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Qiang E, Xu H. PGE 2 synthesis and signaling in the liver physiology and pathophysiology: An update. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106875. [PMID: 39019102 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in systemic metabolism and drug degradation. However, it is highly susceptible to damage due to various factors, including metabolic imbalances, excessive alcohol consumption, viral infections, and drug influences. These factors often result in conditions such as fatty liver, hepatitis, and acute or chronic liver injury. Failure to address these injuries could promptly lead to the development of liver cirrhosis and potentially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a metabolite of arachidonic acid that belongs to the class of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and is synthesized via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. By binding to its G protein coupled receptors (i.e., EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4), PGE2 has a wide range of physiological and pathophysiology effects, including pain, inflammation, fever, cardiovascular homeostasis, etc. Recently, emerging studies showed that PGE2 plays an indispensable role in liver health and disease. This review focus on the research progress of the role of PGE2 synthase and its receptors in liver physiological and pathophysiological processes and discuss the possibility of developing liver protective drugs targeting the COXs/PGESs/PGE2/EPs axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjiao Qiang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Zhong D, Cai J, Hu C, Chen J, Zhang R, Fan C, Li S, Zhang H, Xu Z, Jia Z, Guo D, Sun Y. Inhibition of mPGES-2 ameliorates NASH by activating NR1D1 via heme. Hepatology 2023; 78:547-561. [PMID: 35839302 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a complex metabolic syndrome, has limited therapeutic options. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2) was originally discovered as a prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthase; however, it does not produce PGE 2 in the liver. Moreover, the role of mPGES-2 in NAFLD remains undefined. Herein, we aimed to determine the function and mechanism of mPGES-2 in liver steatosis and steatohepatitis. APPROACH AND RESULTS To evaluate the role of mPGES-2 in NAFLD, whole-body or hepatocyte-specific mPGES-2-deficient mice fed a high-fat or methionine-choline-deficient diet were used. Compared with control mice, mPGES-2-deficient mice showed reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, along with ameliorated liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Furthermore, the protective effect of mPGES-2 deficiency against NAFLD was dependent on decreased cytochrome P450 4A14 and increased acyl-CoA thioesterase 4 levels regulated by the heme receptor nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), but not PGE 2 . Heme regulated the increased NR1D1 activity mediated by mPGES-2 deficiency. Further, we confirmed the protective role of the mPGES-2 inhibitor SZ0232 in NAFLD therapy. CONCLUSION Our study indicates the pathogenic role of mPGES-2 and outlines the mechanism in mediating NAFLD, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of mPGES-2 inhibition in liver steatosis and steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Jie Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics , Nanjing Children's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Public Experimental Research Center of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Jingshuo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Public Experimental Research Center of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Rumeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology , Xuzhou Central Hospital , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Chenyu Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Jiangsu Medical Engineering Research Center of Gene Detection , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Public Experimental Research Center of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics , Nanjing Children's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , P. R. China
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Kotsos D, Tziomalos K. Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 and -2: Emerging Targets in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033049. [PMID: 36769370 PMCID: PMC9918023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a substantial proportion of the general population and is even more prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. NAFLD, and particularly the more advanced manifestation of the disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increases the risk for both liver-related and cardiovascular morbidity. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and multifactorial, with many molecular pathways implicated. Emerging data suggest that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and -2 might participate in the development and progression of NAFLD. It also appears that targeting these enzymes might represent a novel therapeutic approach for NAFLD. In the present review, we discuss the association between microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and -2 and NAFLD.
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Sheng C, Guo Y, Ma J, Hong EK, Zhang B, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zhang D. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Sea Buckthorn Sterol against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072224. [PMID: 35408620 PMCID: PMC9000363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the efficacy and protection mechanisms of sea buckthorn sterol (SBS) against acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into six groups and fed with saline (Group BG), 50% CCl4 (Group MG), or bifendate 200 mg/kg (Group DDB), or treated with low-dose (Group LD), medium-dose (Group MD), or high-dose (Group HD) SBS. This study, for the first time, observed the protection of SBS against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats and its underlying mechanisms. Investigation of enzyme activities showed that SBS-fed rats exhibited a significant alleviation of inflammatory lesions, as evidenced by the decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT). In addition, compared to the MG group, the increased indices (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and total protein (TP)) of lipid peroxidation and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissues of SBS-treated groups showed the anti-lipid peroxidation effects of SBS. Using the wide range of targeted technologies and a combination of means (UPLC-MS/MS detection platform, self-built database, and multivariate statistical analysis), the addition of SBS was found to restore the expression of metabolic pathways (e.g., L-malic acid, N-acetyl-aspartic acid, N-acetyl-l-alanine, etc.) in rats, which means that the metabolic damage induced by CCl4 was alleviated. Furthermore, transcriptomics was employed to analyze and compare gene expression levels of different groups. It showed that the expressions of genes (Cyp1a1, Noct, and TUBB6) related to liver injury were regulated by SBS. In conclusion, SBS exhibited protective effects against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. The liver protection mechanism of SBS is probably related to the regulation of metabolic disorders, anti-lipid peroxidation, and inhibition of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Sheng
- College of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yang Guo
- College of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (J.M.); (B.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Eun-Kyung Hong
- Medvill Co., Ltd., Medvill Research Institute, Seoul 100744, Korea;
| | - Benyin Zhang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (J.M.); (B.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yongjing Yang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (J.M.); (B.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (J.M.); (B.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dejun Zhang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (J.M.); (B.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang YY, Yao YD, Luo JF, Liu ZQ, Huang YM, Wu FC, Sun QH, Liu JX, Zhou H. Microsomal prostaglandin E 2 synthase-1 and its inhibitors: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic significance. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105977. [PMID: 34798265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is closely linked to the abnormal phospholipid metabolism chain of cyclooxygenase-2/microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1/prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2). In clinical practice, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as upstream COX-2 enzyme activity inhibitors are widely used to block COX-2 cascade to relieve inflammatory response. However, NSAIDs could also cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects due to its inhibition on other prostaglandins generation. To avoid this, targeting downstream mPGES-1 instead of upstream COX is preferable to selectively block overexpressed PGE2 in inflammatory diseases. Some mPGES-1 inhibitor candidates including synthetic compounds, natural products and existing anti-inflammatory drugs have been proved to be effective in in vitro experiments. After 20 years of in-depth research on mPGES-1 and its inhibitors, ISC 27864 have completed phase II clinical trial. In this review, we intend to summarize mPGES-1 inhibitors focused on their inhibitory specificity with perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yun-Da Yao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Jin-Fang Luo
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China
| | - Yu-Ming Huang
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Company Group Ltd, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Fei-Chi Wu
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Company Group Ltd, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Qin-Hua Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province 418000, PR China.
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310053, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510006, PR China; Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province 519000, PR China.
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6
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Xu D, Cai J, Wan ZK, Gao H, Sun Y. Pathophysiological role of prostaglandin E synthases in liver diseases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 154:106552. [PMID: 33930567 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E synthases (PGESs) convert cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) into prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and comprise at least three types of structurally and biologically distinct enzymes. Two of these, namely microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and mPGES-2, are membrane-bound enzymes. mPGES-1 is an inflammation-inducible enzyme that converts PGH2 into PGE2. mPGES-2 is a bifunctional enzyme that generally forms a complex with haem in the presence of glutathione. This enzyme can metabolise PGH2 into malondialdehyde and can produce PGE2 after its separation from haem. In this review, we discuss the role of PGESs, particularly mPGES-1 and mPGES-2, in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. A better understanding of the roles of PGESs in liver disease may aid in the development of treatments for patients with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Kang Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China.
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Shao R, Yang Y, Fan K, Wu X, Jiang R, Tang L, Li L, Shen Y, Liu G, Zhang L. REV-ERBα Agonist GSK4112 attenuates Fas-induced Acute Hepatic Damage in Mice. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3831-3838. [PMID: 34790059 PMCID: PMC8579287 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas-induced apoptosis is a central mechanism of hepatocyte damage during acute and chronic hepatic disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that circadian clock plays critical roles in the regulation of cell fates. In the present study, the potential significance of REV-ERBα, a core ingredient of circadian clock, in Fas-induced acute liver injury has been investigated. The anti-Fas antibody Jo2 was injected intraperitoneally in mice to induce acute liver injury and the REV-ERBα agonist GSK4112 was administered. The results indicated that treatment of GSK4112 decreased the level of plasma ALT and AST, attenuated the liver histological changes, and promoted the survival rate in Jo2-insulted mice. Treatment with GSK4112 also downregulated the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8, suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, treatment with GSK4112 decreased the level of Fas and enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt. In conclusion, treatment with GSK4112 alleviated Fas-induced apoptotic liver damage in mice, suggesting that REV-ERBα agonist might have potential value in pharmacological intervention of Fas-associated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Shao
- Clinical Medical School, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kerui Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xicheng Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Emergency, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Pilutin A, Maciejewska D, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Derkacz R, Goschorska M, Wąsik A, Rębacz-Maron E, Gutowska I. Pre-and postnatal exposition to fluorides induce changes in rats liver morphology by impairment of antioxidant defense mechanisms and COX induction. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:112-119. [PMID: 30071422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluorides are common in the environment and are absorbed mostly in the stomach and gut, it can easily move through cell membranes and its accumulation can cause harmful effects in skeletal and soft tissues. One of the most important F- accumulation sites is the liver. The aim of this study was to determine whether F- can cause inflammation in rat liver by affecting the activity of antioxidant enzymes and changes in the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vivo model of prenatal and postnatal exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) was used to carry out the experiment. Animals from control group received tap water to drink, while animals exposed to F- received drinking water containing NaF, 50 mg/L. In serum and liver we analyzed F- concentration, in liver - antioxidant enzymes activity, PGE2 and TXB2 concentration and immunolocalization of COX1 and COX2 proteins were measured. RESULTS We observed significant changes in F- concentration only in liver. The results of this study showed that F- affects antioxidant enzymes activity, COX2 protein expression and PGE2 synthesis in liver. Also, in some regions of the liver of rats exposed to F-, the hepatocytes were diffusely altered, with changes resembling microvesicular steatosis. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to F- during development causes an accumulation of this element in the liver and changes in antioxidant enzymes activity and cyclooxygenase expression. Long term exposure to this element is toxic to the liver and can cause disturbances in its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Pilutin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - R Derkacz
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Akademy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Rębacz-Maron
- University of Szczecin, Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology, Institute for Research on Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13 St., 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460, Szczecin, Poland.
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