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Wang F, Wang PY, Liu Y. Protease Inhibitor for Chronic Pancreatitis: Where Do We Go Next? Gastroenterology 2024; 167:818-819. [PMID: 38876175 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The 981st Hospital of PLA, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Guo L, Zhang S, Zhang C, Ren S, Zhou Z, Wang F, Wang Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Lee WH, Zhu K, Qin D, Gao Y, Sun T. Novel analgesic peptide derived from Cinobufacini injection suppressing inflammation and pain via ERK1/2/COX-2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112918. [PMID: 39159558 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is a chronic pain caused by peripheral tissue inflammation, seriously impacting the patient's life quality. Cinobufacini injection, as a traditional Chinese medicine injection preparation, shows excellent efficacy in anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment in patients with advanced tumors. In this study, a novel analgesic peptide CI5 with anti-inflammatory and analgesic bio-functions that naturally presents in Cinobufacini injection and its regulatory mechanism are reported. Our results showed that the administration of CI5 significantly relieved the pain of mice in the acetic acid twisting analgesic model and formalin inflammatory pain model. Furthermore, CI5 effectively reduced the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) and inflammatory mediator (PGE2) expressions, and prevented the carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Further LC-MS/MS results showed the anti-inflammatory and analgesic bio-functions of CI5 depended on its interaction with the Rac-2 protein upstream of ERK1/2 and the inflammatory signaling pathway (ERK1/2/COX-2 axis). In summary, CI5, as a novel natural candidate identified from Cinobufacini injection, showed substantial clinical promise for inflammatory pain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shuang Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Fengyuan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yubing Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PR China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Di Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Tongyi Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Feng MC, Luo F, Huang LJ, Li K, Chen ZM, Li H, Yao C, Qin BJ, Chen GZ. Rheum palmatum L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Alleviates Acute Pancreatitis by Regulating Th17 Cell Differentiation: An Integrated Network Pharmacology Analysis, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Validation. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:408-420. [PMID: 37861962 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the core targets of Rheum palmatum L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., (Dahuang-Danshen, DH-DS) and the mechanism underlying its therapeutic efficacy in acute pancreatitis (AP) using a network pharmacology approach and validate the findings in animal experiments. METHODS Network pharmacology analysis was used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of DH-DS in AP. The reliability of the results was verified by molecular docking simulation and molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, the results of network pharmacology enrichment analysis were verified by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS Sixty-seven common targets of DH-DS in AP were identified and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), protein c-Fos (FOS) were identified as core targets in the protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Gene ontology analysis showed that cellular response to organic substance was the main functions of DH-DS in AP, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the main pathway included Th17 cell differentiation. Molecular docking simulation confirmed that DH-DS binds with strong affinity to MAPK3, STAT3 and FOS. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that FOS-isotanshinone II and STAT3-dan-shexinkum d had good binding capacity. Animal experiments indicated that compared with the AP model group, DH-DS treatment effectively alleviated AP by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and blocking the activation of Th17 cell differentiation (P<0.01). CONCLUSION DH-DS could inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and protect pancreatic tissues, which would be functioned by regulating Th17 cell differentiation-related mRNA and protein expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chao Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Fang Luo
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Liang-Jiang Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Kai Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Zu-Min Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Hui Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Chun Yao
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Bai-Jun Qin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, China.
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Wu Y, Han C, Luo R, Cai W, Xia Q, Jiang R, Ferdek PE, Liu T, Huang W. Molecular mechanisms of pain in acute pancreatitis: recent basic research advances and therapeutic implications. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1331438. [PMID: 38188196 PMCID: PMC10771850 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1331438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although severe abdominal pain is the main symptom of acute pancreatitis, its mechanisms are poorly understood. An emerging body of literature evidence indicates that neurogenic inflammation might play a major role in modulating the perception of pain from the pancreas. Neurogenic inflammation is the result of a crosstalk between injured pancreatic tissue and activated neurons, which leads to an auto-amplification loop between inflammation and pain during the progression of acute pancreatitis. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of neuropeptides, ion channels, and the endocannabinoid system in acute pancreatitis-related pain. We also highlight potential therapeutic strategies that could be applied for managing severe pain in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzi Wu
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenxia Han
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Cai
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Xia
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruotian Jiang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pawel E. Ferdek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tingting Liu
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institutes for Systems Genetics and Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Al-Hashem F, Abd Ellatif M, ShamsEldeen AM, Kamar SS, Al-Ani B, Haidara MA. Vitamin E protects against the modulation of TNF-α-AMPK axis and inhibits pancreas injury in a rat model of L-arginine-induced acute necrotising pancreatitis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:148-156. [PMID: 32783662 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1806330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) associated with the modulation of TNF-α-AMPK axis in the presence and absence of vitamin E has not been investigated before. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were either injected with L-arginine (2.5 gm/kg) before being sacrificed after 48 h or were pre-treated with vitamin E (60 mg/kg) and continued receiving vitamin E until the end of the experiment. RESULTS AP was developed as demonstrated by infiltration of inflammatory cells and profound pancreas tissue damage, which were substantially protected by vitamin E. In addition, L-arginine injections significantly (p < .0001) increased the expression of TNF-α mRNA and protein, and decreased phospho-AMPK and IL-10 mRNA and protein that was significantly (p < .0001) protected by vitamin E. Furthermore, vitamin E inhibited L-arginine-induced blood levels of LDH, amylase, and myeloperoxidase. CONCLUSIONS L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis modulates TNF-α-AMPK axis, IL-10 and other AP biomarkers, which is protected by vitamin E; thus, may offer therapeutic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahaid Al-Hashem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abd Ellatif
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M ShamsEldeen
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samaa S Kamar
- Department of Medical Histology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bahjat Al-Ani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Haidara
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Reick-Mitrisin V, Mukhtar K, Khan ZH. Acute Pancreatitis in a Patient With Recent History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cureus 2022; 14:e29032. [PMID: 36237820 PMCID: PMC9552855 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is caused by inflammation of the exocrine pancreas. It is often due to loss of compartmentalization and subsequent activation of pancreatic enzymes prior to leaving the pancreatic duct. AP caused by viral infections is commonly referenced in the literature. The association of AP with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in the past several months in both retrospective cohort studies and case reports. However, there is currently limited evidence regarding the incidence of AP in the setting of SARS-CoV-2. We present a unique case of AP as an early complication in a patient three days after hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2. It is imperative to consider AP in the differential diagnoses of patients with a recent history of SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting with acute abdominal pain.
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7
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Zhuo X, Wu Y, Fu X, Liang X, Xiang Y, Li J, Mao C, Jiang Y. The Yin‐Yang roles of protease‐activated receptors in inflammatory signalling and diseases. FEBS J 2022; 289:4000-4020. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yuxin Xiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Jianbin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
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8
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Al-Hashem F. Metformin Ameliorates Infiltration of Inflammatory Cells and Pancreatic Injury Biomarkers Induced by L-Arginine. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.1038.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Gou W, Swaby L, Wolfe AM, Lancaster WP, Morgan KA, Wang H. A Mouse Model for Chronic Pancreatitis via Bile Duct TNBS Infusion. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62080. [PMID: 33720138 PMCID: PMC8601589 DOI: 10.3791/62080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. Several rodent models have been developed to study CP, of which the bile duct 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) infusion model replicates the features of neuropathic pain seen in CP. However, bile duct drug infusion in mice is technically challenging. This protocol demonstrates the procedure of bile duct TNBS infusion for generation of a CP mouse model. TNBS was infused into the pancreas through the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. This protocol optimized drug volume, surgical techniques, and drug handling during the procedure. TNBS-treated mice showed features of CP as reflected by bodyweight and pancreas weight reductions, changes in pain-associated behaviors, and abnormal pancreatic morphology. With these improvements, mortality associated with TNBS injection was minimal. This procedure is not only critical in generating pancreatic disease models but is also useful in local pancreatic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Lindsay Swaby
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - William P Lancaster
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center;
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Abstract
A limited number of peripheral targets generate pain. Inflammatory mediators can sensitize these. The review addresses targets acting exclusively or predominantly on sensory neurons, mediators involved in inflammation targeting sensory neurons, and mediators involved in a more general inflammatory process, of which an analgesic effect secondary to an anti-inflammatory effect can be expected. Different approaches to address these systems are discussed, including scavenging proinflammatory mediators, applying anti-inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting proinflammatory or facilitating anti-inflammatory receptors. New approaches are contrasted to established ones; the current stage of progress is mentioned, in particular considering whether there is data from a molecular and cellular level, from animals, or from human trials, including an early stage after a market release. An overview of publication activity is presented, considering a IuPhar/BPS-curated list of targets with restriction to pain-related publications, which was also used to identify topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin I Ciotu
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Hirota M, Shimosegawa T, Kitamura K, Takeda K, Takeyama Y, Mayumi T, Ito T, Takenaka M, Iwasaki E, Sawano H, Ishida E, Miura S, Masamune A, Nakai Y, Mitoro A, Maguchi H, Kimura K, Sanuki T, Ito T, Haradome H, Kozaka K, Gabata T, Kataoka K, Hirota M, Isaji S, Nakamura R, Yamagiwa K, Kayaba C, Ikeda K. Continuous regional arterial infusion versus intravenous administration of the protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate for predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:342-352. [PMID: 31758329 PMCID: PMC7026212 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) of protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate (NM) is used in the context of predicted severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) to prevent the development of pancreatic necrosis. Although this therapy is well known in Japan, its efficacy and safety remain unclear. METHODS This investigator-initiated and -driven, multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled trial (UMIN000020868) enrolled 39 patients with predicted SAP and low enhancement of the pancreatic parenchyma on computed tomography (CT). Twenty patients were assigned to the CRAI group, while 19 served as controls and were administered NM at the same dose intravenously (IV group). The primary endpoint was the development of pancreatic necrosis as determined by CT on Day 14, judged by blinded central review. RESULTS There was no difference between the CRAI and IV groups regarding the percentages of participants who developed pancreatic necrosis (more than 1/3 of the pancreas: 25.0%, range 8.7-49.1% vs. 15.8%, range 3.4-39.6%, respectively, P = 0.694; more than 2/3 of the pancreas: 20%, range 5.7-43.7% vs. 5.3%, range 0.1-26.0%, respectively, P = 0.341). The early analgesic effect was evaluated based on 24-h cumulative fentanyl consumption and additional administration by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. The results showed that the CRAI group used significantly less analgesic. There were two adverse events related to CRAI, namely bleeding and splenic infarction. CONCLUSIONS CRAI with NM did not inhibit the development of pancreatic necrosis although early analgesic effect of CRAI was superior to that of IV. Less-invasive IV therapy can be considered a viable alternative to CRAI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihisa Hirota
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9838536, Japan.
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center, 28-1 Nishi, Ohgawara, Miyagi, 9891253, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kitamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 1428666, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji-Shi, Tokyo, 1930998, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takeda
- Miyagi Branch, Health Insurance Claims Review & Reimbursement Services, 5-1-27, Tsutsujigaoka, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9838504, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takeyama
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Mayumi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, 3-6-45, Momochihama, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 8140001, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Eisuke Iwasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sawano
- Senri Critical Care Medical Center, Osaka Saiseikai Senri Hospital, 1-1-6, Tsukumodai, Suita, Osaka, 5650862, Japan
| | - Etsuji Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1, Miwa, Kurashiki, Okayama, 7108602, Japan
| | - Shin Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808574, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan
| | - Akira Mitoro
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 6348522, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maguchi
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-keijinkai Hospital, 1-12-1-40, Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo, 0068555, Japan
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, 2-11-12, Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9838520, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sanuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kita-Harima Medical Center, 926-250, Ichiba-cho, Ono, Hyogo, 6751392, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1, Akashi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 3908621, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, 5-22-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 3808582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Haradome
- Department of Radiological Advanced Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 2520375, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kozaka
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9208641, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Gabata
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9208641, Japan
| | - Keisho Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Otsu Municipal Hospital, 2-9-9, Motomiya, Otsu, Shiga, 5200804, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirota
- Department of Surgery, Kumamoto Regional Medical Center, 5-16-10, Honjou, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, 8600811, Japan
| | - Shuji Isaji
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 5148507, Japan
| | - Ryoji Nakamura
- Inter Scientific Research Co., Ltd, 3-14-1, Higashinakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 1640003, Japan
| | - Koki Yamagiwa
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation, Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1, Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808574, Japan
| | - Chie Kayaba
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation, Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1, Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808574, Japan
| | - Koji Ikeda
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation, Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1, Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808574, Japan
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Saloman JL, Albers KM, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Davis BM, Edderkaoui M, Eibl G, Epouhe AY, Gedeon JY, Gorelick FS, Grippo PJ, Groblewski GE, Husain SZ, Lai KK, Pandol SJ, Uc A, Wen L, Whitcomb DC. Animal Models: Challenges and Opportunities to Determine Optimal Experimental Models of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2019; 48:759-779. [PMID: 31206467 PMCID: PMC6581211 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 2018 PancreasFest meeting, experts participating in basic research met to discuss the plethora of available animal models for studying exocrine pancreatic disease. In particular, the discussion focused on the challenges currently facing the field and potential solutions. That meeting culminated in this review, which describes the advantages and limitations of both common and infrequently used models of exocrine pancreatic disease, namely, pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic cancer. The objective is to provide a comprehensive description of the available models but also to provide investigators with guidance in the application of these models to investigate both environmental and genetic contributions to exocrine pancreatic disease. The content covers both nongenic and genetically engineered models across multiple species (large and small). Recommendations for choosing the appropriate model as well as how to conduct and present results are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L. Saloman
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian M. Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Basic and Translational Pancreas Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ariel Y. Epouhe
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeremy Y. Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases & Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Keane K.Y. Lai
- Department of Pathology (National Medical Center), Department of Molecular Medicine (Beckman Research Institute), and Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aliye Uc
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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13
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Zhu J, Miao XR, Tao KM, Zhu H, Liu ZY, Yu DW, Chen QB, Qiu HB, Lu ZJ. Trypsin-protease activated receptor-2 signaling contributes to pancreatic cancer pain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61810-61823. [PMID: 28977906 PMCID: PMC5617466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain treatment is a critical aspect of pancreatic cancer patient clinical care. This study investigated the role of trypsin-protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in pancreatic cancer pain. Pancreatic tissue samples were collected from pancreatic cancer (n=22) and control patients (n=22). Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed colocalization of PAR-2 and neuronal markers in pancreatic cancer tissues. Trypsin levels and protease activities were higher in pancreatic cancer tissue specimens than in the controls. Supernatants from cultured human pancreatic cancer tissues (PC supernatants) induced substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide release in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, and FS-NH2, a selective PAR-2 antagonist, inhibited this effect. A BALB/c nude mouse orthotopic tumor model was used to confirm the role of PAR-2 signaling in pancreatic cancer visceral pain, and male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to assess ambulatory pain. FS-NH2 treatment decreased hunch scores, mechanical hyperalgesia, and visceromotor reflex responses in tumor-bearing mice. In rats, subcutaneous injection of PC supernatant induced pain behavior, which was alleviated by treatment with FS-NH2 or FUT-175, a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor. Our findings suggest that trypsin-PAR-2 signaling contributes to pancreatic cancer pain in vivo. Treatment strategies targeting PAR-2 or its downstream signaling molecules might effectively relieve pancreatic cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue-Rong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kun-Ming Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Da-Wei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, No.101 hospital of PLA, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Qian-Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hai-Bo Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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14
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Edgington-Mitchell LE, Barlow N, Aurelio L, Samha A, Szabo M, Graham B, Bunnett N. Fluorescent diphenylphosphonate-based probes for detection of serine protease activity during inflammation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:254-260. [PMID: 27923620 PMCID: PMC10069441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based probes are small molecules that covalently bind to the active site of a protease in an activity-dependent manner. We synthesized and characterized two fluorescent activity-based probes that target serine proteases with trypsin-like or elastase-like activity. We assessed the selectivity and potency of these probes against recombinant enzymes and demonstrated that while they are efficacious at labeling active proteases in complex protein mixtures in vitro, they are less valuable for in vivo studies. We used these probes to evaluate serine protease activity in two mouse models of acute inflammation, including pancreatitis and colitis. As anticipated, the activity of trypsin-like proteases was increased during pancreatitis. Levels of elastase-like proteases were low in pancreatic lysates and colonic luminal fluids, whether healthy or inflamed. Exogenously added recombinant neutrophil elastase was inhibited upon incubation with these samples, an effect that was augmented in inflamed samples compared to controls. These data suggest that endogenous inhibitors and elastase-degrading proteases are upregulated during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aminath Samha
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Monika Szabo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nigel Bunnett
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Alloy AP, Kayode O, Wang R, Hockla A, Soares AS, Radisky ES. Mesotrypsin Has Evolved Four Unique Residues to Cleave Trypsin Inhibitors as Substrates. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21523-35. [PMID: 26175157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesotrypsin is highly homologous to other mammalian trypsins, and yet it is functionally unique in possessing resistance to inhibition by canonical serine protease inhibitors and in cleaving these inhibitors as preferred substrates. Arg-193 and Ser-39 have been identified as contributors to the inhibitor resistance and cleavage capability of mesotrypsin, but it is not known whether these residues fully account for the unusual properties of mesotrypsin. Here, we use human cationic trypsin as a template for engineering a gain of catalytic function, assessing mutants containing mesotrypsin-like mutations for resistance to inhibition by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor (APPI), and for the ability to hydrolyze these inhibitors as substrates. We find that Arg-193 and Ser-39 are sufficient to confer mesotrypsin-like resistance to inhibition; however, compared with mesotrypsin, the trypsin-Y39S/G193R double mutant remains 10-fold slower at hydrolyzing BPTI and 2.5-fold slower at hydrolyzing APPI. We identify two additional residues in mesotrypsin, Lys-74 and Asp-97, which in concert with Arg-193 and Ser-39 confer the full catalytic capability of mesotrypsin for proteolysis of BPTI and APPI. Novel crystal structures of trypsin mutants in complex with BPTI suggest that these four residues function cooperatively to favor conformational dynamics that assist in dissociation of cleaved inhibitors. Our results reveal that efficient inhibitor cleavage is a complex capability to which at least four spatially separated residues of mesotrypsin contribute. These findings suggest that inhibitor cleavage represents a functional adaptation of mesotrypsin that may have evolved in response to positive selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Alloy
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Olumide Kayode
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Ruiying Wang
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Alexei S Soares
- the Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Evette S Radisky
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
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16
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Jia D, Yamamoto M, Otsuki M. Effect of endogenous cholecystokinin on the course of acute pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7742-7753. [PMID: 26167074 PMCID: PMC4491961 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effects of pancreatic rest, stimulation and rest/stimulation on the natural course of recovery after acute pancreatitis.
METHODS: Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (AP) was induced in male rats by intraductal infusion of 40 μL/100 g body weight of 3% sodium taurocholate. All rats took food ad libitum. At 24 h after induction of AP, rats were divided into four groups: control (AP-C), pancreas rest (AP-R), stimulation (AP-S), and rest/stimulation (AP-R/S). Rats in the AP-C, AP-R and AP-S groups received oral administration of 2 mL/kg body weight saline, cholecystokinin (CCK)-1 receptor antagonist, and endogenous CCK release stimulant, respectively, twice daily for 10 d, while those in the AP-R/S group received twice daily CCK-1 receptor antagonist for the first 5 d followed by twice daily CCK release stimulant for 5 d. Rats without any treatment were used as control group (Control). Biochemical and histological changes in the pancreas, and secretory function were evaluated on day 12 at 24 h after the last treatment.
RESULTS: Feeding ad libitum (AP-C) delayed biochemical, histological and functional recovery from AP. In AP-C rats, bombesin-stimulated pancreatic secretory function and HOMA-β-cell score were significantly lower than those in other groups of rats. In AP-R rats, protein per DNA ratio and pancreatic exocrine secretory function were significantly low compared with those in Control rats. In AP-S and AP-R/S rats, the above parameters recovered to the Control levels. Bombesin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine response in AP-R/S rats was higher than in AP-S rats and almost returned to control levels. In the pancreas of AP-C rats, destruction of pancreatic acini, marked infiltration of inflammatory cells, and strong expression of α-smooth muscle actin, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were seen. Pancreatic rest reversed these histological alterations, but not atrophy of pancreatic acini and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells. In AP-S and AP-R/S rats, the pancreas showed almost normal architecture.
CONCLUSION: The favorable treatment strategy for AP is to keep the pancreas at rest during an early stage followed by pancreatic stimulation by promoting endogenous CCK release.
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17
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Cattaruzza F, Amadesi S, Carlsson JF, Murphy JE, Lyo V, Kirkwood K, Cottrell GS, Bogyo M, Knecht W, Bunnett NW. Serine proteases and protease-activated receptor 2 mediate the proinflammatory and algesic actions of diverse stimulants. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3814-26. [PMID: 24749982 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although serine proteases and agonists of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) cause inflammation and pain, the spectrum of proteases that are activated by proinflammatory and algesic stimuli and their contribution to inflammatory pain are uncertain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Enzymic assays and selective inhibitors were used to characterize protease activity in mice after intraplantar injections of formalin, bradykinin, PAR2 activating peptide (AP) or vehicle. The capacity of these proteases and of recombinant mouse trypsin 4 to cleave fragments of PAR2 and to activate PAR2 in cell lines was determined. Protease inhibitors and par2 (-/-) mice were used to assess the contributions of proteases and PAR2 to pain and inflammation. KEY RESULTS Intraplantar injection of formalin, bradykinin or PAR2-AP led to the activation of proteases that were susceptible to the serine protease inhibitor melagatran but resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Melagatran inhibited mouse trypsin 4, which degraded SBTI. Proteases generated in inflamed tissues cleaved PAR2-derived peptides. These proteases and trypsin 4 increased [Ca(2+) ]i in PAR2-transfected but not in untransfected cells, and melagatran suppressed this activity. Melagatran or PAR2 deletion suppressed oedema and mechanical hypersensitivity induced by intraplantar formalin, bradykinin and PAR2-AP, but had no effect on capsaicin-induced pain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Diverse proinflammatory and algesic agents activate melagatran-sensitive serine proteases that cause inflammation and pain by a PAR2-mediated mechanism. By inducing self-activating proteases, PAR2 amplifies and sustains inflammation and pain. Serine protease inhibitors can attenuate the inflammatory and algesic effects of diverse stimuli, representing a useful therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cattaruzza
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptor that are activated by extracellular cleavage of the receptor in the N-terminal domain. This slicing of the receptor exposes a tethered ligand which binds to a specific docking point on the receptor surface to initiate intracellular signalling. PARs are expressed by numerous tissues in the body, and they are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as food digestion, tissue remodelling and blood coagulation. This chapter will summarise how serine proteinases activate PARs leading to the development of pain in several chronic pain conditions. The potential of PARs as a drug target for pain relief is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2,
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19
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Haerteis S, Krappitz A, Krappitz M, Murphy JE, Bertog M, Krueger B, Nacken R, Chung H, Hollenberg MD, Knecht W, Bunnett NW, Korbmacher C. Proteolytic activation of the human epithelial sodium channel by trypsin IV and trypsin I involves distinct cleavage sites. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19067-78. [PMID: 24841206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activation is a unique feature of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the physiologically relevant proteases remain to be identified. The serine protease trypsin I can activate ENaC in vitro but is unlikely to be the physiologically relevant activating protease in ENaC-expressing tissues in vivo. Herein, we investigated whether human trypsin IV, a form of trypsin that is co-expressed in several extrapancreatic epithelial cells with ENaC, can activate human ENaC. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, we monitored proteolytic activation of ENaC currents and the appearance of γENaC cleavage products at the cell surface. We demonstrated that trypsin IV and trypsin I can stimulate ENaC heterologously expressed in oocytes. ENaC cleavage and activation by trypsin IV but not by trypsin I required a critical cleavage site (Lys-189) in the extracellular domain of the γ-subunit. In contrast, channel activation by trypsin I was prevented by mutating three putative cleavage sites (Lys-168, Lys-170, and Arg-172) in addition to mutating previously described prostasin (RKRK(178)), plasmin (Lys-189), and neutrophil elastase (Val-182 and Val-193) sites. Moreover, we found that trypsin IV is expressed in human renal epithelial cells and can increase ENaC-mediated sodium transport in cultured human airway epithelial cells. Thus, trypsin IV may regulate ENaC function in epithelial tissues. Our results show, for the first time, that trypsin IV can stimulate ENaC and that trypsin IV and trypsin I activate ENaC by cleavage at distinct sites. The presence of distinct cleavage sites may be important for ENaC regulation by tissue-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Haerteis
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annabel Krappitz
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matteus Krappitz
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jane E Murphy
- the UCSF Center for the Neurobiology of Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marko Bertog
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Krueger
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Nacken
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hyunjae Chung
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Bioscience, CVGI iMed, AstraZeneca Research and Development, 43181 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany,
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20
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Abstract
The protease-activated receptors (PARs) play a pivotal role in inflammatory and nociceptive processes. PARs have raised considerable interest because of their capacity to regulate numerous aspects of viscera physiology and pathophysiology. The present article summarizes research on PARs and proteases as signalling molecules in visceral pain. In particular, experiments in animal models suggest that PAR2 is important for visceral hypersensitivity. Moreover, endogenous PAR2 agonists seem to be released by colonic tissue of patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, suggesting a role for this receptor in visceral pain perception. Thus, PARs, together with proteases that activate them, represent exciting targets for therapeutic intervention on visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cenac
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France ; ; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; ; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
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21
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A systematic review of the evidence for central nervous system plasticity in animal models of inflammatory-mediated gastrointestinal pain. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:176-95. [PMID: 24284415 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000437499.52922.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal pain frequently accompanies inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and animal models of GIT inflammation have been developed to explore the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in this process. Here, we summarize the evidence from animal studies for CNS plasticity following GIT inflammation. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify studies that: (1) used inflammation of GIT organs, (2) assessed pain or visceral hypersensitivity, and (3) presented evidence of CNS involvement. Two hundred and eight articles were identified, and 79 were eligible for analysis. RESULTS Rats were most widely used (76%). Most studies used adult animals (42%) with a bias toward males (74%). Colitis was the most frequently used model (78%) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid the preferred inflammatory agent (33%). Behavioral (58%), anatomical/molecular (44%), and physiological (24%) approaches were used alone or in combination to assess CNS involvement during or after GIT inflammation. Measurement times varied widely (<1 h-> 2 wk after inflammation). Blinded outcomes were used in 42% studies, randomization in 10%, and evidence of visceral inflammation in 54%. Only 3 studies fulfilled our criteria for high methodological quality, and no study reported sample size calculations. CONCLUSIONS The included studies provide strong evidence for CNS plasticity following GIT inflammation, specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn. This evidence includes altered visceromotor responses and indices of referred pain, elevated neural activation and peptide content, and increased neuronal excitability. This evidence supports continued use of this approach for preclinical studies; however, there is substantial scope to improve study design.
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22
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Kubat E, Mahajan S, Liao M, Ackerman L, Ohara PT, Grady EF, Bhargava A. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 mediates sex-specific cellular stress responses. Mol Med 2013; 19:212-22. [PMID: 23835907 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although females suffer twice as much as males from stress-related disorders, sex-specific participating and pathogenic cellular stress mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Using corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2-deficient (Crhr2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, we show that CRF receptor type 2 (CRF2) and its high-affinity ligand, urocortin 1 (Ucn1), are key mediators of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in a murine model of acute pancreatic inflammation. Ucn1 was expressed de novo in acinar cells of male, but not female WT mice during acute inflammation. Upon insult, acinar Ucn1 induction was markedly attenuated in male but not female Crhr2-/- mice. Crhr2-/- mice of both sexes show exacerbated acinar cell inflammation and necrosis. Electron microscopy showed mild ER damage in WT male mice and markedly distorted ER structure in Crhr2-/- male mice during pancreatitis. WT and Crhr2-/- female mice showed similarly distorted ER ultrastructure that was less severe than distortion seen in Crhr2-/- male mice. Damage in ER structure was accompanied by increased ubiquitination, peIF2, and mistargeted localization of vimentin in WT mice that was further exacerbated in Crhr2-/- mice of both sexes during pancreatitis. Exogenous Ucn1 rescued many aspects of histological damage and cellular stress response, including restoration of ER structure in male WT and Crhr2-/- mice, but not in females. Instead, females often showed increased damage. Thus, specific cellular pathways involved in coping and resolution seem to be distinct to each sex. Our results demonstrate the importance of identifying sex-specific pathogenic mechanisms and their value in designing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kubat
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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23
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Cattaruzza F, Johnson C, Leggit A, Grady E, Schenk AK, Cevikbas F, Cedron W, Bondada S, Kirkwood R, Malone B, Steinhoff M, Bunnett N, Kirkwood KS. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 mediates chronic pancreatitis pain in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G1002-12. [PMID: 23558009 PMCID: PMC3680686 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00005.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a devastating disease characterized by persistent and uncontrolled abdominal pain. Our lack of understanding is partially due to the lack of experimental models that mimic the human disease and also to the lack of validated behavioral measures of visceral pain. The ligand-gated cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) mediates inflammation and pain in early experimental pancreatitis. It is unknown if TRPA1 causes fibrosis and sustained pancreatic pain. We induced CP by injecting the chemical agent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), which causes severe acute pancreatitis, into the pancreatic duct of C57BL/6 trpa1(+/+) and trpa1(-/-) mice. Chronic inflammatory changes and pain behaviors were assessed after 2-3 wk. TNBS injection caused marked pancreatic fibrosis with increased collagen-staining intensity, atrophy, fatty replacement, monocyte infiltration, and pancreatic stellate cell activation, and these changes were reflected by increased histological damage scores. TNBS-injected animals showed mechanical hypersensitivity during von Frey filament probing of the abdomen, decreased daily voluntary wheel-running activity, and increased immobility scores during open-field testing. Pancreatic TNBS also reduced the threshold to hindpaw withdrawal to von Frey filament probing, suggesting central sensitization. Inflammatory changes and pain indexes were significantly reduced in trpa1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, we have characterized in mice a model of CP that resembles the human condition, with marked histological changes and behavioral measures of pain. We have demonstrated, using novel and objective pain measurements, that TRPA1 mediates inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity in CP and could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of sustained inflammatory abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiore Cattaruzza
- 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Cali Johnson
- 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Alan Leggit
- 2Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Eileen Grady
- 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - A. Katrin Schenk
- 5Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia; and
| | - Ferda Cevikbas
- 3Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Wendy Cedron
- 3Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Sandhya Bondada
- 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Rebekah Kirkwood
- 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Brian Malone
- 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; ,3Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | - Nigel Bunnett
- 6Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Poole DP, Amadesi S, Veldhuis NA, Abogadie FC, Lieu T, Darby W, Liedtke W, Lew MJ, McIntyre P, Bunnett NW. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) protein and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) protein coupling is required for sustained inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5790-802. [PMID: 23288842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.438184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors of nociceptive neurons can sensitize transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, which amplify neurogenic inflammation and pain. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), a receptor for inflammatory proteases, is a major mediator of neurogenic inflammation and pain. We investigated the signaling mechanisms by which PAR(2) regulates TRPV4 and determined the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in this process. Human TRPV4 was expressed in HEK293 cells under control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter, allowing controlled and graded channel expression. In cells lacking TRPV4, the PAR(2) agonist stimulated a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i). TRPV4 expression led to a markedly sustained increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and treatment with the TRPV4 antagonists Ruthenium Red or HC067047 prevented the sustained response. Inhibitors of phospholipase A(2) and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase attenuated the sustained response, suggesting that PAR(2) generates arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators, such as 5',6'-EET, that activate TRPV4. Src inhibitor 1 suppressed PAR(2)-induced activation of TRPV4, indicating the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation. The TRPV4 tyrosine mutants Y110F, Y805F, and Y110F/Y805F were expressed normally at the cell surface. However, PAR(2) was unable to activate TRPV4 with the Y110F mutation. TRPV4 antagonism suppressed PAR(2) signaling to primary nociceptive neurons, and TRPV4 deletion attenuated PAR(2)-stimulated neurogenic inflammation. Thus, PAR(2) activation generates a signal that induces sustained activation of TRPV4, which requires a key tyrosine residue (TRPV4-Tyr-110). This mechanism partly mediates the proinflammatory actions of PAR(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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25
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Alim MA, Islam MK, Miyoshi T, Hatta T, Yamaji K, Matsubayashi M, Fujisaki K, Tsuji N. A hemocyte-derived Kunitz-BPTI-type chymotrypsin inhibitor, HlChI, from the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, plays regulatory functions in tick blood-feeding processes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:925-934. [PMID: 23017545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of proteases play key roles in the biological processes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, including arthropod parasites. Here, we describe a cDNA that encodes a functionally active chymotrypsin inhibitor of the BPTI/Kunitz family of serine protease inhibitors from the hemocytes of the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, herein called HlChI. HlChI sequence is evolutionarily conserved and contains six cysteine residues and three disulfide bonds with a calculated molecular weight of 9.1 kDa. HlChI-specific mRNA was expressed in all developmental stages of ticks and the expression was up-regulated by host's blood-feeding processes. Endogenous HlChI was localized mainly in the hemocytes. HlChI potently inhibited bovine pancreatic α-chymotrypsin for hydrolyzing the fluorogenic substrate (IC(50) 8.32 nM, K(d) 5.35 ± 1.01 nM) and bovine casein digestion. However, HlChI weakly inhibited bovine pancreatic trypsin and could not affect the porcine elastase activity, suggesting its narrow specificity to chymotrypsin. HlChI was stable over the pH range 2-11 and heating up to 70 °C at pH 8. HlChI was highly stable to 8 M urea and 2% SDS at pH 8.0, when treated for 24 h at 37 °C. However, 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol caused complete but reversible inactivation of HlChI. Knockdown of HlChI gene by RNA interference (RNAi) caused death of the feeding ticks, failure of ticks to engorge and significantly reduced body weight gain. RNAi also resulted in significantly decreased egg conversion ratio and fecundity. These results suggest that HlChI is a chymotrypsin-specific inhibitor with high stability and may play regulatory functions in host's blood-feeding processes and tick reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdul Alim
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Salameh MA, Soares AS, Alloy A, Radisky ES. Presence versus absence of hydrogen bond donor Tyr-39 influences interactions of cationic trypsin and mesotrypsin with protein protease inhibitors. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1103-12. [PMID: 22610453 PMCID: PMC3537232 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesotrypsin displays unusual resistance to inhibition by polypeptide trypsin inhibitors and cleaves some such inhibitors as substrates, despite a high degree of conservation with other mammalian trypsins. Substitution of Arg for the generally conserved Gly-193 has been implicated as a critical determinant of the unusual behavior of mesotrypsin toward protein protease inhibitors. Another relatively conserved residue near the trypsin active site, Tyr-39, is substituted by Ser-39 in mesotrypsin. Tyr-39, but not Ser-39, forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain amide nitrogen of the P(4) ' residue of a bound protease inhibitor. To investigate the role of the Tyr-39 H-bond in trypsin-inhibitor interactions, we reciprocally mutated position 39 in mesotrypsin and human cationic trypsin to Tyr-39 and Ser-39, respectively. We assessed inhibition constants and cleavage rates of canonical protease inhibitors bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and the amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain by mesotrypsin and cationic trypsin variants, finding that the presence of Ser-39 relative to Tyr-39 results in a 4- to 13-fold poorer binding affinity and a 2- to 18-fold increase in cleavage rate. We also report the crystal structure of the mesotrypsin-S39Y•BPTI complex, in which we observe an H-bond between Tyr-39 OH and BPTI Ile-19 N. Our results indicate that the presence of Ser-39 in mesotrypsin, and corresponding absence of a single H-bond to the inhibitor backbone, makes a small but significant functional contribution to the resistance of mesotrypsin to inhibition and the ability of mesotrypsin to proteolyze inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh'd A Salameh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Alexei S Soares
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973
| | - Alexandre Alloy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, Florida 32224,*Correspondence to: Evette S. Radisky, 310 Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224. E-mail:
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Karle M, Knecht W, Xue Y. Discovery of benzothiazole guanidines as novel inhibitors of thrombin and trypsin IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4839-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Doti N, Raimondo D, Sabatella M, Ruvo M. Identification of Protease Inhibitors by a Fast Fluorimetric Assay. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 54:283-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nunzianna Doti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, IBB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
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Li Z, Lu M, Chu J, Qiao X, Meng X, Sun B, Zhang W, Xue D. Early proteome analysis of rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells treated with taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate. Pancreatology 2012; 12:248-56. [PMID: 22687381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids are the initiating factors of biliary acute pancreatitis. Bile acids can induce the activation of intracellular zymogen, thus leading injury in pancreatic acinar cells. Pathological zymogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells is a common feature of all types of acute pancreatitis. The proteins expressed in pancreatic acinar cells during the activation of zymogen may determine the severity of acute pancreatitis. The present study aims to determine the differentially expressed proteins in taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells as an in vitro model for acute pancreatitis. METHODS Rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were treated with taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate for 20 min. Laser confocal scanning microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect activated trypsinogen in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. After the determination of trypsinogen activation, proteome analysis was performed to identify the proteins differentially expressed in taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate-treated cells and non-treated cells. RESULTS After treatment with taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate for 20 min, the activation of trypsinogen in AR42J cells was concurrent with changes in the protein expression profile. Thirty-nine differentially expressed proteins were detected; among these, 23 proteins were up-regulated and 16 proteins were down-regulated. KEGG analysis indicated that these proteins are involved in cellular metabolic pathways, cellular defensive mechanisms, intracellular calcium regulation and cytoskeletal changes. CONCLUSION The expression of proteins in the pancreatic acinar cell changes at the early stage of biliary acute pancreatitis. These differentially expressed proteins will provide valuable information to understand the pathophysiologic mechanism biliary acute pancreatitis and may be useful for prognostic indices of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhituo Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, China
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