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Golizeh M, Nam J, Chatelain E, Jackson Y, Ohlund LB, Rasoolizadeh A, Camargo FV, Mahrouche L, Furtos A, Sleno L, Ndao M. New metabolic signature for Chagas disease reveals sex steroid perturbation in humans and mice. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12380. [PMID: 36590505 PMCID: PMC9800200 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), Trypanosoma cruzi, claims thousands of lives each year. Current diagnostic tools are insufficient to ensure parasitological detection in chronically infected patients has been achieved. A host-derived metabolic signature able to distinguish CD patients from uninfected individuals and assess antiparasitic treatment efficiency is introduced. Serum samples were collected from chronic CD patients, prior to and three years after treatment, and subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis against demographically matched CD-negative controls. Five metabolites were confirmed by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Several database matches for sex steroids were significantly altered in CD patients. A murine experiment corroborated sex steroid perturbation in T. cruzi-infected mice, particularly in male animals. Proteomics analysis also found increased steroidogenesis in the testes of infected mice. Metabolic alterations identified in this study shed light on the pathogenesis and provide the basis for developing novel assays for the diagnosis and screening of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makan Golizeh
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Nam
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Jackson
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leanne B. Ohlund
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases – Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Asieh Rasoolizadeh
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabio Vasquez Camargo
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louiza Mahrouche
- Chemistry Department, Regional Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Furtos
- Chemistry Department, Regional Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases – Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Corresponding author.
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Corresponding author.
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Reprogramming of Amino Acid Metabolism Differs between Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Infection-Associated Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152283. [PMID: 35892580 PMCID: PMC9330610 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids and their metabolites are key regulators of immune responses, and plasma levels may change profoundly during acute disease states. Using targeted metabolomics, we evaluated concentration changes in plasma amino acids and related metabolites in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP, n = 29; compared against healthy controls, n = 33) from presentation to hospital through convalescence. We further aimed to identify biomarkers for acute CAP vs. the clinically potentially similar infection-triggered COPD exacerbation (n = 13). Amino acid metabolism was globally dysregulated in both CAP and COPD. Levels of most amino acids were markedly depressed in acute CAP, and total amino acid concentrations on admission were an accurate biomarker for the differentiation from COPD (AUC = 0.93), as were reduced asparagine and threonine levels (both AUC = 0.92). Reduced tryptophan and histidine levels constituted the most accurate biomarkers for acute CAP vs. controls (AUC = 0.96, 0.94). Only kynurenine, symmetric dimethyl arginine, and phenylalanine levels were increased in acute CAP, and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio correlated best with clinical recovery and resolution of inflammation. Several amino acids did not reach normal levels by the 6-week follow-up. Glutamate levels were reduced on admission but rose during convalescence to 1.7-fold above levels measured in healthy control. Our data suggest that dysregulated amino acid metabolism in CAP partially persists through clinical recovery and that amino acid metabolism constitutes a source of promising biomarkers for CAP. In particular, total amino acids, asparagine, and threonine may constitute plasma biomarker candidates for the differentiation between CAP and infection-triggered COPD exacerbation and, perhaps, the detection of pneumonia in COPD.
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Potts A, Uchida A, Deja S, Berglund ED, Kucejova B, Duarte JA, Fu X, Browning JD, Magnuson MA, Burgess SC. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a cataplerotic pathway in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G249-G258. [PMID: 29631378 PMCID: PMC6139646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00039.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is a gluconeogenic enzyme that is highly expressed in the liver and kidney but is also expressed at lower levels in a variety of other tissues where it may play adjunct roles in fatty acid esterification, amino acid metabolism, and/or TCA cycle function. PEPCK is expressed in the enterocytes of the small intestine, but it is unclear whether it supports a gluconeogenic rate sufficient to affect glucose homeostasis. To examine potential roles of intestinal PEPCK, we generated an intestinal PEPCK knockout mouse. Deletion of intestinal PEPCK ablated ex vivo gluconeogenesis but did not significantly affect glycemia in chow, high-fat diet, or streptozotocin-treated mice. In contrast, postprandial triglyceride secretion from the intestine was attenuated in vivo, consistent with a role in fatty acid esterification. Intestinal amino acid profiles and 13C tracer appearance into these pools were significantly altered, indicating abnormal amino acid trafficking through the enterocyte. The data suggest that the predominant role of PEPCK in the small intestine of mice is not gluconeogenesis but rather to support nutrient processing, particularly with regard to lipids and amino acids. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The small intestine expresses gluconeogenic enzymes for unknown reasons. In addition to glucose synthesis, the nascent steps of this pathway can be used to support amino acid and lipid metabolisms. When phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, an essential gluconeogenic enzyme, is knocked out of the small intestine of mice, glycemia is unaffected, but mice inefficiently absorb dietary lipid, have abnormal amino acid profiles, and inefficiently catabolize glutamine. Therefore, the initial steps of intestinal gluconeogenesis are used for processing dietary triglycerides and metabolizing amino acids but are not essential for maintaining blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Potts
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aki Uchida
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stanislaw Deja
- 2Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Eric D. Berglund
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Blanka Kucejova
- 2Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joao A. Duarte
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- 2Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeffrey D. Browning
- 3Department of Clinical Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- 5Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shawn C. Burgess
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Kou H, Liu Y, Liang G, Huang J, Hu J, Yan YE, Li X, Yu H, He X, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Feng J, Wang H. Maternal glucocorticoid elevation and associated blood metabonome changes might be involved in metabolic programming of intrauterine growth retardation in rats exposed to caffeine prenatally. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 275:79-87. [PMID: 24463096 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that prenatal caffeine exposure causes intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), fetuses are over-exposed to high levels of maternal glucocorticoids (GC), and intrauterine metabolic programming and associated metabonome alteration that may be GC-mediated. However, whether maternal metabonomes would be altered and relevant metabolite variations might mediate the development of IUGR remained unknown. In the present studies, we examined the dose- and time-effects of caffeine on maternal metabonome, and tried to clarify the potential roles of maternal GCs and metabonome changes in the metabolic programming of caffeine-induced IUGR. Pregnant rats were treated with caffeine (0, 20, 60 or 180 mg/kg·d) from gestational days (GD) 11 to 20, or 180 mg/kg·d caffeine from GD9. Metabonomes of maternal plasma on GD20 in the dose-effect study and on GD11, 14 and 17 in the time-course study were analyzed by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Caffeine administration reduced maternal weight gains and elevated both maternal and fetal corticosterone (CORT) levels. A negative correlation between maternal/fetal CORT levels and fetal bodyweight was observed. The maternal metabonome alterations included attenuated metabolism of carbohydrates, enhanced lipolysis and protein breakdown, and amino acid accumulation, suggesting GC-associated metabolic effects. GC-associated metabolite variations (α/β-glucoses, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, β-hydroxybutyrate) were observed early following caffeine administration. In conclusion, prenatal caffeine exposure induced maternal GC elevation and metabonome alteration, and maternal GC and relevant discriminatory metabolites might be involved in the metabolic programming of caffeine-induced IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yansong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jieqiong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - You-e Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Baifang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Kao C, Hsu J, Bandi V, Jahoor F. Alterations in glutamine metabolism and its conversion to citrulline in sepsis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1359-64. [PMID: 23612995 PMCID: PMC3680701 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00628.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In enterocytes, glutamine serves as the major source of energy; another metabolic fate of glutamine is conversion to citrulline. Because sepsis can affect gut function and integrity, alterations in glutamine metabolism may exist and lead to decreased citrulline production. This study aimed to investigate how sepsis affects glutamine metabolism, including its conversion to citrulline, by measuring glutamine and citrulline flux, fractional splanchnic extraction of glutamine and leucine, and the contribution of glutamine nitrogen to citrulline in septic patients and healthy controls. Eight patients with severe sepsis and 10 healthy controls were given primed, constant intravenous infusion of [(2)H2]citrulline and sequential administration of intravenous and enteral [α-(15)N]glutamine and [(13)C]leucine in the postabsorptive state. The results showed that, compared with healthy controls, septic patients had a significantly lower whole body citrulline flux and plasma concentration, higher endogenous leucine flux, and higher glutamine clearance. Fractional splanchnic extraction of leucine was higher in septic patients than in controls, but fractional extraction of glutamine was not different. The majority of the (15)N label transferred from glutamine to citrulline was found at the α-position. These results demonstrate that lower glutamine plasma concentrations in sepsis were a result of increased glutamine clearance. Despite adequate splanchnic uptake of glutamine, there is decreased production of citrulline, suggesting a defect in the metabolic conversion of glutamine to citrulline, decreased uptake of glutamine by the enterocyte but increased uptake by the liver, and/or shunting of glutamine to other metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Courant F, Moyon T, Küster A, Le Gall G, Tea I, Antignac JP, Darmaun D. Maternal and cord blood LC-HRMS metabolomics reveal alterations in energy and polyamine metabolism, and oxidative stress in very-low birth weight infants. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2764-78. [PMID: 23527880 DOI: 10.1021/pr400122v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To assess the global effect of preterm birth on fetal metabolism and maternal-fetal nutrient transfer, we used a mass spectrometric-based chemical phenotyping approach on cord blood obtained at the time of birth. We sampled umbilical venous, umbilical arterial, and maternal blood from mothers delivering very-low birth weight (VLBW, with a median gestational age and weight of 29 weeks, and 1210 g, respectively) premature or full-term (FT) neonates. In VLBW group, we observed a significant elevation in the levels and maternal-fetal gradients of butyryl-, isovaleryl-, hexanoyl- and octanoyl-carnitines, suggesting enhanced short- and medium chain fatty acid β-oxidation in human preterm feto-placental unit. The significant decrease in glutamine-glutamate in preterm arterial cord blood beside lower levels of amino acid precursors of Krebs cycle suggest increased glutamine utilization in the fast growing tissues of preterm fetus with a deregulation in placental glutamate-glutamine shuttling. Enhanced glutathione utilization is likely to account for the decrease in precursor amino acids (serine, betaine, glutamate and methionine) in arterial cord blood. An increase in both the circulating levels and maternal-fetal gradients of several polyamines in their acetylated form (diacetylspermine and acetylputrescine) suggests an enhanced polyamine metabolic cycling in extreme prematurity. Our metabolomics study allowed the identification of alterations in fetal energy, antioxidant defense, and polyamines and purines flux as a signature of premature birth.
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Washburn SE, Sawant OB, Lunde ER, Wu G, Cudd TA. Acute alcohol exposure, acidemia or glutamine administration impacts amino acid homeostasis in ovine maternal and fetal plasma. Amino Acids 2013; 45:543-54. [PMID: 23315157 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a significant problem in human reproductive medicine. Maternal alcohol administration alters maternal amino acid homeostasis and results in acidemia in both mother and fetus, causing fetal growth restriction. We hypothesized that administration of glutamine, which increases renal ammoniagenesis to regulate acid-base balance, may provide an intervention strategy. This hypothesis was tested using sheep as an animal model. On day 115 of gestation, ewes were anesthetized and aseptic surgery was performed to insert catheters into the fetal abdominal aorta as well as the maternal abdominal aorta and vena cava. On day 128 of gestation, ewes received intravenous administration of saline, alcohol [1.75 g/kg body weight (BW)/h], a bolus of 30 mg glutamine/kg BW, alcohol + a bolus of 30 mg glutamine/kg BW, a bolus of 100 mg glutamine/kg BW, alcohol + a bolus of 100 mg glutamine/kg BW, or received CO2 administration to induce acidemia independent of alcohol. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the mother and the fetus at times 0 and 60 min (the time of peak blood alcohol concentration) of the study. Administration of alcohol to pregnant ewes led to a reduction in concentrations of glutamine and related amino acids in plasma by 21-30%. An acute administration of glutamine to ewes, concurrent with alcohol administration, improved the profile of most amino acids (including citrulline and arginine) in maternal and fetal plasma. We suggest that glutamine may have a protective effect against alcohol-induced metabolic disorders and FAS in the ovine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Good P. Does infectious fever relieve autistic behavior by releasing glutamine from skeletal muscles as provisional fuel? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Letellier G, Mok E, Alberti C, De Luca A, Gottrand F, Cuisset JM, Denjean A, Darmaun D, Hankard R. Effect of glutamine on glucose metabolism in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin Nutr 2012; 32:386-90. [PMID: 23021433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glutamine is a potent gluconeogenic precursor and stimulates insulin secretion. Glutamine's effect on glucose metabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has never been studied. To determine plasma glucose and insulin concentrations measured during and after glutamine administration in DMD boys. We hypothesized that glutamine can modulate whole body glutamine-glucose metabolism in DMD, a genetically determined disease. METHODS As secondary endpoints of a randomized crossover trial in 30 prepubertal DMD boys, we measured fasting blood glucose, insulin and the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index after daily oral glutamine (0.5 g kg(-1) d(-1)) for 4 months versus placebo. In a separate time series trial in 6 prepubertal DMD boys, we measured the same endpoints as well as plasma glutamine and whole body glucose turnover (Ra,glc) (primed continuous i.v. infusion of d-[6,6-(2)D]glucose), while participants received acute oral glutamine (0.5 g kg(-1) d(-1)) continuously for 5 h. RESULTS In the randomized trial, baseline measurements of HOMA correlated with age (r = 0,51, p = 0.007) and percent fat estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (r = 0.39, p = 0.047). After 4 months glutamine supplementation, we observed no treatment or order effect on HOMA or insulin. During acute glutamine for 5 h (time series trial), plasma glutamine doubled and was associated with increased plasma insulin concentration (10.42 ± 2.54 vs 7.32 ± 1.86, p = 0.05) with no effect on plasma glucose, HOMA or Ra,glc. CONCLUSIONS Acute glutamine transiently stimulates insulin secretion in DMD boys, which could be mediated by plasma glutamine concentrations. Fasting insulin concentration and HOMA might provide quantifiable indices of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Letellier
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 802, Poitiers F-86000, France.
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Tea I, Le Gall G, Küster A, Guignard N, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Darmaun D, Robins RJ. 1H-NMR-based metabolic profiling of maternal and umbilical cord blood indicates altered materno-foetal nutrient exchange in preterm infants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29947. [PMID: 22291897 PMCID: PMC3264558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate foetal growth is primarily determined by nutrient availability, which is dependent on placental nutrient transport and foetal metabolism. We have used 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to probe the metabolic adaptations associated with premature birth. Methodology The metabolic profile in 1H NMR spectra of plasma taken immediately after birth from umbilical vein, umbilical artery and maternal blood were recorded for mothers delivering very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) or normo-ponderal full-term (FT) neonates. Principal Findings Clear distinctions between maternal and cord plasma of all samples were observed by principal component analysis (PCA). Levels of amino acids, glucose, and albumin-lysyl in cord plasma exceeded those in maternal plasma, whereas lipoproteins (notably low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lipid levels were lower in cord plasma from both VLBW and FT neonates. The metabolic signature of mothers delivering VLBW infants included decreased levels of acetate and increased levels of lipids, pyruvate, glutamine, valine and threonine. Decreased levels of lipoproteins glucose, pyruvate and albumin-lysyl and increased levels of glutamine were characteristic of cord blood (both arterial and venous) from VLBW infants, along with a decrease in levels of several amino acids in arterial cord blood. Conclusion These results show that, because of its characteristics and simple non-invasive mode of collection, cord plasma is particularly suited for metabolomic analysis even in VLBW infants and provides new insights into the materno-foetal nutrient exchange in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illa Tea
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Unit for Interdisciplinary Chemistry, Synthesis-Analysis-Modelling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, France.
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Thibault R, Flet L, Vavasseur F, Lemerle M, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Picot D, Darmaun D. Oral citrulline does not affect whole body protein metabolism in healthy human volunteers: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Clin Nutr 2011; 30:807-11. [PMID: 21733603 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Citrulline increases protein synthesis during refeeding in rodents with short bowel syndrome, aging and malnutrition, and improves nitrogen balance in fed healthy humans. The aim of the current study therefore was to determine whether citrulline had affected protein metabolism in healthy volunteers. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, 12 healthy adults received a 5-h intravenous infusion of L-[1-(13)C]-leucine in the post-absorptive state, after a 7-day oral supplementation with 0.18 g/kg/day citrulline, or an iso-nitrogenous placebo. Treatment order was randomized, treatment periods were separated by 13-day wash out. Leucine appearance rate (Ra) was determined from plasma [1-(13)C]-keto-iso-caproate enrichment and leucine oxidation from expired (13)CO(2), and nitrogen balance was estimated from 6-h urinary urea excretion. RESULTS Compared with placebo, oral citrulline supplementation increased plasma citrulline, arginine and ornithine concentrations, but failed to affect albumin, transthyretin, free insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 plasma concentrations, urinary nitrate excretion, or nitrogen balance. Citrulline supplementation did not alter leucine Ra, leucine oxidation, nor whole-body protein synthesis. CONCLUSION In healthy, well nourished volunteers, oral citrulline increases plasma citrulline and arginine availability but does not affect whole-body protein kinetics in the post-absorptive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibault
- Service d'Hépato-gastro-entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle, CHU de Nantes, France
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Mauras N, Xing D, Fox LA, Englert K, Darmaun D. Effects of glutamine on glycemic control during and after exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1951-3. [PMID: 20585005 PMCID: PMC2928340 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if oral glutamine ameliorates exercise and postexercise nighttime hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic adolescents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ten adolescents (15.2 +/- 1.4 years [SD], A1C 6.9 +/- 0.9%) on insulin pumps were studied. The subjects were randomized to receive a glutamine or placebo drink pre-exercise and at bedtime (0.25 g/kg/dose). A 3:00 p.m. exercise session consisted of four 15-min treadmill/5-min rest cycles. Pre-exercise blood glucose was 140-150 mg/dl and was monitored throughout the night. Studies were randomized crossover over 3 weeks. RESULTS Blood glucose levels dropped comparably (52%) during exercise on both days. However, the overnight number of hypoglycemic events was higher on glutamine than placebo (<or=70 mg/dl, P = 0.03 and <or=60, P = 0.05). The cumulative probability of nighttime hypoglycemia was increased on glutamine days (80%) versus placebo days (50%) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Glutamine increased the cumulative probability of postexercise overnight hypoglycemia compared with placebo in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Whether glutamine may enhance insulin sensitivity postexercise requires further study in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Mauras
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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Verbruggen S, Sy J, Arrivillaga A, Joosten K, van Goudoever J, Castillo L. Parenteral amino acid intakes in critically ill children: a matter of convenience. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010; 34:329-40. [PMID: 20093426 DOI: 10.1177/0148607109347897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral and enteral amino acid requirements for nutrition balance and function have not been defined in critically ill children or adults. In addition to playing a role in protein synthesis, amino acids trigger signaling cascades that regulate various aspects of fuel and energy metabolism and serve as precursors for important substrates. Amino acids can also be toxic. In this study, parenteral intakes of essential and nonessential amino acids (EAAs and NEAAs) supplied to critically ill children were assessed as an initial step for further studies aimed at establishing parenteral amino acid requirements. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted to assess intakes of parenteral amino acid for 116 critically ill children, and these intakes were compared with EAA intakes recommended by the Institute of Medicine. Because there are no recommended intakes for NEAA, NEAA intakes were compared with mixed muscle protein content in the older children and breast milk amino acid content in the infants. RESULTS Parenteral EAAs were provided in amounts that exceeded recommended intakes for healthy children, except for phenylalanine and methionine, which although excessive, were given in less generous amounts. NEAAs were supplied in lower or higher amounts than the content of mixed muscle proteins or breast milk. Parenteral amino acid formulas are limited in taurine, glutamine, and asparagine despite the fact that inflammatory/immune proteins are rich in these amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid composition of parenteral formulas is variable and lacks scientific support. Parenteral amino acid intakes should be based on measured requirements to maintain nutrition and functional balance and on knowledge of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Verbruggen
- Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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