhan
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - H Boudin
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - P Le Ruyet
- Lactalis Recherche et Développement, Retiers, France
| | - M Neunlist
- INSERM U1235, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
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22
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Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 supplementation reduces gastrointestinal dysfunction in an animal model of IBS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181863. [PMID: 28732069 PMCID: PMC5521842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 on intestinal neuromuscular anomalies in an IBS-type mouse model of gastrointestinal motor dysfunctions elicited by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) exposure. Methods Mice were inoculated intranasally with HSV-1 (102 PFU) or vehicle at time 0 and 4 weeks later by the intragastric (IG) route (108 PFU). Six weeks after IG inoculum, mice were randomly allocated to receive oral gavage with either S. boulardii (107 CFU/day) or vehicle. After 4 weeks the following were determined: a) intestinal motility using fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextran distribution in the gut, fecal pellet expulsion, stool water content, and distal colonic transit of glass beads; b) integrity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) by immunohistochemistry on ileal whole-mount preparations and western blot of protein lysates from ileal longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus; c) isometric muscle tension with electric field and pharmacological (carbachol) stimulation of ileal segments; and d) intestinal inflammation by levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-10 and IL-4. Results S. boulardii CNCM I-745 improved HSV-1 induced intestinal dysmotility and alteration of intestinal transit observed ten weeks after IG inoculum of the virus. Also, the probiotic yeast ameliorated the structural alterations of the ENS induced by HSV-1 (i.e., reduced peripherin immunoreactivity and expression, increased glial S100β protein immunoreactivity and neuronal nitric oxide synthase level, reduced substance P-positive fibers). Moreover, S. boulardii CNCM I-745 diminished the production of HSV-1 associated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the myenteric plexus and increased levels of anti-inflammatory interleukins. Conclusions S. boulardii CNCM I-745 ameliorated gastrointestinal neuromuscular anomalies in a mouse model of gut dysfunctions typically observed with irritable bowel syndrome.
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23
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Cossais F, Clawin-Rädecker I, Lorenzen PC, Klempt M. Short communication: Tryptic β-casein hydrolysate modulates enteric nervous system development in primary culture. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3396-3403. [PMID: 28259395 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract of the newborn is particularly sensitive to gastrointestinal disorders, such as infantile diarrhea or necrotizing colitis. Perinatal development of the gut also encompasses the maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a main regulator of intestinal motility and barrier functions. It was recently shown that ENS maturation can be enhanced by nutritional factors to improve intestinal maturation. Bioactivity of milk proteins is often latent, requiring the release of bioactive peptides from inactive native proteins. Several casein-derived hydrolysates presenting immunomodulatory properties have been described recently. Furthermore, accumulating data indicate that milk-derived hydrolysate can enhance gut maturation and enrichment of milk formula with such hydrolysates has recently been proposed. However, the capability of milk-derived bioactive hydrolysate to target ENS maturation has not been analyzed so far. We, therefore, investigated the potential of a recently described tryptic β-casein hydrolysate to modulate ENS growth parameters in an in vitro model of rat primary culture of ENS. Rat primary cultures of ENS were incubated with a bioactive tryptic β-casein hydrolysate and compared with untreated controls or to cultures treated with native β-casein or a Prolyve β-casein hydrolysate (Lyven, Colombelles, France). Differentiation of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, and establishment of enteric neural network were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. Effect of tryptic β-casein hydrolysate on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)/Smad pathway, an essential regulator of ENS development, was further assessed using quantitative PCR and immunochemistry. Tryptic β-casein hydrolysate stimulated neurite outgrowth and simultaneously modulated the formation of enteric ganglia-like structures, whereas native β-casein or Prolyve β-casein hydrolysate did not. Additionally, treatment with tryptic bioactive β-casein hydrolysate increased the expression of the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and induced profound modifications of enteric glial cells morphology. Finally, expression of BMP2 and BMP4 and activation of Smad1/5 was altered after treatment with tryptic bioactive β-casein hydrolysate. Our data suggests that this milk-derived bioactive hydrolysate modulates ENS maturation through the regulation of BMP/Smad-signaling pathway. This study supports the need for further investigation on the influence of milk-derived bioactive peptides on ENS and intestinal maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cossais
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
| | - I Clawin-Rädecker
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - P C Lorenzen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - M Klempt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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Le Berre‐Scoul C, Chevalier J, Oleynikova E, Cossais F, Talon S, Neunlist M, Boudin H. A novel enteric neuron-glia coculture system reveals the role of glia in neuronal development. J Physiol 2017; 595:583-598. [PMID: 27436013 PMCID: PMC5233665 DOI: 10.1113/jp271989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Unlike astrocytes in the brain, the potential role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the formation of the enteric neuronal circuit is currently unknown. To examine the role of EGCs in the formation of the neuronal network, we developed a novel neuron-enriched culture model from embryonic rat intestine grown in indirect coculture with EGCs. We found that EGCs shape axonal complexity and synapse density in enteric neurons, through purinergic- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent pathways. Using a novel and valuable culture model to study enteric neuron-glia interactions, our study identified EGCs as a key cellular actor regulating neuronal network maturation. ABSTRACT In the nervous system, the formation of neuronal circuitry results from a complex and coordinated action of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the CNS, extrinsic mediators derived from astrocytes have been shown to play a key role in neuronal maturation, including dendritic shaping, axon guidance and synaptogenesis. In the enteric nervous system (ENS), the potential role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the maturation of developing enteric neuronal circuit is currently unknown. A major obstacle in addressing this question is the difficulty in obtaining a valuable experimental model in which enteric neurons could be isolated and maintained without EGCs. We adapted a cell culture method previously developed for CNS neurons to establish a neuron-enriched primary culture from embryonic rat intestine which was cultured in indirect coculture with EGCs. We demonstrated that enteric neurons grown in such conditions showed several structural, phenotypic and functional hallmarks of proper development and maturation. However, when neurons were grown without EGCs, the complexity of the axonal arbour and the density of synapses were markedly reduced, suggesting that glial-derived factors contribute strongly to the formation of the neuronal circuitry. We found that these effects played by EGCs were mediated in part through purinergic P2Y1 receptor- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent pathways. Using a novel and valuable culture model to study enteric neuron-glia interactions, our study identified EGCs as a key cellular actor required for neuronal network maturation.
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25
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von Sochaczewski CO, Wenke K, Grieve A, Westgarth-Taylor C, Loveland JA, Metzger R, Kluth D. Regenerative capacity of the enteric nervous system: is immaturity defining the point of no return? J Surg Res 2016; 209:112-121. [PMID: 28032547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal obstruction in newborns is associated with intestinal motility disorders after surgery. Alterations in the enteric nervous system (ENS) might cause abnormal peristalsis, which may then result in intestinal motility disorders. We aimed to quantify alterations in the myenteric plexus after a ligation and to test if these alterations were reversible. METHODS Small intestines of chicken embryos were ligated in ovo at embryonic day (ED) 11 for either 4 d (ED 11-15) or 8 d (ED 11-19). Both treated groups and control group were sacrificed and intestinal segments examined by means of both light and electron microscopy. RESULTS The number of proximal myenteric ganglia increased (ED 19, 30.7 ± 3.16 versus 23.1 ± 2.03; P < 0.001) in the 8-d ligature group but had values similar to the control group in the 4-d ligature group. The size distribution was skewed toward small ganglia in the 8-d ligature group (ED 19, 83.71 ± 11.60% versus 3.88 ± 4.74% in the control group; P < 0.001) but comparable with the control group in the 4-d ligature group. Subcellular alterations in the 4-d ligature group were reversible. CONCLUSIONS The pathologic alterations in the ENS were fully reversible in the 4-d ligature group. This reversibility might be linked to the degree of immaturity of the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Wenke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Grieve
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chris Westgarth-Taylor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jerome A Loveland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roman Metzger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dietrich Kluth
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Postnatal development of the dopaminergic signaling involved in the modulation of intestinal motility in mice. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:440-7. [PMID: 27089499 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since antidopaminergic drugs are pharmacological agents employed in the management of gastrointestinal motor disorders at all ages, we investigated whether the enteric dopaminergic system may undergo developmental changes after birth. METHODS Intestinal mechanical activity was examined in vitro as changes in isometric tension. RESULTS In 2-d-old (P2) mice, dopamine induced a contractile effect, decreasing in intensity with age, replaced, at the weaning (day 20), by a relaxant response. Both responses were tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive. In P2, dopaminergic contraction was inhibited by D1-like receptor antagonist and mimicked by D1-like receptor agonist. In 90-d-old (P90) mice, the relaxation was reduced by both D1- and D2-like receptor antagonists, and mimicked by D1- and D2-like receptor agonists. In P2, contraction was antagonized by phospholipase C inhibitor, while in P90 relaxation was antagonized by adenylyl cyclase inhibitor and potentiated by phospholipase C inhibitor. The presence of dopamine receptors was assessed by immunofluorescence. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed a significant increase in D1, D2, and D3 receptor expression in proximal intestine with the age. CONCLUSION In mouse small intestine, the response to dopamine undergoes developmental changes shifting from contraction to relaxation at weaning, as the consequence of D2-like receptor recruitment and increased expression of D1 receptors.
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27
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Cossais F, Durand T, Chevalier J, Boudaud M, Kermarrec L, Aubert P, Neveu I, Naveilhan P, Neunlist M. Postnatal development of the myenteric glial network and its modulation by butyrate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G941-51. [PMID: 27056724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00232.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal period is crucial for the development of gastrointestinal (GI) functions. The enteric nervous system is a key regulator of GI functions, and increasing evidences indicate that 1) postnatal maturation of enteric neurons affect the development of GI functions, and 2) microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids can be involved in this maturation. Although enteric glial cells (EGC) are central regulators of GI functions, the postnatal evolution of their phenotype remains poorly defined. We thus characterized the postnatal evolution of EGC phenotype in the colon of rat pups and studied the effect of short-chain fatty acids on their maturation. We showed an increased expression of the glial markers GFAP and S100β during the first postnatal week. As demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, a structured myenteric glial network was observed at 36 days in the rat colons. Butyrate inhibited EGC proliferation in vivo and in vitro but had no effect on glial marker expression. These results indicate that the EGC myenteric network continues to develop after birth, and luminal factors such as butyrate endogenously produced in the colon may affect this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Cossais
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Chevalier
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Boudaud
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Kermarrec
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Neveu
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
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Sobchak C, Fajardo AF, Shifrin Y, Pan J, Belik J. Gastric and pyloric sphincter muscle function and the developmental-dependent regulation of gastric content emptying in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1169-75. [PMID: 27125274 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00046.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Feeding intolerance is a common issue in the care of preterm neonates. The condition manifests as delayed emptying of gastric contents and represents a therapeutic challenge, since the factors accounting for its manifestations are unknown. The main goal of this study was to comparatively investigate the age-related function of rat gastric and pyloric smooth muscle and their putative regulators. We hypothesized that a reduced gastric muscle contraction potential early in life contributes to the delayed gastric emptying of the newborn. Newborn and adult rat gastric (fundus) and pyloric sphincter tissues were comparatively studied in vitro. Shortening of the tissue-specific dissociated smooth muscle cell was evaluated, and expression of the key regulatory proteins Rho-associated kinase 2 and myosin light chain kinase was determined. Gastric and pyloric smooth muscle cell shortening was significantly greater in the adult than the respective newborn counterpart. Expression of myosin light chain kinase and Rho-associated kinase 2 was developmentally regulated and increased with age. Pyloric sphincter muscle expresses a higher neuronal nitric oxide synthase and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein content in newborn than adult tissue. Compared with later in life, the newborn rat gastropyloric muscle has a Ca(2+)-related reduced potential for contraction and the pyloric sphincter relaxation-dependent modulators are overexpressed. To the extent that these rodent data can be extrapolated to humans, the delayed gastric emptying in the newborn reflects reduced stomach muscle contraction potential, as opposed to increased pyloric sphincter tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Sobchak
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - A Felipe Fajardo
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yulia Shifrin
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jingyi Pan
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jaques Belik
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Pohl CS, Medland JE, Moeser AJ. Early-life stress origins of gastrointestinal disease: animal models, intestinal pathophysiology, and translational implications. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G927-41. [PMID: 26451004 PMCID: PMC4683303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00206.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress and adversity are major risk factors in the onset and severity of gastrointestinal (GI) disease in humans later in life. The mechanisms by which early-life stress leads to increased GI disease susceptibility in adult life remain poorly understood. Animal models of early-life stress have provided a foundation from which to gain a more fundamental understanding of this important GI disease paradigm. This review focuses on animal models of early-life stress-induced GI disease, with a specific emphasis on translational aspects of each model to specific human GI disease states. Early postnatal development of major GI systems and the consequences of stress on their development are discussed in detail. Relevant translational differences between species and models are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin S. Pohl
- 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ,2Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
| | - Julia E. Medland
- 3Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ,2Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
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Welsh C, Pan J, Belik J. Caffeine impairs gastrointestinal function in newborn rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:24-8. [PMID: 25806715 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding intolerance is commonly documented in premature infants. Caffeine is routinely utilized for apnea of prematurity treatment and known to reduce the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle tone, but the caffeine effect on the newborn gastrointestinal function is unknown. We hypothesized that caffeine impairs esophageal and gastrointestinal motor function. As such, we investigated the drug effect on the tissue's mechanical properties and the newborn rat's in vivo gastric emptying rate. METHODS The effects of caffeine on LES, gastric fundal and antrum, as well as ileal and colonic muscle force potential and relaxation response, were measured in newborn and adult rats. The caffeine-induced (10 mg/kg i.p.) newborn gastric emptying rate changes were evaluated following 3 h of fasting. RESULTS Caffeine relaxed the precontracted LES and fundal muscle (P < 0.01), reduced the gastric and intestinal muscle contraction (P < 0.01), and delayed the pups' gastric emptying time (P < 0.01). The caffeine-induced muscle relaxant effect was independent of age and mediated via ryanodine receptors. CONCLUSION Caffeine administration to newborn rats at a dose comparable to the one therapeutically used for preterm neonates impairs LES and gastrointestinal motor function. Further clinical investigation on the possible contribution of caffeine to neonatal feeding intolerance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Welsh
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jingyi Pan
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaques Belik
- 1] Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Avetisyan M, Schill EM, Heuckeroth RO. Building a second brain in the bowel. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:899-907. [PMID: 25664848 DOI: 10.1172/jci76307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes called the "second brain" because of the diversity of neuronal cell types and complex, integrated circuits that permit the ENS to autonomously regulate many processes in the bowel. Mechanisms supporting ENS development are intricate, with numerous proteins, small molecules, and nutrients that affect ENS morphogenesis and mature function. Damage to the ENS or developmental defects cause vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, growth failure, and early death. Here, we review molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that govern ENS development, identify areas in which more investigation is needed, and discuss the clinical implications of new basic research.
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SCHOFFEN JOÃOPAULOF, VICENTINI FERNANDOA, MARCELINO CAROLINAG, ARAÚJO EDUARDOJ, PEDROSA MARIAM, NATALI MARIAR. Food restriction beginning at lactation interferes with the cellular dynamics of the mucosa and colonic myenteric innervation in adult rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1833-48. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420140163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of food restriction (FR) on the morphoquantitative aspects of the wall and myenteric neurons of the proximal colon in adult rats were analysed. FR was imposed by duplication of the experimental brood size in relation to the control brood during lactation. The FR group received a 50% reduction of food from weaning until 90 days of age. Samples of the colon underwent histological processing to morphometrically analyze the crypts, muscularis mucosae, tunica mucosa, and muscularis externa. We determined the number of goblet cells and serotoninergic enteroendocrine cells, and morphoquantitatively studied the myenteric neuronal population. FR caused hypertrophy in the tunica mucosa, increase in crypt depth and in the muscular layer of the mucosa, a decrease in the thickness of the tunica muscularis and in the number of goblet cells and an increase in serotoninergic cells. A higher neuronal density in the ganglia and a reduction of the cell profile area were observed in the FR group. FR imposed since lactation led to hypertrophy of the tunica mucosa, a reduction of neutral mucin production, atrophy of the tunica muscularis, and an increase in the survival neuronal in adult rats, attributable to an increase in the number of serotoninergic enteroendocrine cells in mucosa.
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Polidarová L, Olejníková L, Paušlyová L, Sládek M, Soták M, Pácha J, Sumová A. Development and entrainment of the colonic circadian clock during ontogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G346-56. [PMID: 24337008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00340.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colonic morphology and function change significantly during ontogenesis. In mammals, many colonic physiological functions are temporally controlled by the circadian clock in the colon, which is entrained by the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The aim of this present study was to ascertain when and how the circadian clock in the colon develops during the perinatal period and whether maternal cues and/or the developing pup SCN may influence the ontogenesis of the colonic clock. Daily profiles of clock genes Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, Rev-erbα, Bmal1, and Clock expression in the colon underwent significant modifications since embryonic day 20 (E20) through postnatal days (P) 2, 10, 20, and 30 via changes in the mutual phasing among the individual clock gene expression rhythms, their relative phasing to the light-dark regime, and their amplitudes. An adult-like state was achieved around P20. The foster study revealed that during the prenatal period, the maternal circadian phase may partially modulate development of the colonic clock. Postnatally, the absence and/or presence of rhythmic maternal care affected the phasing of the clock gene expression profiles in pups at P10 and P20. A reversal in the colonic clock phase between P10 and P20 occurred in the absence of rhythmic signals from the pup SCN. The data demonstrate ontogenetic maturation of the colonic clock and stress the importance of prenatal and postnatal maternal rhythmic signals for its development. These data may contribute to the understanding of colonic function-related diseases in newborn children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Polidarová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; and
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Collins J, Borojevic R, Verdu EF, Huizinga JD, Ratcliffe EM. Intestinal microbiota influence the early postnatal development of the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:98-107. [PMID: 24329946 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal gastrointestinal function depends on an intact and coordinated enteric nervous system (ENS). While the ENS is formed during fetal life, plasticity persists in the postnatal period during which the gastrointestinal tract is colonized by bacteria. We tested the hypothesis that colonization of the bowel by intestinal microbiota influences the postnatal development of the ENS. METHODS The development of the ENS was studied in whole mount preparations of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of specific pathogen-free (SPF), germ-free (GF), and altered Schaedler flora (ASF) NIH Swiss mice at postnatal day 3 (P3). The frequency and amplitude of circular muscle contractions were measured in intestinal segments using spatiotemporal mapping of video recorded spontaneous contractile activity with and without exposure to lidocaine and N-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA). KEY RESULTS Immunolabeling with antibodies to PGP9.5 revealed significant abnormalities in the myenteric plexi of GF jejunum and ileum, but not duodenum, characterized by a decrease in nerve density, a decrease in the number of neurons per ganglion, and an increase in the proportion of myenteric nitrergic neurons. Frequency of amplitude of muscle contractions were significantly decreased in the jejunum and ileum of GF mice and were unaffected by exposure to lidocaine, while NOLA enhanced contractile frequency in the GF jejunum and ileum. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These findings suggest that early exposure to intestinal bacteria is essential for the postnatal development of the ENS in the mid to distal small intestine. Future studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms by which enteric microbiota interact with the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Hao MM, Bornstein JC, Young HM. Development of myenteric cholinergic neurons inChAT-Cre;R26R-YFPmice. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:3358-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene M. Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Australia; 3010
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Australia; 3010
| | - Heather M. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Australia; 3010
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Khen-Dunlop N, Sarnacki S, Victor A, Grosos C, Menard S, Soret R, Goudin N, Pousset M, Sauvat F, Revillon Y, Cerf-Bensussan N, Neunlist M. Prenatal intestinal obstruction affects the myenteric plexus and causes functional bowel impairment in fetal rat experimental model of intestinal atresia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62292. [PMID: 23667464 PMCID: PMC3648556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal atresia is a rare congenital disorder with an incidence of 3/10 000 birth. About one-third of patients have severe intestinal dysfunction after surgical repair. We examined whether prenatal gastrointestinal obstruction might effect on the myenteric plexus and account for subsequent functional disorders. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied a rat model of surgically induced antenatal atresia, comparing intestinal samples from both sides of the obstruction and with healthy rat pups controls. Whole-mount preparations of the myenteric plexus were stained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to analyze mRNAs for inflammatory markers. Functional motility and permeability analyses were performed in vitro. Phenotypic studies were also performed in 8 newborns with intestinal atresia. In the experimental model, the proportion of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons was similar in proximal and distal segments (6.7±4.6% vs 5.6±4.2%, p = 0.25), but proximal segments contained a higher proportion of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons (13.2±6.2% vs 7.5±4.3%, p = 0.005). Phenotypic changes were associated with a 100-fold lower concentration-dependent contractile response to carbachol and a 1.6-fold higher EFS-induced contractile response in proximal compared to distal segments. Transcellular (p = 0.002) but not paracellular permeability was increased. Comparison with controls showed that modifications involved not only proximal but also distal segments. Phenotypic studies in human atresia confirmed the changes in ChAT expression. Conclusion Experimental atresia in fetal rat induces differential myenteric plexus phenotypical as well as functional changes (motility and permeability) between the two sides of the obstruction. Delineating these changes might help to identify markers predictive of motility dysfunction and to define guidelines for post-surgical care.
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Saffrey MJ. Cellular changes in the enteric nervous system during ageing. Dev Biol 2013; 382:344-55. [PMID: 23537898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic neurons of the gut, enteric neurons, have an essential role in gastrointestinal functions. The enteric nervous system is plastic and continues to undergo changes throughout life, as the gut grows and responds to dietary and other environmental changes. Detailed analysis of changes in the ENS during ageing suggests that enteric neurons are more vulnerable to age-related degeneration and cell death than neurons in other parts of the nervous system, although there is considerable variation in the extent and time course of age-related enteric neuronal loss reported in different studies. Specific neuronal subpopulations, particularly cholinergic myenteric neurons, may be more vulnerable than others to age-associated loss or damage. Enteric degeneration and other age-related neuronal changes may contribute to gastrointestinal dysfunction that is common in the elderly population. Evidence suggests that caloric restriction protects against age-associated loss of enteric neurons, but recent advances in the understanding of the effects of the microbiota and the complex interactions between enteric ganglion cells, mucosal immune system and intestinal epithelium indicate that other factors may well influence ageing of enteric neurons. Much remains to be understood about the mechanisms of neuronal loss and damage in the gut, although there is evidence that reactive oxygen species, neurotrophic factor dysregulation and/or activation of a senescence associated phenotype may be involved. To date, there is no evidence for ongoing neurogenesis that might replace dying neurons in the ageing gut, although small local sites of neurogenesis would be difficult to detect. Finally, despite the considerable evidence for enteric neurodegeneration during ageing, and evidence for some physiological changes in animal models, the ageing gut appears to maintain its function remarkably well in animals that exhibit major neuronal loss, indicating that the ENS has considerable functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jill Saffrey
- Department Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
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Hao MM, Bornstein JC, Vanden Berghe P, Lomax AE, Young HM, Foong JPP. The emergence of neural activity and its role in the development of the enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 2012; 382:365-74. [PMID: 23261929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a vital part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates many gastrointestinal functions, including motility and secretion. All neurons and glia of the ENS arise from neural crest-derived cells that migrate into the gastrointestinal tract during embryonic development. It has been known for many years that a subpopulation of the enteric neural crest-derived cells expresses pan-neuronal markers at early stages of ENS development. Recent studies have demonstrated that some enteric neurons exhibit electrical activity from as early as E11.5 in the mouse, with further maturation of activity during embryonic and postnatal development. This article discusses the maturation of electrophysiological and morphological properties of enteric neurons, the formation of synapses and synaptic activity, and the influence of neural activity on ENS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene M Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Suply E, de Vries P, Soret R, Cossais F, Neunlist M. Butyrate enemas enhance both cholinergic and nitrergic phenotype of myenteric neurons and neuromuscular transmission in newborn rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1373-80. [PMID: 22492692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00338.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are involved in the establishment of colonic motility. In adult rats, butyrate induced neuroplastic changes in the ENS, leading to enhanced colonic motility. Whether butyrate can induce similar changes during the postnatal period remains unknown. Enemas (Na-butyrate) were performed daily in rat pups between postnatal day (PND) 7 and PND 17. Effects of butyrate were evaluated on morphological and histological parameters in the distal colon at PND 21. The neurochemical phenotype of colonic submucosal and myenteric neurons was analyzed using antibodies against Hu, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Colonic motility and neuromuscular transmission was assessed in vivo and ex vivo. Butyrate (2.5 mM) enemas had no impact on pup growth and histological parameters compared with control. Butyrate did not modify the number of Hu-immunoreactive (IR) neurons per ganglia. A significant increase in the proportion (per Hu-IR neurons) of nNOS-IR myenteric and submucosal neurons and ChAT-IR myenteric neurons was observed in the distal colon after butyrate enemas compared with control. In addition, butyrate induced a significant increase in both nitrergic and cholinergic components of the neuromuscular transmission compared with control. Finally, butyrate increased distal colonic transit time compared with control. We concluded that butyrate enemas induced neuroplastic changes in myenteric and submucosal neurons, leading to changes in gastrointestinal functions. Our results support exploration of butyrate as potential therapy for motility disorders in preterm infants with delayed maturation of the ENS.
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Colucci M, Cervio M, Faniglione M, De Angelis S, Pajoro M, Levandis G, Tassorelli C, Blandini F, Feletti F, De Giorgio R, Dellabianca A, Tonini S, Tonini M. Intestinal dysmotility and enteric neurochemical changes in a Parkinson's disease rat model. Auton Neurosci 2012; 169:77-86. [PMID: 22608184 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disorders, constipation in particular, are the most common non-motor dysfunctions affecting Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We have previously reported that rats bearing unilateral nigrostriatal lesion caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) stereotaxic injection develop severe constipation together with a region-specific decrease of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in enteric neurons of the lower intestinal tract. Here, we extend these observations on other enteric neuronal subpopulations, investigating also the propulsive activity of isolated colonic specimens. Four weeks post 6-OHDA injection, lesioned rats showed a significant increase of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) concomitant with the reduced expression of nNOS in the myenteric plexus of distal ileum and proximal colon; in particular VIP increased in a subpopulation of neurons actively expressing nNOS. On the other hand, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was not modified in any of the intestinal segments analyzed. Interestingly, we found a reduced expression of dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R) in proximal (-66.8%) and distal (-54.5%) colon, together with reduced peristalsis efficiency (decrease in intraluminal pressure and frequency of peristaltic events) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. The selective depletion of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons is associated with changes in the expression of enteric inhibitory neurotransmitters, as well as of the D2R in intestinal specific regions. Moreover, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats demonstrated altered colon propulsive activity referable to the D2R decrease. Our findings unveil subtle mechanisms underlying the enteric neurochemical plasticity events evoked by disruption of the normal brain-gut cross-talk, giving a peculiar point of view on the pathophysiology of the severe constipation that frequently affects PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Colucci
- Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic Sciences and Pharmaco-Toxicology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Foong JPP, Nguyen TV, Furness JB, Bornstein JC, Young HM. Myenteric neurons of the mouse small intestine undergo significant electrophysiological and morphological changes during postnatal development. J Physiol 2012; 590:2375-90. [PMID: 22371477 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organized motility patterns in the gut depend on circuitry within the enteric nervous system (ENS), but little is known about the development of electrophysiological properties and synapses within the ENS. We examined the electrophysiology and morphology of myenteric neurons in the mouse duodenum at three developmental stages: postnatal day (P)0, P10–11, and adult. Like adults, two main classes of neurons could be identified at P0 and P10–11 based on morphology: neurons with multiple long processes that projected circumferentially (Dogiel type II morphology) and neurons with a single long process. However, postnatal Dogiel type II neurons differed in several electrophysiological properties from adult Dogiel type II neurons. P0 and P10–11 Dogiel type II neurons exhibited very prominent Ca(2+)-mediated after depolarizing potentials (ADPs) following action potentials compared to adult neurons. Adult Dogiel type II neurons are characterized by the presence of a prolonged after hyperpolarizing potential (AHP), but AHPs were very rarely observed at P0. The projection lengths of the long processes of Dogiel type II neurons were mature by P10–11. Uniaxonal neurons in adults typically have fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs, ‘S-type' electrophysiology) mainly mediated by nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic-fEPSPs were also recorded from neurons with a single long process at P0 and P10–11. However, these neurons underwent major developmental changes in morphology, from predominantly filamentous neurites at birth to lamellar dendrites in mature mice. Unlike Dogiel type II neurons, the projection lengths of neurons with a single long process matured after P10–11. Slow EPSPs were rarely observed in P0/P10–11 neurons. This work shows that, although functional synapses are present and two classes of neurons can be distinguished electrophysiologically and morphologically at P0, major changes in electrophysiological properties and morphology occur during the postnatal development of the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Pei Pei Foong
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Baudry C, Reichardt F, Marchix J, Bado A, Schemann M, des Varannes SB, Neunlist M, Moriez R. Diet-induced obesity has neuroprotective effects in murine gastric enteric nervous system: involvement of leptin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Physiol 2011; 590:533-44. [PMID: 22124147 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.219717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional factors can induce profound neuroplastic changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS), responsible for changes in gastrointestinal (GI) motility. However, long-term effects of a nutritional imbalance leading to obesity, such as Western diet (WD), upon ENS phenotype and control of GI motility remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of WD-induced obesity (DIO) on ENS phenotype and function as well as factors involved in functional plasticity. Mice were fed with normal diet (ND) or WD for 12 weeks. GI motility was assessed in vivo and ex vivo. Myenteric neurons and glia were analysed with immunohistochemical methods using antibodies against Hu, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), Sox-10 and with calcium imaging techniques. Leptin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were studied using immunohistochemical, biochemical or PCR methods in mice and primary culture of ENS. DIO prevented the age-associated decrease in antral nitrergic neurons observed in ND mice. Nerve stimulation evoked a stronger neuronal Ca(2+) response in WD compared to ND mice. DIO induced an NO-dependent increase in gastric emptying and neuromuscular transmission in the antrum without any change in small intestinal transit. During WD but not ND, a time-dependent increase in leptin and GDNF occurred in the antrum. Finally, we showed that leptin increased GDNF production in the ENS and induced neuroprotective effects mediated in part by GDNF. These results demonstrate that DIO induces neuroplastic changes in the antrum leading to an NO-dependent acceleration of gastric emptying. In addition, DIO induced neuroplasticity in the ENS is likely to involve leptin and GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Baudry
- Inserm, U913, Institut F´ed´eratif de Recherche Th´erapeutique, IFR26 Nantes, France
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Davis LDR, Spencer WJ, Mack DR, Altosaar I. Maternal separation and gastrointestinal transit time in neonate rats. Lab Anim 2011; 45:280-2. [PMID: 21828078 DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal transit times (GItts) were compared in separate litters of 10- and 15-day-old Sprague Dawley rats using barium sulphate. By tracking the leading front of the bolus on radiographs, the gastrocaecal transit times in pups were estimated. To measure the total GItt, the duration from orogastric gavage until an observable defecation of barium sulphate was recorded. The gastrocaecal times for 10-day-old pups maintained with their dam (n = 5) ranged from 4-5 h and those removed from the dam ranged from 2.5-5 h. For 15-day-old pups with their dam (n = 6) and without dam (n = 5), gastrocaecal times ranged from 4-6 h and 3.5-5 h, respectively. Ten-day-old pups that remained with the dam had a GItt of 13.8 ± 0.9 h and those kept in the absence of the dam had a time of 9.3 ± 0.7 h. This decrease (P < 0.05) in GItt in the absence of the dam was age-dependent in 10-day-old pups, and was not observed (P > 0.05) in 15-day-old pups. The results provide a basis, for the design of future studies involving neonate rat metabolism, to include maternal presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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De Quelen F, Chevalier J, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Mourot J, Neunlist M, Boudry G. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the maternal diet modify the postnatal development of nervous regulation of intestinal permeability in piglets. J Physiol 2011; 589:4341-52. [PMID: 21746785 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.214056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) plays a key role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis and the development of the immune system in newborns. The enteric nervous system (ENS), a key regulator of gastrointestinal functions, has been shown to be modulated by nutritional factors. However, it remains currently unknown whether maternal diet, in particular n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs), can impact upon the IEB in newborn piglets and whether the ENS is involved in this effect. Sows received either a control diet (lard based) or an n-3PUFA diet (linseed oil based) during gestation and lactation. Intestinal paracellular permeability was assessed in Ussing chambers on piglets at birth, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 postnatal days (PND). Basal jejunal permeability increased significantly and similarly in both groups until PND14 and decreased thereafter. However, at PND28, permeability was higher in n-3PUFA animals as compared to controls. In addition, a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist increased paracellular permeability in controls but not in n-3PUFA piglets. Conversely, atropine and hexamethonium decreased paracellular permeability in the n-3PUFA group but not in the control group. Moreover, the n-3PUFA diet increased the proportion of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and decreased the proportion of VIP-IR neurons in the submucosal plexus of piglet jejunum compared to controls. In addition, in primary culture of rat ENS, we showed that 20:5n-3 but not 18:3n-3 increased the proportion of ChAT-IR neurons and decreased the proportion of VIP-IR neurons. In conclusion, supplementation of the maternal diet with n-3PUFAs modified intestinal permeability probably via diet-induced neuroplastic changes in the ENS of newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Quelen
- INRA, UMR 1079, SENAH, F-35000 Rennes, France; Agrocampus Rennes, UMR 1079, SENAH, F-35000 Rennes, France; Valorex, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
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