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Mascaretti F, Haider S, Amoroso C, Caprioli F, Ramai D, Ghidini M. Role of the Microbiome in the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Cancers. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024; 55:662-678. [PMID: 38411876 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-024-01021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stomach and esophageal cancers are among the highest mortality from cancers worldwide. Microbiota has an interplaying role within the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Dysbiosis occurs when a disruption of the balance between the microbiota and the host happens. With this narrative review, we discuss the main alterations in the microbiome of gastroesophageal cancer, revealing its potential role in the pathogenesis, early detection, and treatment. RESULTS Helicobacter pylori plays a major role the development of a cascade of preneoplastic conditions ranging from atrophic gastritis to metaplasia and dysplasia, ultimately culminating in gastric cancer, while other pathogenic agents are Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus. Campylobacter species (spp.)'s role in the progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma may parallel that of Helicobacter pylori in the context of gastric cancer, with other esophageal carcinogenic agents being Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Moreover, gut microbiome could significantly alter the outcomes of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The gut microbiome can be modulated through interventions such as antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics intake. Fecal microbiota transplantation has emerged as a therapeutic strategy as well. CONCLUSIONS Nowadays, it is widely accepted that changes in the normal gut microbiome causing dysbiosis and immune dysregulation play a role gastroesophageal cancer. Different interventions, including probiotics and prebiotics intake are being developed to improve therapeutic outcomes and mitigate toxicities associated with anticancer treatment. Further studies are required in order to introduce the microbiome among the available tools of precision medicine in the field of anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mascaretti
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Salman Haider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Amoroso
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daryl Ramai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Via Sforza 28, Milan, Italy.
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Wei YF, Li X, Zhao MR, Liu S, Min L, Zhu ST, Zhang ST, Xie SA. Helicobacter pylori disrupts gastric mucosal homeostasis by stimulating macrophages to secrete CCL3. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:263. [PMID: 38730482 PMCID: PMC11084090 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the predominant etiological agent of gastritis and disrupts the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier through various pathogenic mechanisms. After H. pylori invades the gastric mucosa, it interacts with immune cells in the lamina propria. Macrophages are central players in the inflammatory response, and H. pylori stimulates them to secrete a variety of inflammatory factors, leading to the chronic damage of the gastric mucosa. Therefore, the study aims to explore the mechanism of gastric mucosal injury caused by inflammatory factors secreted by macrophages, which may provide a new mechanism for the development of H. pylori-related gastritis. METHODS The expression and secretion of CCL3 from H. pylori infected macrophages were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and ELISA. The effect of H. pylori-infected macrophage culture medium and CCL3 on gastric epithelial cells tight junctions were analyzed by Western blot, immunofluorescence and transepithelial electrical resistance. EdU and apoptotic flow cytometry assays were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis levels. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to study CCL3 transcription factors. Finally, gastric mucosal tissue inflammation and CCL3 expression were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS After H. pylori infection, CCL3 expressed and secreted from macrophages were increased. H. pylori-infected macrophage culture medium and CCL3 disrupted gastric epithelial cells tight junctions, while CCL3 neutralizing antibody and receptor inhibitor of CCL3 improved the disruption of tight junctions between cells. In addition, H. pylori-infected macrophage culture medium and CCL3 recombinant proteins stimulated P38 phosphorylation, and P38 phosphorylation inhibitor improved the disruption of tight junctions between cells. Besides, it was identified that STAT1 was a transcription factor of CCL3 and H. pylori stimulated macrophage to secret CCL3 through the JAK1-STAT1 pathway. Finally, after mice were injected with murine CCL3 recombinant protein, the gastric mucosal injury and inflammation were aggravated, and the phosphorylation level of P38 was increased. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings demonstrate that H. pylori infection stimulates macrophages to secrete CCL3 via the JAK1-STAT1 pathway. Subsequently, CCL3 damages gastric epithelial tight junctions through the phosphorylation of P38. This may be a novel mechanism of gastric mucosal injury in H. pylori-associated gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Meng-Ran Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shu-Tian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Si-An Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Pandey H, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030866. [PMID: 36765824 PMCID: PMC9913759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pandey
- Redcliffe Labs, Electronic City, Noida 201301, India
| | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
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Kaneko K, Zaitoun AM, Letley DP, Rhead JL, Torres J, Spendlove I, Atherton JC, Robinson K. The active form of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin induces decay-accelerating factor CD55 in association with intestinal metaplasia in the human gastric mucosa. J Pathol 2022; 258:199-209. [PMID: 35851954 PMCID: PMC9543990 DOI: 10.1002/path.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-level expression of decay-accelerating factor, CD55, has previously been found in human gastric cancer (GC) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) tissues. Therapeutic effects of CD55 inhibition in cancer have been reported. However, the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and virulence factors in the induction of CD55 and its association with histological changes of the human gastric mucosa remain incompletely understood. We hypothesised that CD55 would be increased during infection with more virulent strains of H. pylori, and with more marked gastric mucosal pathology. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses of gastric biopsy samples from 42 H. pylori-infected and 42 uninfected patients revealed that CD55 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the gastric antrum of H. pylori-infected patients, and this was associated with the presence of IM, but not atrophy, or inflammation. Increased gastric CD55 and IM were both linked with colonisation by vacA i1-type strains independently of cagA status, and in vitro studies using isogenic mutants of vacA confirmed the ability of VacA to induce CD55 and sCD55 in gastric epithelial cell lines. siRNA experiments to investigate the function of H. pylori-induced CD55 showed that CD55 knockdown in gastric epithelial cells partially reduced IL-8 secretion in response to H. pylori, but this was not due to modulation of bacterial adhesion or cytotoxicity. Finally, plasma samples taken from the same patients were analysed for the soluble form of CD55 (sCD55) by ELISA. sCD55 levels were not influenced by IM and did not correlate with gastric CD55 mRNA levels. These results suggest a new link between active vacA i1-type H. pylori, IM, and CD55, and identify CD55 as a molecule of potential interest in the management of IM as well as GC treatment. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Kaneko
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Abed M Zaitoun
- Department of Cellular PathologyNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre CampusNottinghamUK
| | - Darren P Letley
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Joanne L Rhead
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades InfecciosasHospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSSMexico CityMexico
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
| | - John C Atherton
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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White MG, Wargo JA. The Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2022; 51:667-680. [PMID: 36153116 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome has been recognized as increasingly important to health and disease. This is especially prescient in the development of various cancers, their progression, and the microbiome's modulation of various anticancer therapeutics. Mechanisms behind these interactions have been increasingly well described through modulation of the host immune system as well as induction of genetic changes and local inactivation of cancer therapeutics. Here, we review these associations for a variety of gastrointestinal malignancies as well as contemporary strategies proposed to leverage these associations to improve cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G White
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1484, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1484, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1484, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Yang Y, Huang Y, Lin W, Liu J, Chen X, Chen C, Yu X, Teng L. Host miRNAs-microbiota interactions in gastric cancer. J Transl Med 2022; 20:52. [PMID: 35093110 PMCID: PMC8800214 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that gastric cancer seriously affects the quality of life and survival of patients. The correlation between the microbiota and gastric cancer has attracted extensive attention in recent years, nonetheless the specific mechanism of its impact on gastric cancer remain largely unclear. Recent studies have shown that in addition to its role in the host’s inflammatory and immune response, the microbiota can also affect the occurrence and development of gastric cancer by affecting the expression of miRNAs. This paper brings together all currently available data on miRNAs, microbiota and gastric cancer, and preliminarily describes the relationship among them.
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Interplay and cooperation of Helicobacter pylori and gut microbiota in gastric carcinogenesis. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:258. [PMID: 34556055 PMCID: PMC8461988 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is a critical risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). However, only 1–3 % of people with H. pylori develop GC. In gastric carcinogenesis, non-H. pylori bacteria in the stomach might interact with H. pylori. Bacterial dysbiosis in the stomach can strengthen gastric neoplasia development via generating tumor-promoting metabolites, DNA damaging, suppressing antitumor immunity, and activating oncogenic signaling pathways. Other bacterial species may generate short-chain fatty acids like butyrate that may inhibit carcinogenesis and inflammation in the human stomach. The present article aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the effects of gut microbiota and H. pylori on the development of GC. Next, the potential mechanisms of intestinal microbiota were discussed in gastric carcinogenesis. We also disserted the complicated interactions between H. pylori, intestinal microbiota, and host in gastric carcinogenesis, thus helping us to design new strategies for preventing, diagnosing, and treating GC.
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Autophagy induced by H. pylori VacA regulated the survival mechanism of the SGC7901 human gastric cancer cell line. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1223-1230. [PMID: 34398448 PMCID: PMC8429402 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is an important virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It was previously believed that VacA can trigger the cascade of apoptosis on mitochondria to lead to cell apoptosis. Recently, it was found that VacA can induce autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism by which VacA induces autophagy is largely unknown. Objective We aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of autophagy induced by H. pylori in gastric cancer cells and the effect of autophagy on the survival of gastric cancer cells. Methods The autophagy of human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR in the treatment of VacA protein of H. pylori. The relationship between autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the proliferation of gastric cancer cells were studied by gene expression silences (siRNA) and CM-H2DCFDA (DCF) staining. Results The results showed that VacA protein secreted by H. pylori in the supernatant stimulated autophagy in SGC7901 cells. After VacA protein treatment, the mRNA expressions of BECN1, ATG7 and PIK3C3, were up-regulated. ATG7 silencing by siRNA inhibited VacA-induced autophagy. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that VacA protein increased ROS levels. Addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) suppressed the levels of ROS, leading to inhibition of autophagy. Conclusions H. pylori VacA is a key toxin that induces autophagy by increased ROS levels. And our findings demonstrated that VacA significantly inhibited proliferation in SGC7901 cells.
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9
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Riaz Rajoka MS, Mehwish HM, Xiong Y, Song X, Hussain N, Zhu Q, He Z. Gut microbiota targeted nanomedicine for cancer therapy: Challenges and future considerations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Low HOXC10 expression in liver cancer regulates proliferation via a mechanism involving miR-221 and the MAPK signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:127. [PMID: 32934696 PMCID: PMC7471664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain-containing gene 10 (HOXC10) is associated with the progression of a variety of different types of human cancer; however, the role of HOXC10 in liver cancer is not completely understood. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of HOXC10 on liver cancer tumorigenesis. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression patterns of HOXC10 in cancer and adjacent healthy tissues. EdU, Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were used to determine the functions of HOXC10 in liver cancer cell lines. ENCORI, TargetScan and miRTarBase were used to identify microRNAs that target HOXC10. The verification of the interaction between HOXC10 and microRNA-221 was determined by a luciferase assay. Compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues, the expression of HOXC10 was markedly decreased in liver cancer tissues. A HOXC10 small interfering (si)RNA significantly attenuated HOXC10 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, and enhanced cell proliferation compared with the siRNA-negative control group. In addition, the luciferase reporter assay indicated that microRNA-221 directly bound to the 3'-untranslated region of HOXC10, and interfered with the inhibitory effect of HOXC10 on proliferation. In addition, HOXC10 knockdown elevated the expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway markers compared with the siRNA-negative control group. Therefore, the results of the present study may aid with the development of novel therapeutic regimens and diagnostic markers of liver cancer.
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Kim JY, Lee YM, Kim DW, Min T, Lee SJ. Nanosphere Loaded with Curcumin Inhibits the Gastrointestinal Cell Death Signaling Pathway Induced by the Foodborne Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030631. [PMID: 32151068 PMCID: PMC7140471 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol of turmeric, has a variety of biological functions as a herbal supplement, but its poor gastric absorption rate is one of the major factors limiting its oral bioavailability. In the present study, we have investigated the functional role of a nanosphere loaded with curcumin (CN) during host cell death elicited by the Gram-negative bacterium V. vulnificus in human gastrointestinal epithelial HT-29 cells and an ileal-ligated mouse model. The recombinant protein (r) VvhA produced by V. vulnificus significantly reduced the viability of HT-29 cells. The cytotoxic effect of rVvhA was restored upon a treatment with CN (100 ng/mL), which had shown 1000-fold higher anti-apoptotic efficacy than curcumin. CN inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Src and PKC mediated by intracellular ROS responsible for the distinctive activation of the MAPKs in rVvhA-treated HT-29 cells. Interestingly, CN significantly restored the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 as regulated by the phosphorylation of NF-κB. In mouse models of V. vulnificus infection, treatment with CN had a blocking effect that elevated the levels of TUNEL-positive DNA fragmentation and apoptosis-related proteins. These results indicate that CN is a functional agent that manipulates the V. vulnificus VvhA signaling pathway responsible for gastrointestinal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Do-Wan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Taesun Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (S.-J.L.); Tel.: +82-54-819-1806 (S.-J.L.)
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (S.-J.L.); Tel.: +82-54-819-1806 (S.-J.L.)
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Melatonin restores Muc2 depletion induced by V. vulnificus VvpM via melatonin receptor 2 coupling with Gαq. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:21. [PMID: 31906951 PMCID: PMC6943958 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine), a hormone produced in the pineal gland, has a variety of biological functions as an antioxidant, but a functional role of melatonin in the regulation of intestinal mucin (Muc) production during bacterial infection has yet to be described in detail. In this study, we investigate the effects of melatonin during Muc2 repression elicited by the Gram-negative bacterium V. vulnificus. Methods Mucus-secreting human HT29-MTX cells were used to study the functional role of melatonin during Muc2 depletion induced by the recombinant protein (r) VvpM produced by V. vulnificus. The regulatory effects of melatonin coupling with melatonin receptor 2 (MT2) on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activation of PKCδ and ERK, and the hypermethylation of the Muc2 promoter as induced by rVvpM were examined. Experimental mouse models of V. vulnificus infection were used to study the role of melatonin and how it neutralizes the bacterial toxin activity related to Muc2 repression. Results Recombinant protein (r) VvpM significantly reduced the level of Muc2 in HT29-MTX cells. The repression of Muc2 induced by rVvpM was significantly restored upon a treatment with melatonin (1 μM), which had been inhibited by the knockdown of MT2 coupling with Gαq and the NADPH oxidase subunit p47 phox. Melatonin inhibited the ROS-mediated phosphorylation of PKCδ and ERK responsible for region-specific hypermethylation in the Muc2 promoter in rVvpM-treated HT29-MTX cells. In the mouse models of V. vulnificus infection, treatment with melatonin maintained the level of Muc2 expression in the intestine. In addition, the mutation of the VvpM gene from V. vulnificus exhibited an effect similar to that of melatonin. Conclusions These results demonstrate that melatonin acting on MT2 inhibits the hypermethylation of the Muc2 promoter to restore the level of Muc2 production in intestinal epithelial cells infected with V. vulnificus.
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Zhang S, Shi D, Li M, Li Y, Wang X, Li W. The relationship between gastric microbiota and gastric disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:391-396. [PMID: 30945954 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1591499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the stomach was believed to be a sterile organ unsuitable for microbiota growth. However, the discovery of H. pylori subverted this conception. With the development of molecular techniques, an abundance of microbiota of great diversity was found in the stomach. In addition, various lines of evidence suggest that the gastric microbiota plays a critical role in the development and progression of the gastric disease.The gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in various physiologic and pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Zhang
- a Endoscopy Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Dan Shi
- b Tianjin Medical University Graduate School , Tianjin , China
| | - Muran Li
- c Department of gastroenterology , Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Yanru Li
- a Endoscopy Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Ximo Wang
- d Tianjin Clinical Medicine Research Centre for ITCWM Acute abdomen Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM Nankai Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Wen Li
- a Endoscopy Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center , Tianjin , China.,b Tianjin Medical University Graduate School , Tianjin , China
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Intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis due to a hemolytic toxin from Vibrio vulnificus and protection by a 36 kDa glycoprotein from Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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SUMOs Mediate the Nuclear Transfer of p38 and p-p38 during Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092482. [PMID: 30135361 PMCID: PMC6163533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway has been suggested to play a significant role in the gastric mucosal inflammatory response to chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Nuclear translocation is thought to be important for p38 function, but no nuclear translocation signals have been found in the protein and no nuclear carrier proteins have been identified for p38. We have investigated the role of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) in the nuclear transfer of p38 in response to H. pylori infection. Exposure of human AGS cells to H. pylori induced the activation of p38 and the expression of SUMOs, especially SUMO-2. SUMO knockdown counteracted the effect of H. pylori infection by decreasing the resulting p38 mediated cellular apoptosis through a reduction in the nuclear fraction of phosphorylated p38. We identified a non-covalent interaction between SUMOs and p38 via SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs), and showed that SUMO-dependent nuclear transfer of p38 was decreased upon mutation of its SIMs. This study has identified a new pathway of p38 nuclear translocation, in response to H. pylori infection. We conclude that in the presence of H. pylori SUMO-2 has a major role in regulating nuclear levels of p38, through non-covalent SUMO-p38 interactions, independent of the p38 phosphorylation state.
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Fu Y, Wu HQ, Cui HL, Li YY, Li CZ. Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer effects of oxymatrine against several gastric ulcer models in rats: Possible roles of antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and prosurvival mechanisms. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2047-2058. [PMID: 30024074 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fu
- Department of Paediatrics; Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province; Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Huan-qing Wu
- Department of Paediatrics; Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province; Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Huai-liang Cui
- Department of Paediatrics; Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province; Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Yue-yun Li
- Department of Paediatrics; Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan Province; Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Chang-zheng Li
- Institute of biological life sciences; Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang 453003 China
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17
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Wong SH, Kwong TNY, Wu CY, Yu J. Clinical applications of gut microbiota in cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:28-36. [PMID: 29782923 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of microorganisms in cancer has been increasing recognized. Collectively, microorganisms have been estimated to account for ∼20% of all cancers worldwide. Recent advances in metagenomics and bioinformatics have provided new insights on the microbial ecology in different tumors, pinpointing the roles of microorganisms in cancer formation, development and response to treatments. Furthermore, studies have emphasized the importance of host-microbial and inter-microbial interactions in the cancer microbiota. These studies have not only revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology, but also opened up new opportunities for cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognostication and treatment. This review article aims to summarize the microbiota in various cancers and their treatments, and explore clinical applications for such relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny H Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas N Y Kwong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Public Health and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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18
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A Novel Role of Irbesartan in Gastroprotection against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats: Targeting DDAH/ADMA and EGFR/ERK Signaling. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523851 PMCID: PMC5844881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) as intriguing gastroprotective candidates and the superior pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics displayed by irbesartan compared to many other ARBs raised the interest to investigate its gastroprotective potential in a rat model of gastric injury. Irbesartan (50 mg/Kg) was orally administered to male Wistar rats once daily for 14 days; thereafter gastric injury was induced by indomethacin (60 mg/Kg, p.o). Irbesartan reduced gastric ulcer index, gastric acidity, and ameliorated indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal apoptotic and inflammatory aberrations, as demonstrated by hampering caspase-3, prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression. This ARB increased mucosal dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) gene expression and decreased elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (pERK1/2). Histopathological evaluation corroborated biochemical findings. Overall efficacy of irbesartan was comparable to ranitidine, the widely used H2 receptor blocker. In conclusion, irbesartan exerts significant gastroprotection against indomethacin-induced mucosal damage via acid-inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and extracellular matrix remodeling mechanisms that are probably mediated, at least partly, by down-regulating DDAH/ADMA and EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling.
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Meng C, Bai C, Brown TD, Hood LE, Tian Q. Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018. [PMID: 29474889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.06.002.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also interfere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers) and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Meng
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Leroy E Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; P4 Medicine Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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20
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Meng C, Bai C, Brown TD, Hood LE, Tian Q. Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:33-49. [PMID: 29474889 PMCID: PMC6000254 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also interfere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers) and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Meng
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Leroy E Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; P4 Medicine Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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21
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Lee SJ, Lee HJ, Jung YH, Kim JS, Choi SH, Han HJ. Melatonin inhibits apoptotic cell death induced by Vibrio vulnificus VvhA via melatonin receptor 2 coupling with NCF-1. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:48. [PMID: 29352110 PMCID: PMC5833450 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an endogenous hormone molecule, has a variety of biological functions, but a functional role of melatonin in the infection of Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus has yet to be described. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of melatonin in the apoptosis of human intestinal epithelial (HCT116) cells induced by the hemolysin (VvhA) produced by V. vulnificus. Melatonin (1 μM) significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by the recombinant protein (r) VvhA, which had been inhibited by the knockdown of MT2. The rVvhA recruited caveolin-1, NCF-1, and Rac1 into lipid rafts to facilitate the production of ROS responsible for the phosphorylation of PKC and JNK. Interestingly, melatonin recruited NCF-1 into non-lipid rafts to prevent ROS production via MT2 coupling with Gαq. Melatonin inhibited the JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun responsible for Bax expression, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and caspase-3/-9 activation during its promotion of rVvhA-induced apoptotic cell death. In addition, melatonin inhibited JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 responsible for the release of Beclin-1 and Atg5 expression during its promotion of rVvhA-induced autophagic cell death. These results demonstrate that melatonin signaling via MT2 triggers recruitment of NCF-1 into non-lipid rafts to block ROS production and JNK-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell deaths induced by rVvhA in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 38610, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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22
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Hong KS, Ki MR, Ullah HMA, Lee EJ, Kim YD, Chung MJ, Elfadl AK, Park JK, Jeong KS. Preventive effect of anti-VacA egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) on Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Vaccine 2017; 36:371-380. [PMID: 29223485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of gastric disorders and gastric cancer in the human stomach. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is among the multi-effect protein toxins released by H. pylori that enables its persistence in the human stomach. METHODS To evaluate the effect of anti-VacA egg yolk immunoglobulin (anti-VacA IgY) on H. pylori infection, a highly specific anti-VacA IgY was produced from egg yolks of hens immunized with a mixture of two purified recombinant VacAs. Female C57BL/6 mice were supplemented anti-VacA IgY daily with drinking water for 2 weeks before and 4 weeks after H. pylori ATCC 43504 inoculation. Anti-VacA IgY recognized both native and denatured structures of VacA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting analyses, respectively. RESULTS Oral administration of anti-VacA IgYs significantly (p < .05) reduced the serum levels of anti-H. pylori antibodies compared to those in the H. pylori-infected, untreated group. The reduction in the immune response was accompanied by a significant (p < .05) decrease in eosinophilic infiltration of the stomach in anti-VacA IgY treated group compared to other groups. Concomitantly, H. pylori-induced histological changes and H. pylori antigen-positivity in gastric tissues were decreased significantly (p < .05) in anti-VacA IgY treated group similar to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of anti-VacA IgY is correlated with a protective effect against H. pylori colonization and induced histological changes in gastric tissues. Our experimental study has proved that it is expected to be a new drug candidate of Hp infection by further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Ki
- Industrial Technology, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deuk Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Chung
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed K Elfadl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Lee SJ, Jung YH, Kim JS, Lee HJ, Lee SH, Lee KH, Jang KK, Choi SH, Han HJ. A Vibrio vulnificus VvpM Induces IL-1β Production Coupled with Necrotic Macrophage Death via Distinct Spatial Targeting by ANXA2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:352. [PMID: 28848713 PMCID: PMC5554522 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An inflammatory form of phagocyte death evoked by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio (V.) vulnificus (WT) is one of hallmarks to promote their colonization, but the virulence factor and infectious mechanism involved in this process remain largely unknown. Here, we identified extracellular metalloprotease VvpM as a new virulence factor and investigated the molecular mechanism of VvpM which acts during the regulation of the inflammatory form of macrophage death and bacterial colonization. Mutation of the vvpM gene appeared to play major role in the prevention of IL-1β production due to V. vulnificus infection in macrophage. However, the recombinant protein (r) VvpM caused IL-1β production coupled with necrotic cell death, which is highly susceptible to the knockdown of annexin A2 (ANXA2) located in both membrane lipid and non-lipid rafts. In lipid rafts, rVvpM recruited NOX enzymes coupled with ANXA2 to facilitate the production of ROS responsible for the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of NF-κB in the IL-1β promoter. rVvpM acting on non-lipid rafts increased LC3 puncta formation and autophagic flux, which are required for the mRNA expression of Atg5 involved in the autophagosome formation process. The autophagy activation caused by rVvpM induced NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation in the promoting of IL-1β production. In mouse models of V. vulnificus infection, the VvpM mutant failed to elevate the level of pro-inflammatory responses closely related to IL-1β production and prevented bacterial colonization. These findings delineate VvpM efficiently regulates two pathogenic pathways that stimulate NF-κB-dependent IL-1β production and autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome via distinct spatial targeting by ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul HospitalSeoul, South Korea
- Departments of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of MedicineCheonan, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Ku Jang
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Fahimi F, Tohidkia MR, Fouladi M, Aghabeygi R, Samadi N, Omidi Y. Pleiotropic cytotoxicity of VacA toxin in host cells and its impact on immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:59-71. [PMID: 28546954 PMCID: PMC5439391 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: In the recent decades, a number of studies have highlighted the importance of Helicobacter pylori in the initiation and development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Some potential virulence factors (e.g., urease, CagA, VacA, BabA) are exploited by this microorganism, facilitating its persistence through evading human defense mechanisms. Among these toxins and enzymes, vacuolating toxin A (VacA) is of a great importance in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. VacA toxin shows different pattern of cytotoxicity through binding to different cell surface receptors in various cells.
Methods: To highlight attempts in treatment for H. pylori infection, here, we discussed the VacA potential as a candidate for development of vaccine and targeted immunotherapy. Furthermore, we reviewed the related literature to provide key insights on association of the genetic variants of VacA with the toxicity of the toxin in cells.
Results: A number of investigations on the receptor(s) binding of VacA toxin confirmed the pleiotropic nature of VacA that uses a unique mechanism for internalization through some membrane components such as lipid rafts and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-AP). Considering the high potency of VacA toxin in the clinical presentations in infection and assisting persistence and colonization of H. pylori, it is considered as one of the pivotal components in production vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Conclusion: It is possible to generate mAbs with a considerable potential to convert into secretory immunoglobulins that could penetrate into the niche of H. pylori and inhibit its normal functionalities. Further, conjugation of H. pylori targeting Ab fragments with the toxic agents or drug delivery systems (DDSs) offers new generation of H. pylori treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fahimi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fouladi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Aghabeygi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Guo C, Hou J, Ao S, Deng X, Lyu G. HOXC10 up-regulation promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through MAPK pathway. Chin J Cancer Res 2017; 29:572-580. [PMID: 29353980 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.06.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As an important regulator of embryonic morphogenesis, homeodomain-containing gene 10 (HOXC10) has been found to promote progression of human cancers and its expression indicates poor survival outcome. However, very few studies are available on the role of HOXC10 in gastric carcinoma. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of HOXC10 in gastric cancer and the potential mechanism underlying its function for cancer biology. Methods A primary gastric cancer mouse model was obtained via intra-gastric wall injection of gastric cancer cells and was used to evaluate the function of HOXC10 during gastric cancer progression in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize and measure HOXC10 protein expression in gastric cancer tissue. Cells were transfected with plasmids to increase the expression of HOXC10, and siRNA transfection was performed to suppress HOXC10 expression. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were utilized to measure mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Proliferation, migration, and invasion were investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, wound healing assay, and matrigel invasion assay in vitro, respectively. Results HOXC10 expression was significantly increased in gastric cancer tissues compared to matched normal tissues. HOXC10 up-regulation significantly increased tumor volumes in nude mice. Plasmid transfection significantly increased HOXC10 protein and mRNA expressions and effectively promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, HOXC10 up-regulation significantly promoted migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Mechanistic investigation showed that HOXC10 up-regulation significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling related genes, including c-myc, c-jun and p53, while also modulating the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and P38 but not their total protein levels. Conclusions This study demonstrated the tight link between HOXC10 and gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis via involvement of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianing Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Sheng Ao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Guoqing Lyu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
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26
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Helicobacter pylori VacA induces apoptosis by accumulation of connexin 43 in autophagic vesicles via a Rac1/ERK-dependent pathway. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15035. [PMID: 27551466 PMCID: PMC4979424 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) produces vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), a potent protein toxin, which is associated with gastric inflammation and ulceration. Recent studies demonstrated that connexins (Cxs), which are responsible for intracellular communication at gap junctions (GJs) as well as cell homeostasis, participate in VacA-induced cell death. We now demonstrate in AZ-521 cells that VacA increased cytoplasmic Cx43, accompanied by LC3-II generation in a time- and dose-dependent manner without induction of Cx43 mRNA expression. Inhibition of VacA-induced Rac1 activity prevented ERK phosphorylation and the increase in Cx43. Suppression of ERK activity and addition of N-acetyl-cysteine inhibited VacA-dependent increase in Cx43 and LC3-II. DIDS, an anion-selective inhibitor, suppressed VacA-dependent increase in Cx43, suggesting that VacA channel activity was involved in this pathway. By confocal microscopy, Cx43 increased by VacA was predominately localized in cholesterol-rich, detergent-resistant membranes including GJs, and a fraction of Cx43 was incorporated in endocytotic vesicles and autophagolysosomes. Accumulation of Cx43 was also observed in gastric mucosa from H. pylori-infected patients compared with healthy controls, suggesting that the pathogen caused a similar effect in vivo. Our findings show that VacA-mediated effects on autophagy inhibits turnover of Cx43, resulting in increased levels in the cytoplasm, leading eventually to apoptotic cell death.
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27
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Lee SJ, Jung YH, Song EJ, Jang KK, Choi SH, Han HJ. Vibrio vulnificus VvpE Stimulates IL-1β Production by the Hypomethylation of the IL-1β Promoter and NF-κB Activation via Lipid Raft–Dependent ANXA2 Recruitment and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2282-2293. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An inflammatory response is a hallmark of necrosis evoked by bacterial pathogens. Vibrio vulnificus, VvpE, is an elastase that is responsible for tissue necrosis and inflammation; however, the molecular mechanism by which it regulates host cell death has not been characterized. In the present study, we investigate the cellular mechanism of VvpE with regard to host cell death and the inflammatory response of human intestinal epithelial (INT-407) cells. The recombinant protein (r)VvpE (50 pg/ml) caused cytotoxicity mainly via necrosis coupled with IL-1β production. The necrotic cell death induced by rVvpE is highly susceptible to the knockdown of annexin A (ANXA)2 and the sequestration of membrane cholesterol. We found that rVvpE induces the recruitment of NADPH oxidase 2 and neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 into membrane lipid rafts coupled with ANXA2 to facilitate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bacterial signaling of rVvpE through ROS production is uniquely mediated by the phosphorylation of redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB. The silencing of NF-κB inhibited IL-1β production during necrosis. rVvpE induced hypomethylation and region-specific transcriptional occupancy by NF-κB in the IL-1β promoter and has the ability to induce pyroptosis via NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain–containing 3 inflammasome. In a mouse model of V. vulnificus infection, the mutation of the vvpE gene from V. vulnificus negated the proinflammatory responses and maintained the physiological levels of the proliferation and migration of enterocytes. These results demonstrate that VvpE induces the hypomethylation of the IL-1β promoter and the transcriptional regulation of NF-κB through lipid raft–dependent ANXA2 recruitment and ROS signaling to promote IL-1β production in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Jung Lee
- *Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea
- †Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (BK21 PLUS) Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea; and
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- *Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea
- †Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (BK21 PLUS) Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea; and
| | - Eun Ju Song
- *Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea
- †Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (BK21 PLUS) Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea; and
| | - Kyung Ku Jang
- ‡Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- ‡Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- *Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea
- †Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (BK21 PLUS) Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, South Korea; and
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Vibrio vulnificus VvpE inhibits mucin 2 expression by hypermethylation via lipid raft-mediated ROS signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1787. [PMID: 26086960 PMCID: PMC4669833 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucin is an important physical barrier against enteric pathogens. VvpE is an elastase encoded by Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus; however, the functional role of VvpE in intestinal mucin (Muc) production is yet to be elucidated. The recombinant protein (r) VvpE significantly reduced the level of Muc2 in human mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cells. The repression of Muc2 induced by rVvpE was highly susceptible to the knockdown of intelectin-1b (ITLN) and sequestration of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin. We found that rVvpE induces the recruitment of NADPH oxidase 2 and neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 into the membrane lipid rafts coupled with ITLN to facilitate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bacterial signaling of rVvpE through ROS production is uniquely mediated by the phosphorylation of ERK, which was downregulated by the silencing of the PKCδ. Moreover, rVvpE induced region-specific methylation in the Muc2 promoter to promote the transcriptional repression of Muc2. In two mouse models of V. vulnificus infection, the mutation of the vvpE gene from V. vulnificus exhibited an increased survival rate and maintained the level of Muc2 expression in intestine. These results demonstrate that VvpE inhibits Muc2 expression by hypermethylation via lipid raft-mediated ROS signaling in the intestinal epithelial cells.
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Vibrio vulnificus VvhA induces NF-κB-dependent mitochondrial cell death via lipid raft-mediated ROS production in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:1655. [PMID: 25695598 PMCID: PMC4669806 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus produces hemolysin (VvhA), which induces cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. However, our understanding of the cytotoxic mechanism and the modes of action of VvhA are still fragmentary and incomplete. The recombinant protein (r) VvhA (50 pg/ml) significantly induces necrotic cell death and apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial (INT-407) cells. The apoptotic cell death induced by rVvhA is highly susceptible to the sequestration of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin, whereas for necrotic cell death, this shows a marginal effect. We found that rVvhA induces the aggregation of lipid raft components coupled with NADPH oxidase enzymes, in which rVvhA increased the interaction of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2, gp91phox) with a cytosolic protein NCF1 (p47phox) to facilitate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). rVvhA uniquely stimulated a conventional PKC isoform PKCα and induced the phosphorylation of both ERK and JNK, which are responsible for the activation of transcription factor NF-κB. rVvhA induced an NF-κB-dependent imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and caspase-3/-9 activation during its promotion of apoptotic cell death. In addition, rVvhA has the ability to inhibit the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, such as CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. These results demonstrate that rVvhA induces NF-κB-dependent mitochondrial cell death via lipid raft-mediated ROS production by the distinct activation of PKCα and ERK/JNK in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Shu Q, Li W, Li J, Wang W, Liu C, Sun K. Cross-talk between cAMP and MAPK pathways in HSD11B2 induction by hCG in placental trophoblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107938. [PMID: 25229504 PMCID: PMC4168233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexposure of the fetus to glucocorticoids in gestation is detrimental to fetal development. The passage of maternal glucocorticoids into the fetal circulation is governed by 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 (HSD11B2) in the placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) plays an important role in maintaining placental HSD11B2 expression via activation of the cAMP pathway. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the activation of the cAMP pathway by hCG and subsequent phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the regulation of placental HSD11B2 expression in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts. We found that treatment of the placental syncytiotrophoblasts with either hCG or dibutyl cAMP (dbcAMP) could promote the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. Inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB203580 not only reduced the basal HSD11B2 mRNA and protein levels but also attenuated HSD11B2 levels induced by either hCG or dbcAMP. By contrast, inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD98059 increased the basal mRNA and protein levels of HSD11B2 and had no effect on HSD11B2 mRNA and protein levels induced by either hCG or dbcAMP. These data suggest that p38 MAPK is involved in both basal and hCG/cAMP-induced expression of HSD11B2, and ERK1/2 may play a role opposite to p38 MAPK at least in the basal expression of HSD11B2 in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts and that there is complicated cross-talk between hCG/cAMP and MAPK cascades in the regulation of placental HSD11B2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Shu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjiao Li
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianneng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangsheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Ki MR, Hwang M, Kim AY, Lee EM, Lee EJ, Lee MM, Sung SE, Kim SH, Lee HS, Jeong KS. Role of vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and cytotoxin-associated antigen CagA of Helicobacter pylori in the progression of gastric cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:23-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Amphotericin B down-regulates Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced production of IL-8 and IL-6 in human gingival epithelial cells. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:201-8. [PMID: 25064453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gingival epithelium is the primary barrier against microorganism invasion and produces inflammatory cytokines. Amphotericin B, a major antifungal drug, binds to cholesterol in the mammalian cell membrane in addition to fungal ergosterol. Amphotericin B has been shown to regulate inflammatory cytokines in host cells. To investigate the suppressive effect of amphotericin B on the gingival epithelium, we examined the expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 and involvement of MAP kinase in human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) stimulated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Amphotericin B and the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor down-regulated the A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced increase in the expression of IL-8 and IL-6 at the mRNA. The ERK inhibitor suppressed the A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced IL-8 mRNA expression. Amphotericin B inhibited the A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAP kinase. Furthermore, amphotericin B inhibited the A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced production of prostaglandin E2. These results suggest that amphotericin B regulate inflammatory responses in HGEC.
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Cho YT, Kuo CH, Wang SS, Chen YS, Weng BC, Lee YC, Cheng CN, Shiea J, Wu DC. Differentiation of virulence of Helicobacter pylori by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and multivariate analyses. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 424:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Li N, Han L, Chen J, Lin X, Chen H, She F. Proliferative and apoptotic effects of gastric epithelial cells induced by coccoid Helicobacter pylori. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:147-55. [PMID: 22581720 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori exhibit morphology convertion in a spiral or coccoid form. This study aims to reveal the impact of coccoid H. pylori on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells. The cagA and vacA genes of H. pylori were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by the CCK-8 colorimetric method and TUNEL assay, respectively. Egr-1 mRNA and PCNA expression affected by the ERK1/2-specific inhibitor were detected by RT-PCR and immunochemistry. At low density of infection (MOI < 125:1), coccoid H. pylori exerted a stronger effect on proliferation and a weaker effect on apoptosis than did spiral form. The ERK1/2-specific inhibitor significantly blocked the increased expression in Egr-1 and PCNA induced by coccoid H. pylori. Expression of vacA and cagA in coccoid H. pylori decreased compared with the spiral form, whereas vacA decreased more than cagA. The difference of proliferation and apoptosis may be related to the unequal decreased expression of vacA and cagA in coccoid H. pylori. Activation of the ERK1/2-Egr-1-PCNA signal transduction pathway may play an important role in coccoid H. pylori-induced cell proliferation. Long latency of the coccoid form of H. pylori in gastric tissue may be associated with gastric cancer caused by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, College for Preclinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Ashida H, Ogawa M, Kim M, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C. Bacteria and host interactions in the gut epithelial barrier. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 8:36-45. [PMID: 22173358 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut mucosa acts as a barrier against microbial invaders, whereas resident commensal and foreign invading bacteria interact intimately with the gut epithelium and influence the host cellular and immune systems. The epithelial barrier serves as an infectious foothold for many bacterial pathogens and as an entry port for pathogens to disseminate into deeper tissues. Enteric bacterial pathogens can efficiently infect the gut mucosa using highly sophisticated virulence mechanisms that allow bacteria to circumvent the defense barriers in the gut. We provide an overview of the components of the mucosal barrier and discuss the bacterial stratagems that circumvent these barriers with particular emphasis on the roles of bacterial effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ki MR, Shin DG, Park JS, Hong KS, Hong IH, Park JK, Jeong KS. Frequency of vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA)-positive Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and TGF-β1 decrease in atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145:345-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kim M, Ashida H, Ogawa M, Yoshikawa Y, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C. Bacterial interactions with the host epithelium. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 8:20-35. [PMID: 20638639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium deploys multiple innate defense mechanisms to fight microbial intruders, including epithelial integrity, rapid epithelial cell turnover, quick expulsion of infected cells, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Nevertheless, many bacterial pathogens are equipped with highly evolved infectious stratagems that circumvent these defense systems and use the epithelium as a replicative foothold. During replication on and within the gastrointestinal epithelium, gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens secrete various components, toxins, and effectors that can subvert, usurp, and exploit host cellular functions to benefit bacterial survival. In addition, bacterial pathogens use a variety of mechanisms that balance breaching the epithelial barrier with maintaining the epithelium in order to promote bacterial colonization. These complex strategies represent a new paradigm of bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Helicobacter pylori accelerates hepatic fibrosis by sensitizing transforming growth factor-β1-induced inflammatory signaling. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1507-16. [PMID: 20531291 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our earlier report has shown that Helicobacter pylori promoted hepatic fibrosis in a murine model. Herein, in order to elucidate the mechanism by which H. pylori accelerate liver fibrosis, the authors investigated the changes in expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), p53-related proteins, antioxidants, and proinflammatory cytokines in liver samples. H. pylori infection enhanced CCl4-induced MAP kinase activation and p53 signaling pathway as well as Bax- and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen expressions, whereas H. pylori alone induced neither of these expressions nor hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines, glutathione peroxidase expression, and the proliferative index were strongly augmented in livers of the H. pylori with CCl4 treatment group compared with those of the CCl4-alone treatment group, whereas there was no difference in apoptotic index between the two groups. Interestingly, H. pylori treatment increased the number of α-fetoprotein-expressing hepatocytes independently of CCl4 intoxication. In vitro analyses, using an immortalized rat hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line, revealed that H. pylori lysates increased the proliferation of HSCs, which was boosted by the addition of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). Furthermore, the treatment of H. pylori lysates promoted the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) into the nucleus based on an increase in the degradation of NF-κB inhibitor alpha, in the presence of TGF-β1, as did H2O2 treatment. In conclusion, H. pylori infection along with an elevated TGF-β1 may accelerate hepatic fibrosis through increased TGF-β1-induced pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in HSCs. Moreover, H. pylori infection might increase the risk of TGF-β1-mediated tumorigenesis by disturbing the balance between apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocytes.
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Ki MR, Ghim SY, Hong IH, Park JK, Hong KS, Ji AR, Jeong KS. In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori growth and of adherence of cagA-positive strains to gastric epithelial cells by Lactobacillus paraplantarum KNUC25 isolated from kimchi. J Med Food 2010; 13:629-34. [PMID: 20521987 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus paraplantarum KNUC25 strain was isolated from overfermented kimchi, a Korean traditional food. The strain had a broad antimicrobial activity spectrum, from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of L. paraplantarum KNUC25 against Helicobacter pylori strains. Judged by a disc agar diffusion method, the anti-H. pylori activity existed in the cell-free supernatants (CFSs) of KNUC25. The mean diameters of growth inhibition by 10, 30, and 60 microL of a 15-fold concentrated CFS per disc were 11.2, 17.7, and 23.7 mm, respectively. The neutralized CFS lost its anti-H. pylori activity, suggesting that acidic pH in CFS may be responsible for the anti-H. pylori activity. Adherence was determined by urease activity of H. pylori adhered to gastric epithelial cell line AGS cells after co-incubation of AGS cells with CFS and H. pylori strain ATCC43504 (s1m1vacA/cagA(+)), ATCC51932 (s2m2vacA/cagA(-)), or SS1 (s2m2vacA/cagA(+)) in vitro followed by three washes by means of centrifugation with saline. Adherence of ATCC43504 or SS1 to AGS cells was reduced by about 70% after a 30-minute incubation with 30 microL of a 15-fold concentrated KNUC25 CFS, whereas that of ATCC51932 to AGS cells was not. The results show KNUC25 CFS is effective in inhibiting the growth of H. pylori, which is related to pH and the adherence of cagA-positive H. pylori to gastric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gastroduodenum has multiple means by which it resists injury from intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including gastric acid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Helicobacter pylori. We review recent insights into the mechanisms by which the gastroduodenum resists injury and discuss factors contributing to defensive failure. RECENT FINDINGS Duodenal bicarbonate secretion, a primary defensive mechanism, is mediated by the downregulated in adenoma anion exchanger and is stimulated by estrogens. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastric damage is dependent on toll-like receptor signaling. Portal hypertensive gastropathy impairs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, increasing oxidative stress. H. pylori-induced peptic ulcer disease is associated with inadequate regulatory T cell responses. SUMMARY Enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of gastroduodenal defense and injury provides new insight into potential therapeutic targets, which contributes towards the development of more well tolerated and more effective therapies.
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Nordström E, Fisone G, Kristensson K. Opposing effects of ERK and p38-JNK MAP kinase pathways on formation of prions in GT1-1 cells. FASEB J 2008; 23:613-22. [PMID: 18824519 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which activates the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, increases formation of prions in scrapie-infected gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GT1-1) cells. This indicates that conversion of the cellular prion protein PrP(C) to its pathogenic isoform, PrP(Sc), can be regulated by physiological stimuli acting on specific signal transduction pathways. In the present study, we examined the involvement of different mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades and the cAMP-PKA pathway in formation of proteinase K-resistant PrP(Sc) (rPrP(Sc)). Long-term depolarization of GT1-1 cells infected with the Rocky Mountain Laboratory strain of scrapie increased the formation of rPrP(Sc). This effect was associated to ERK activation and was blocked by the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126. Treatment with forskolin caused a similar increase in rPrP(Sc) formation that was prevented by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89. Both depolarization and forskolin treatment were accompanied by increased phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein, while phosphorylation of histone H3 occurred only after forskolin treatment. Inhibitors of p38- and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) promoted the formation of rPrP(Sc), in contrast to the clearance of rPrP(Sc) produced by inhibitors of the ERK pathway. Thus, the ERK and the p38-JNK MAP kinase pathways appear to exert opposing effects on rPrP(Sc) formation, suggesting that balances between these intracellular signaling cascades may regulate replication of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Nordström
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77 Sweden.
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Tobin NP, Henehan GT, Murphy RP, Atherton JC, Guinan AF, Kerrigan SW, Cox D, Cahill PA, Cummins PM. Helicobacter pylori-induced inhibition of vascular endothelial cell functions: a role for VacA-dependent nitric oxide reduction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1403-13. [PMID: 18660451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00240.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies provide compelling support for a causal relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and endothelial dysfunction, leading to vascular diseases. However, clear biochemical evidence for this association is limited. In the present study, we have conducted a comprehensive investigation of endothelial injury in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) induced by H. pylori-conditioned medium (HPCM) prepared from H. pylori 60190 [vacuolating cytotoxin A (Vac(+))]. BAECs were treated with either unconditioned media, HPCM (0-25% vol/vol), or Escherichia coli-conditioned media for 24 h, and cell functions were monitored. Vac(+) HPCM significantly decreased BAEC proliferation, tube formation, and migration (by up to 44%, 65%, and 28%, respectively). Posttreatment, we also observed sporadic zonnula occludens-1 immunolocalization along the cell-cell border, and increased BAEC permeability to FD40 Dextran, indicating barrier reduction. These effects were blocked by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (VacA inhibitor) and were not observed with conditioned media prepared from either VacA-deleted H. pylori or E. coli. The cellular mechanism mediating these events was also considered. Vac(+) HPCM (but not Vac(-)) reduced nitric oxide (NO) by >50%, whereas S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, an NO donor, recovered all Vac(+) HPCM-dependent effects on cell functions. We further demonstrated that laminar shear stress, an endothelial NO synthase/NO stimulus in vivo, could also recover the Vac(+) HPCM-induced decreases in BAEC functions. This study shows, for the first time, a significant proatherogenic effect of H. pylori-secreted factors on a range of vascular endothelial dysfunction markers. Specifically, the VacA-dependent reduction in endothelial NO is indicated in these events. The atheroprotective impact of laminar shear stress in this context is also evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Tobin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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