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McIlwrath SL, Starr ME, High AE, Saito H, Westlund KN. Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on hypersensitivity in acute recurrent caerulein-induced pancreatitis and microglial activation along the brain’s pain circuitry. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:794-814. [PMID: 33727771 PMCID: PMC7941858 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i9.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) and recurring AP are serious health care problems causing excruciating pain and potentially lethal outcomes due to sepsis. The validated caerulein- (CAE) induced mouse model of acute/recurring AP produces secondary persistent hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behavioral changes for study.
AIM To determine efficacy of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) to reduce pain-related behaviors and brain microglial activation along the pain circuitry in CAE-pancreatitis.
METHODS Pancreatitis was induced with 6 hly intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of CAE (50 µg/kg), 3 d a week for 6 wk in male C57BL/6J mice. Starting in week 4, mice received either vehicle or ALC until experiment’s end. Mechanical hyper-sensitivity was assessed with von Frey filaments. Heat hypersensitivity was determined with the hotplate test. Anxiety-like behavior was tested in week 6 using elevated plus maze and open field tests. Microglial activation in brain was quantified histologically by immunostaining for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1).
RESULTS Mice with CAE-induced pancreatitis had significantly reduced mechanical withdrawal thresholds and heat response latencies, indicating ongoing pain. Treatment with ALC attenuated inflammation-induced hypersensitivity, but hypersensitivity due to abdominal wall injury caused by repeated intraperitoneal injections persisted. Animals with pancreatitis displayed spontaneous anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze compared to controls. Treatment with ALC resulted in increased numbers of rearing activity events, but time spent in “safety” was not changed. After all the abdominal injections, pancreata were translucent if excised at experiment’s end and opaque if excised on the subsequent day, indicative of spontaneous healing. Post mortem histopathological analysis performed on pancreas sections stained with Sirius Red and Fast Green identified wide-spread fibrosis and acinar cell atrophy in sections from mice with CAE-induced pancreatitis that was not rescued by treatment with ALC. Microglial Iba1 immunostaining was significantly increased in hippocampus, thalamus (intralaminar nuclei), hypothalamus, and amygdala of mice with CAE-induced pancreatitis compared to naïve controls but unchanged in the primary somatosensory cortex compared to naïves.
CONCLUSION CAE-induced pancreatitis caused increased pain-related behaviors, pancreatic fibrosis, and brain microglial changes. ALC alleviated CAE-induced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity but not abdominal wall injury-induced hypersensitivity caused by the repeated injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L McIlwrath
- Research Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States
| | - Marlene E Starr
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Abigail E High
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Karin N Westlund
- Research Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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2
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Saloman JL, Albers KM, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Davis BM, Edderkaoui M, Eibl G, Epouhe AY, Gedeon JY, Gorelick FS, Grippo PJ, Groblewski GE, Husain SZ, Lai KK, Pandol SJ, Uc A, Wen L, Whitcomb DC. Animal Models: Challenges and Opportunities to Determine Optimal Experimental Models of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2019; 48:759-779. [PMID: 31206467 PMCID: PMC6581211 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 2018 PancreasFest meeting, experts participating in basic research met to discuss the plethora of available animal models for studying exocrine pancreatic disease. In particular, the discussion focused on the challenges currently facing the field and potential solutions. That meeting culminated in this review, which describes the advantages and limitations of both common and infrequently used models of exocrine pancreatic disease, namely, pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic cancer. The objective is to provide a comprehensive description of the available models but also to provide investigators with guidance in the application of these models to investigate both environmental and genetic contributions to exocrine pancreatic disease. The content covers both nongenic and genetically engineered models across multiple species (large and small). Recommendations for choosing the appropriate model as well as how to conduct and present results are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L. Saloman
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian M. Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Basic and Translational Pancreas Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ariel Y. Epouhe
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeremy Y. Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases & Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Keane K.Y. Lai
- Department of Pathology (National Medical Center), Department of Molecular Medicine (Beckman Research Institute), and Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aliye Uc
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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Baggio LL, Yusta B, Mulvihill EE, Cao X, Streutker CJ, Butany J, Cappola TP, Margulies KB, Drucker DJ. GLP-1 Receptor Expression Within the Human Heart. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1570-1584. [PMID: 29444223 PMCID: PMC5939638 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, which are used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, reduce the rates of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. GLP-1R has been localized to the human sinoatrial node; however, its expression in ventricular tissue remains uncertain. Here we studied GLP-1R expression in the human heart using GLP-1R-directed antisera, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription PCR to detect full-length messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, and in situ hybridization (ISH). GLP1R mRNA transcripts, encompassing the entire open reading frame, were detected in all four cardiac chambers from 15 hearts at levels approximating those detected in human pancreas. In contrast, cardiac GLP2R expression was relatively lower, and cardiac GCGR expression was sporadic and not detected in the left ventricle. GLP1R mRNA transcripts were not detected in RNA from human cardiac fibroblasts, coronary artery endothelial, or vascular smooth muscle cells. Human Brunner glands and pancreatic islets exhibited GLP-1R immunopositivity and abundant expression of GLP1R mRNA transcripts by ISH. GLP1R transcripts were also detected by ISH in human cardiac sinoatrial node tissue. However, definitive cellular localization of GLP1R mRNA transcripts or immunoreactive GLP-1R protein within human cardiomyocytes or cardiac blood vessels remained elusive. Moreover, validated GLP-1R antisera lacked sufficient sensitivity to detect expression of the endogenous islet or cardiac GLP-1R by Western blotting. Hence, although human cardiac ventricles express the GLP1R, the identity of one or more ventricular cell type(s) that express a translated GLP1R protein requires further clarification with highly sensitive methods of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Baggio
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo Yusta
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jagdish Butany
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas P Cappola
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Daniel J. Drucker, MD, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, TCP5-1004, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. E-mail:
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4
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Schofield HK, Tandon M, Park MJ, Halbrook CJ, Ramakrishnan SK, Kim EC, Shi J, Omary MB, Shah YM, Esni F, Pasca di Magliano M. Pancreatic HIF2α Stabilization Leads to Chronic Pancreatitis and Predisposes to Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:169-185.e2. [PMID: 29693047 PMCID: PMC5904051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tissue hypoxia controls cell differentiation in the embryonic pancreas, and promotes tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. The cellular response to hypoxia is controlled by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proteins, including HIF2α. Previous studies of HIF action in the pancreas have relied on loss-of-function mouse models, and the effects of HIF2α expression in the pancreas have remained undefined. METHODS We developed several transgenic mouse models based on the expression of an oxygen-stable form of HIF2α, or indirect stabilization of HIF proteins though deletion of von Hippel-Lindau, thus preventing HIF degradation. Furthermore, we crossed both sets of animals into mice expressing oncogenic KrasG12D in the pancreas. RESULTS We show that HIF2α is not expressed in the normal human pancreas, however, it is up-regulated in human chronic pancreatitis. Deletion of von Hippel-Lindau or stabilization of HIF2α in mouse pancreata led to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Importantly, pancreatic HIF1α stabilization did not disrupt the pancreatic parenchyma, indicating that the chronic pancreatitis phenotype is specific to HIF2α. In the presence of oncogenic Kras, HIF2α stabilization drove the formation of cysts resembling mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) in humans. Mechanistically, we show that the pancreatitis phenotype is linked to expression of multiple inflammatory cytokines and activation of the unfolded protein response. Conversely, MCN formation is linked to activation of Wnt signaling, a feature of human MCN. CONCLUSIONS We show that pancreatic HIF2α stabilization disrupts pancreatic homeostasis, leading to chronic pancreatitis, and, in the context of oncogenic Kras, MCN formation. These findings provide new mouse models of both chronic pancreatitis and MCN, as well as illustrate the importance of hypoxia signaling in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Schofield
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manuj Tandon
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher J. Halbrook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sadeesh K. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Esther C. Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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5
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Duan LF, Xu XF, Zhu LJ, Liu F, Zhang XQ, Wu N, Fan JW, Xin JQ, Zhang H. Dachaihu decoction ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage infiltration in chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7242-7252. [PMID: 29142471 PMCID: PMC5677205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i40.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of macrophages in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and the effect of Dachaihu decoction (DCHD) on pancreatic fibrosis in mice. METHODS KunMing mice were randomly divided into a control group, CP group, and DCHD group. In the CP and DCHD groups, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 20% L-arginine (3 g/kg twice 1 d/wk for 6 wk). Mice in the DCHD group were administered DCHD intragastrically at a dose of 14 g/kg/d 1 wk after CP induction. At 2 wk, 4 wk and 6 wk post-modeling, the morphology of the pancreas was observed using hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson staining. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Double immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the co-expression of F4/80 and IL-6 in the pancreas. Inflammatory factors including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and IL-6 were determined using real time-polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was used to detect fibronectin levels in the pancreas. RESULTS Compared with the control group, mice with 20% L-arginine-induced CP had obvious macrophage infiltration and a higher level of fibrosis. IL-6 serum concentrations were significantly increased. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-6 and F4/80 were co-expressed in the pancreas. With the administration of DCHD, the infiltration of macrophages and degree of fibrosis in the pancreas were significantly attenuated; IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-1α mRNA, and fibronectin levels were reduced. CONCLUSION The dominant role of macrophages in the development of CP was mainly related to IL-6 production. DCHD was effective in ameliorating pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and inflammatory factor secretion in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lin-Jia Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Wei Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
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6
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Amiya T, Nakamoto N, Chu PS, Teratani T, Nakajima H, Fukuchi Y, Taniki N, Yamaguchi A, Shiba S, Miyake R, Katayama T, Ebinuma H, Kanai T. Bone marrow-derived macrophages distinct from tissue-resident macrophages play a pivotal role in Concanavalin A-induced murine liver injury via CCR9 axis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35146. [PMID: 27725760 PMCID: PMC5057133 DOI: 10.1038/srep35146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental mechanism how heterogeneous hepatic macrophage (Mφ) subsets fulfill diverse functions in health and disease has not been elucidated. We recently reported that CCR9+ inflammatory Mφs play a critical role in the course of acute liver injury. To clarify the origin and differentiation of CCR9+Mφs, we used a unique partial bone marrow (BM) chimera model with liver shielding for maintaining hepatic resident Mφs. First, irradiated mice developed less liver injury with less Mφs accumulation by Concanavalin A (Con A) regardless of liver shielding. In mice receiving further BM transplantation, CD11blowF4/80high hepatic-resident Mφs were not replaced by transplanted donors under steady state, while under inflammatory state by Con A, CCR9+Mφs were firmly replaced by donors, indicating that CCR9+Mφs originate from BM, but not from hepatic-resident cells. Regarding the mechanism of differentiation and proliferation, EdU+CCR9+Mφs with a proliferative potential were detected specifically in the inflamed liver, and in vitro study revealed that BM-derived CD11b+ cells co-cultured with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) or stimulated with retinoic acids could acquire CCR9 with antigen-presenting ability. Collectively, our study demonstrates that inflammatory Mφs originate from BM and became locally differentiated and proliferated by interaction with HSCs via CCR9 axis during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Amiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Unit/Frontier Therapeutic Sciences, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Po-Sung Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and ImmuneRegulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Fukuchi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Taniki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shiba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Miyake
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Katayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Ebinuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Steele CW, Karim SA, Foth M, Rishi L, Leach JDG, Porter RJ, Nixon C, Jeffry Evans TR, Carter CR, Nibbs RJB, Sansom OJ, Morton JP. CXCR2 inhibition suppresses acute and chronic pancreatic inflammation. J Pathol 2015; 237:85-97. [PMID: 25950520 PMCID: PMC4833178 DOI: 10.1002/path.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a significant clinical problem and the lack of effective therapeutic options means that treatment is often palliative rather than curative. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic pancreatitis is necessary to develop new therapies. Pathological changes in pancreatitis are dependent on innate immune cell recruitment to the site of initial tissue damage, and on the coordination of downstream inflammatory pathways. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 drives neutrophil recruitment during inflammation, and to investigate its role in pancreatic inflammation, we induced acute and chronic pancreatitis in wild-type and Cxcr2(-/-) mice. Strikingly, Cxcr2(-/-) mice were strongly protected from tissue damage in models of acute pancreatitis, and this could be recapitulated by neutrophil depletion or by the specific deletion of Cxcr2 from myeloid cells. The pancreata of Cxcr2(-/-) mice were also substantially protected from damage during chronic pancreatitis. Neutrophil depletion was less effective in this model, suggesting that CXCR2 on non-neutrophils contributes to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of CXCR2 in wild-type mice replicated the protection seen in Cxcr2(-/-) mice in acute and chronic models of pancreatitis. Moreover, acute pancreatic inflammation was reversible by inhibition of CXCR2. Thus, CXCR2 is critically involved in the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis in mice, and its inhibition or loss protects against pancreatic damage. CXCR2 may therefore be a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of pancreatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Ceruletide
- Cytoprotection
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatitis/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis/genetics
- Pancreatitis/immunology
- Pancreatitis/metabolism
- Pancreatitis/pathology
- Pancreatitis/prevention & control
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/immunology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/metabolism
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/prevention & control
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin W Steele
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mona Foth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Loveena Rishi
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joshua D G Leach
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Ross Carter
- Department of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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8
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Zechner D, Knapp N, Bobrowski A, Radecke T, Genz B, Vollmar B. Diabetes increases pancreatic fibrosis during chronic inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 239:670-6. [PMID: 24719378 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214527890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and fibrosis can be concurrent processes in several diseases such as cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis. To evaluate whether diabetes can influence fibrosis and thus aggravate the pathological process, the progression of chronic pancreatitis was assessed in diabetic and non diabetic mice. For this purpose, insulin producing beta-cells in C57Bl/6J mice were selectively impaired by administration of streptozotocin. Chronic pancreatitis was then induced by repetitive administration of cerulein in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice. Diabetes caused enhanced collagen I deposition within three weeks of the onset of chronic pancreatitis and increased the proliferation of interstitial cells. This was accompanied by an increased number of interlobular fibroblasts, which expressed S100A4 (fibroblast-specific protein-1) and stimulation of α-smooth muscle actin expression of pancreatic stellate cells. In addition, the observed aggravation of chronic pancreatitis by diabetes also led to a significantly enhanced atrophy of the pancreas, increased infiltration of inflammatory chloracetate esterase positive cells and enhanced acinar cell death. We conclude that diabetes has a detrimental influence on the progression of chronic pancreatitis by aggravating fibrosis, inflammation and pancreatic atrophy.
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