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Uken KL, Vogel L, Gnott M, Görs S, Schäff CT, Tuchscherer A, Hoeflich A, Weitzel JM, Kanitz E, Tröscher A, Sauerwein H, Zitnan R, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ, Liermann W, Hammon HM. Effect of maternal supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on metabolic and endocrine development in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7295-7314. [PMID: 33715856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the maternal supply of essential fatty acids (EFA), especially α-linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), affects glucose metabolism, the endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and growth, and the intestinal development of neonatal calves. We studied calves from dams that received an abomasal infusion of 76 g/d coconut oil (CTRL; n = 9), 78 g/d linseed oil and 4 g/d safflower oil (EFA; n = 9), 38 g/d Lutalin (BASF SE) containing 27% cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA (CLA; n = 9), or a combination of EFA and CLA (EFA+CLA; n = 11) during the last 63 d of gestation and early lactation. Calves received colostrum and transition milk from their own dam for the first 5 d of life. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were measured in milk. Blood samples were taken before first colostrum intake, 24 h after birth, and from d 3 to 5 of life before morning feeding to measure metabolic and endocrine traits in plasma. On d 3 of life, energy expenditure was evaluated by a bolus injection of NaH13CO3 and determination of CO2 appearance rate. On d 4, additional blood samples were taken to evaluate glucose first-pass uptake and 13CO2 enrichment after [13C6]-glucose feeding and intravenous [6,6-2H2]-glucose bolus injection, as well as postprandial changes in glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, and glucagon. On d 5, calves were killed 2 h after feeding and samples of small intestinal mucosa were taken for histomorphometric measurements. The concentrations of IGF-I, adiponectin, and leptin in milk decreased during early lactation in all groups, and the concentrations of leptin in first colostrum was higher in EFA than in CTRL cows. Plasma glucose concentration before first colostrum intake was higher in EFA calves than in non-EFA calves and was lower in CLA calves than in non-CLA calves. Plasma IGF-I concentration was higher on d 1 before colostrum intake in EFA calves than in EFA+CLA calves and indicated an overall CLA effect, with lower plasma IGF-I in CLA than in non-CLA calves. Postprandial NEFA concentration was lowest in EFA and CLA calves. The postprandial rise in plasma insulin was higher in EFA than in non-EFA calves. Plasma adiponectin concentration increased from d 1 to d 2 in all groups and was higher on d 3 in CLA than in non-CLA calves. Plasma leptin concentration was higher on d 4 and 5 in EFA than in non-EFA calves. Maternal fatty acid treatment did not affect energy expenditure and first-pass glucose uptake, but glucose uptake on d 4 was faster in EFA than in non-EFA calves. Crypt depth was lower, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was higher in the ilea of CLA than non-CLA calves. Elevated plasma glucose and IGF-I in EFA calves immediately after birth may indicate an improved energetic status in calves when dams are supplemented with EFA. Maternal EFA and CLA supplementation influenced postprandial metabolic changes and affected factors related to the neonatal insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Uken
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - L Vogel
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Gnott
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Görs
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C T Schäff
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Hoeflich
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Zitnan
- Institute of Nutrition, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Center, 95141 Luzianky, Slovakia
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - W Liermann
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Kuo GH, Gaul MD, Liang Y, Xu JZ, Du F, Hornby P, Xu G, Qi J, Wallace N, Lee S, Grant E, Murray WV, Demarest K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzocyclobutane-C-glycosides as potent and orally active SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29523385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzocyclobutane-C-glycosides as potent and orally active SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitors are described. Compound 19 showed high inhibitory potency at SGLT1 (IC50 = 45 nM), and excellent potency at SGLT2 (IC50 = 1 nM). It also displayed excellent PK profiles in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys (F = 78-107%). In SD rats, compound 19 treatments significantly reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner. In ZDF rats, compound 19 displayed anti-hyperglycemic effect up to 24 h. Therefore, compound 19 may serve as valuable pharmacological tool, and potential use as a treatment for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee-Hong Kuo
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Micheal D Gaul
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - June Z Xu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Fuyong Du
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Pamela Hornby
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Guozhang Xu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Jenson Qi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Nathaniel Wallace
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Eugene Grant
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - William V Murray
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Keith Demarest
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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Kuiken NSS, Rings EHHM, Havinga R, Groen AK, Tissing WJE. Effect of minimal enteral feeding on recovery in a methotrexate-induced gastrointestinal mucositis rat model. Support Care Cancer 2015; 24:1357-64. [PMID: 26335404 PMCID: PMC4729808 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients suffering from gastrointestinal mucositis often receive parenteral nutrition as nutritional support. However, the absence of enteral nutrition might not be beneficial for the intestine. We aimed to determine the feasibility of minimal enteral feeding (MEF) administration in a methotrexate (MTX)-induced mucositis rat model and thereby determine the effect of MEF on recovery. METHODS Male Wistar rats were attached to swivel systems from day 1 to 5 after 45 mg/kg MTX IV injection. The MTX group continued ad libitum feeding, and the MTX + MEF group continued ad libitum feeding and received from day 1 to 5 continuously MEF. MEF consisted of 20% of their normal caloric intake. We measured body weight, intake, and plasma citrulline. At day 10, the rats were terminated and villus and crypt length were measured. RESULTS The administration of MEF caused no increased severity of mucositis phenotype, with comparable caloric intake, body weight, and plasma citrulline during mucositis. The recovery of plasma citrulline levels was not different between both groups. At day 7 and 8, the MTX + MEF group gained significantly more weight (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), and at day 8 and 9 the total caloric intake was significantly increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) compared to the MTX group. At day 10, the rats from the MTX + MEF group showed a significant increase in jejunal villus length compared to the MTX group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in which the feasibility of MEF administration during chemotherapy-induced mucositis was determined. This study indicates that MEF administration is feasible during mucositis and suggests that MEF accelerates recovery after MTX-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline S S Kuiken
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Palsdottir V, Olsson B, Borén J, Strandvik B, Gabrielsson BG. Postnatal essential fatty acid deficiency in mice affects lipoproteins, hepatic lipids, fatty acids and mRNA expression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:179-88. [PMID: 21658924 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) during suckling in mice resulted in an adult lean phenotype and a resistance to diet-induced obesity. We now hypothesized that postnatal EFAD would cause long-term effects on lipid metabolism. C57BL/6 mice were fed an EFAD or a control diet from the 16th day of gestation and throughout lactation. The pups were weaned to standard diet (STD) and at 15 weeks of age given either high fat diet (HFD) or STD. Lipoprotein profiles, hepatic lipids, fatty acids and mRNA expression were analyzed in 3-week-old and 25-week-old offspring. At weaning, the EFAD pups had higher cholesterol levels in both plasma and liver and 6-fold higher concentrations of hepatic cholesterol esters than control pups. Adult EFAD offspring had higher levels of hepatic cholesterol and linoleic acid, but lower levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and Pparg mRNA expression in the liver. In addition, HFD fed EFAD offspring had lower plasma total cholesterol, lower hepatic triglycerides and lower liver weight compared to controls fed HFD. In conclusion, early postnatal EFAD resulted in short-term alterations with increased hepatic cholesterol accumulation and long-term protection against diet-induced liver steatosis and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilborg Palsdottir
- Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Fijlstra M, Rings EHHM, Verkade HJ, van Dijk TH, Kamps WA, Tissing WJE. Lactose maldigestion during methotrexate-induced gastrointestinal mucositis in a rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G283-91. [PMID: 21088238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00462.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis suffer from anorexia, diarrhea, and stomach pain, often causing weight loss and malnutrition. When the intestinal function during mucositis would be known, a rational feeding strategy might improve the nutritional state, accelerate recuperation, and increase survival of mucositis patients. We developed a methotrexate (MTX)-induced mucositis rat model to study nutrient digestion and absorption. To determine lactose digestion and absorption of its derivative glucose during mucositis, we injected Wistar rats intravenously with MTX (60 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl (controls). Four days later, we orally administered trace amounts of [1-(13)C]lactose and [U-(13)C]glucose and quantified the appearance of labeled glucose in the blood for 3 h. Finally, we determined plasma citrulline level and harvested the small intestine to assess histology, myeloperoxidase level, glycohydrolase activity, immunohistochemical protein, and mRNA expression. MTX-treated rats showed profound villus atrophy and epithelial damage. During the experimental period, the absorption of lactose-derived [1-(13)C]glucose was 4.2-fold decreased in MTX-treated rats compared with controls (P < 0.01). Lactose-derived [1-(13)C]glucose absorption correlated strongly with villus length (rho = 0.86, P < 0.001) and with plasma citrulline level (rho = 0.81, P < 0.001). MTX treatment decreased jejunal lactase activity (19.5-fold, P < 0.01) and immunohistochemical protein and mRNA expression (39.7-fold, P < 0.01) compared with controls. Interestingly, MTX treatment did not affect the absorption of [U-(13)C]glucose during the experimental period. We conclude that lactose digestion is severely decreased during mucositis while glucose absorption is still intact, when supplied in trace amounts. Plasma citrulline level might be a useful objective, noninvasive marker for lactose maldigestion during mucositis in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fijlstra
- Pediatric Oncologist/Hematologist, Dept. of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/Univ. Medical Center Groningen, HPC CA21, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lukovac S, Los EL, Stellaard F, Rings EHHM, Verkade HJ. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G520-31. [PMID: 19608735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00091.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in mice has been associated with increased bile production, which is mainly determined by the enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile salts. To establish the mechanism underlying the increased bile production, we characterized in detail the EHC of bile salts in EFA-deficient mice using stable isotope technique, without interrupting the normal EHC. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been proposed as an important regulator of bile salt synthesis and homeostasis. In Fxr(-/-) mice we additionally investigated to what extent alterations in bile production during EFA deficiency were FXR dependent. Furthermore, we tested in differentiating Caco-2 cells the effects of EFA deficiency on expression of FXR-target genes relevant for feedback regulation of bile salt synthesis. EFA deficiency-enhanced bile flow and biliary bile salt secretion were associated with elevated bile salt pool size and synthesis rate (+146 and +42%, respectively, P < 0.05), despite increased ileal bile salt reabsorption (+228%, P < 0.05). Cyp7a1 mRNA expression was unaffected in EFA-deficient mice. However, ileal mRNA expression of Fgf15 (inhibitor of bile salt synthesis) was significantly reduced, in agreement with absent inhibition of the hepatic bile salt synthesis. Bile flow and biliary secretion were enhanced to the same extent in EFA-deficient wild-type and Fxr(-/-) mice, indicating contribution of other factors besides FXR in regulation of EHC during EFA deficiency. In vitro experiments show reduced induction of mRNA expression of relevant genes upon chenodeoxycholic acid and a selective FXR agonist GW4064 stimulation in EFA-deficient Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, our data indicate that EFA deficiency is associated with interrupted negative feedback of bile salt synthesis, possibly because of reduced ileal Fgf15 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lukovac
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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