1
|
Lv J, Yu C, Tian H, Li T, Yu C. Expression of Serpin Family E Member 1 (SERPINE1) Is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3346. [PMID: 38137567 PMCID: PMC10741528 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aberrant expression of serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) is associated with carcinogenesis. This study assessed the alteration of SERPINE1 expression for an association with gastric adenocarcinoma prognosis. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was applied to investigate the impact of SERPINE1 expression on the survival of patients afflicted with gastric cancer. Subsequently, 136 samples from the Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were subjected to qRT-PCR and Western blot to validate the expression level of SERPINE1 between tumor and adjacent normal tissues. The correlation between the expression of SERPINE1 with the clinicopathological features in TCGA patients was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank and logistic regression tests. The potential molecular mechanism associated with SERPINE1 expression in gastric cancer were confirmed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS The TCGA data showed that SERPINE1 was overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosae and associated with the tumor T stage and pathological grade. SERPINE1 overexpression was associated with the poor overall survival (OS) of patients. The findings were confirmed with 136 patients, that is, SERPINE1 expression was associated with poor OS (hazard ratio (HR): 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84-1.83; p = 0.012)) as an independent predictor (HR: 2.11, 95% CI: 0.81-2.34; p = 0.009). The resulting data were further processed by GSEA showed that SERPINE1 overexpression was associated with the activation of EPITHELIAL_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION, TNFA_SIGNALING_VIA_NFKB, INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, ANGIOGENESIS, and HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS SERPINE1 overexpression is associated with a poor gastric cancer prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huanghe West Road, Huaiyin District, Huai’an 223300, China; (J.L.); (H.T.); (T.L.)
| | - Chunyang Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, China;
| | - Hanhan Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huanghe West Road, Huaiyin District, Huai’an 223300, China; (J.L.); (H.T.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huanghe West Road, Huaiyin District, Huai’an 223300, China; (J.L.); (H.T.); (T.L.)
| | - Changhua Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huanghe West Road, Huaiyin District, Huai’an 223300, China; (J.L.); (H.T.); (T.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wärme J, Sundqvist MO, Hjort M, Agewall S, Collste O, Ekenbäck C, Frick M, Henareh L, Hofman-Bang C, Spaak J, Sörensson P, Y-Hassan S, Svensson P, Lindahl B, Hofmann R, Tornvall P. Helicobacter pylori and Pro-Inflammatory Protein Biomarkers in Myocardial Infarction with and without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14143. [PMID: 37762446 PMCID: PMC10531769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) with obstructive coronary artery disease (MI-CAD) and MI in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) affect different populations and may have separate pathophysiological mechanisms, with greater inflammatory activity in MINOCA compared to MI-CAD. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) can cause systemic inflammation and has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate whether Hp infection is associated with concentrations of protein biomarkers of inflammation and CVD. In a case-control study, patients with MINOCA (n = 99) in Sweden were included, complemented by matched subjects with MI-CAD (n = 99) and controls (n = 100). Protein biomarkers were measured with a proximity extension assay in plasma samples collected 3 months after MI. The seroprevalence of Hp and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) was determined using ELISA. The associations between protein levels and Hp status were studied with linear regression. The prevalence of Hp was 20.2%, 19.2%, and 16.0% for MINOCA, MI-CAD, and controls, respectively (p = 0.73). Seven proteins were associated with Hp in an adjusted model: tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), pappalysin-1 (PAPPA), soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Hp infection was present in one in five patients with MI, irrespective of the presence of obstructive CAD. Inflammatory proteins were elevated in Hp-positive subjects, thus not ruling out that Hp may promote an inflammatory response and potentially contribute to the development of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Wärme
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin O. Sundqvist
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Hjort
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Agewall
- Division of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olov Collste
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Ekenbäck
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Frick
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loghman Henareh
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- Coronary Artery Disease Area, Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Hofman-Bang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Spaak
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder Sörensson
- Coronary Artery Disease Area, Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shams Y-Hassan
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- Coronary Artery Disease Area, Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svensson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil Lindahl
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tornvall
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Chen W, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wang W, Xiang Y, Yuan H, Xie Y, Zhou J. Interplay of Helicobacter pylori, fibroblasts, and cancer cells induces fibroblast activation and serpin E1 expression by cancer cells to promote gastric tumorigenesis. J Transl Med 2022; 20:322. [PMID: 35864535 PMCID: PMC9306099 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can disrupt the tight junctions between gastric epithelial cells and penetrate the intercellular spaces acting on epithelial cells, normal fibroblasts (NFs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), but their interaction in gastric cancer tumorigenesis and progression remains unclear. Methods Primary CAFs and NFs were isolated from paired gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues and identified by immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis for FSP-1, α-SMA, FAP, and vimentin expression. RNA-sequencing was used to compare the transcriptomes between CAFs and NFs. The expressions of FAP, lumican, and α-SMA, human cytokine array, and Transwell assay were used to assess the transformation of NFs to CAFs. CCK-8 assay, colony formation, flow cytometry, Transwell assay, and nude mouse xenograft model were used to determine the effects of Serpin E1 on cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Finally, Serpin E1 and/or FAP expression was measured in H. pylori-infected gerbil gastric mucosa and human gastric cancer tissues. Results Gastric CAFs are inflammatory CAFs with α-SMAlowFAPhighlumicanhigh. The interplay of H. pylori, fibroblasts, and cancer cells promotes the transition of NFs to CAFs by inducing cytokine release, especially Serpin E1. Long-term H. pylori infection and CAFs induce Serpin E1 expression in gerbil gastric tissues and human gastric cancer cells. Serpin E1 overexpression enhances the growth, migration, invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro, and xenograft tumor growth in nude mice via inducing angiogenesis. Serpin E1 and FAP were highly expressed in cancer cells and CAFs of gastric cancer tissues, respectively, and a good correlation was observed between their expression. Higher Serpin E1 expression is negatively associated with the overall survival of patients with gastric cancer. Conclusions The interplay of H. pylori, fibroblasts, and cancer cells induced Serpin E1 expression to promote the activation of NFs to CAFs and gastric carcinogenesis. Targeting Serpin E1 will provide a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer by disrupting the interaction between H. pylori, CAFs, and gastric cancer cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03537-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yining Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jianjiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schaid MD, Zhu Y, Richardson NE, Patibandla C, Ong IM, Fenske RJ, Neuman JC, Guthery E, Reuter A, Sandhu HK, Fuller MH, Cox ED, Davis DB, Layden BT, Brasier AR, Lamming DW, Ge Y, Kimple ME. Systemic Metabolic Alterations Correlate with Islet-Level Prostaglandin E 2 Production and Signaling Mechanisms That Predict β-Cell Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010058. [PMID: 33467110 PMCID: PMC7830513 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from β-cell compensation to β-cell failure is not well understood. Previous works by our group and others have demonstrated a role for Prostaglandin EP3 receptor (EP3), encoded by the Ptger3 gene, in the loss of functional β-cell mass in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The primary endogenous EP3 ligand is the arachidonic acid metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Expression of the pancreatic islet EP3 and PGE2 synthetic enzymes and/or PGE2 excretion itself have all been shown to be upregulated in primary mouse and human islets isolated from animals or human organ donors with established T2D compared to nondiabetic controls. In this study, we took advantage of a rare and fleeting phenotype in which a subset of Black and Tan BRachyury (BTBR) mice homozygous for the Leptinob/ob mutation—a strong genetic model of T2D—were entirely protected from fasting hyperglycemia even with equal obesity and insulin resistance as their hyperglycemic littermates. Utilizing this model, we found numerous alterations in full-body metabolic parameters in T2D-protected mice (e.g., gut microbiome composition, circulating pancreatic and incretin hormones, and markers of systemic inflammation) that correlate with improvements in EP3-mediated β-cell dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Schaid
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.J.F.); (J.C.N.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicole E. Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chinmai Patibandla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rachel J. Fenske
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.J.F.); (J.C.N.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.J.F.); (J.C.N.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erin Guthery
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Austin Reuter
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Harpreet K. Sandhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Miles H. Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.H.F.); (B.T.L.)
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA;
| | - Dawn B. Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.J.F.); (J.C.N.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.H.F.); (B.T.L.)
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.J.F.); (J.C.N.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michelle E. Kimple
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.D.S.); (N.E.R.); (C.P.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (H.K.S.); (D.B.D.); (A.R.B.); (D.W.L.)
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.J.F.); (J.C.N.)
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-1-608-265-5627
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alpízar-Alpízar W, Skindersoe ME, Rasmussen L, Kriegbaum MC, Christensen IJ, Lund IK, Illemann M, Laerum OD, Krogfelt KA, Andersen LP, Ploug M. Helicobacter pylori Colonization Drives Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) Expression in Murine Gastric Epithelium During Early Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071019. [PMID: 32660136 PMCID: PMC7409347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important risk factor for gastric cancer. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is upregulated in lesions harboring cancer invasion and inflammation. Circumstantial evidence tends to correlate H. pylori colonization with increased uPAR expression in the human gastric epithelium, but a direct causative link has not yet been established in vivo; (2) Methods: In a mouse model of H. pylori-induced gastritis, we investigated the temporal emergence of uPAR protein expression in the gastric mucosa in response to H. pylori (SS1 strain) infection; (3) Results: We observed intense uPAR immunoreactivity in foveolar epithelial cells of the gastric corpus due to de novo synthesis, compared to non-infected animals. This uPAR induction represents a very early response, but it increases progressively over time as do infiltrating immune cells. Eradication of H. pylori infection by antimicrobial therapy causes a regression of uPAR expression to its physiological baseline levels. Suppression of the inflammatory response by prostaglandin E2 treatment attenuates uPAR expression. Notwithstanding this relationship, H. pylori does induce uPAR expression in vitro in co-cultures with gastric cancer cell lines; (4) Conclusions: We showed that persistent H. pylori colonization is a necessary event for the emergence of a relatively high uPAR protein expression in murine gastric epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Research on Microscopic Structures (CIEMic) and Department of Biochemistry, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
- Correspondence: (W.A.-A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mette E. Skindersoe
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.E.S.); (K.A.K.)
- Bacthera, Kogle Allé 6, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Lone Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.P.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Mette C. Kriegbaum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib J. Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2650 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida K. Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole D. Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A. Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.E.S.); (K.A.K.)
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Virus and microbiological Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif P. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.P.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.C.K.); (I.J.C); (I.K.L.); (M.I.); (O.D.L.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (W.A.-A.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fernandez-Botran R, Wellmann IA, Une C, Méndez-Chacón E, Hernández de Rodas E, Bhandari B, Villagrán de Tercero CI. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori/CagA Antibodies in Guatemalan Gastric Cancer Patients: Association of Seropositivity with Increased Plasma Levels of Pepsinogens but not Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:260-265. [PMID: 32314688 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although biomarkers such as pepsinogens (PGs) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) may have diagnostic and/or prognostic value in patients with GC, their levels may be affected by H. pylori infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the presence of antibodies to H. pylori and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) with plasma levels of PGs and suPAR in a cohort of Guatemalan GC patients and controls. To this end, levels of suPAR, Pepsinogens I and II (PGI and PGII), and antibodies to H. pylori and CagA toxin were determined by ELISA in plasma samples from 67 GC patients and 136 matched healthy controls. Seropositivity for CagA was significantly higher in patients with GC than in controls. Pepsinogens II and suPAR levels were higher and PGI/PGII ratios were lower in GC patients than in controls. There was a significant association of H. pylori seropositivity status with increased levels of PGII and lower PGI/PGII ratios, particularly in the control (non-GC) population. The levels of suPAR were not significantly affected by H. pylori or CagA seropositivity status. These results suggest that the seropositivity status for H. pylori and CagA need to be taken into account during the GC diagnostic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irmgardt Alicia Wellmann
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Clas Une
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ericka Méndez-Chacón
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elisa Hernández de Rodas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Bikash Bhandari
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Carmen I Villagrán de Tercero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Individual variations in cardiovascular-disease-related protein levels are driven by genetics and gut microbiome. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1524-1532. [PMID: 30250126 PMCID: PMC6241851 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing body of evidence, the role of the gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is still unclear. Here we present a systems-genome-wide and metagenome-wide association study on plasma concentrations of 92 CVD-related proteins in the population cohort Lifelines-DEEP. We identified genetic components for 73 proteins and microbial associations for 41 proteins, of which 31 were associated to both. The genetic and microbial factors identified mostly exert additive effects and collectively explain up to 76.6% of inter-individual variation (17.5% on average). Genetics contributes most to concentrations of immune-related proteins, while the gut microbiome contributes most to proteins involved in metabolism and intestinal health. We found several host-microbe interactions that impact proteins involved in epithelial function, lipid metabolism and central nervous system function. This study reveals important evidence for a joint genetic and microbial effect in cardiovascular disease and provides directions for future applications in personalized medicine.
Collapse
|
8
|
Molina-Castro S, Ramírez-Mayorga V, Alpízar-Alpízar W. Priming the seed: Helicobacter pylori alters epithelial cell invasiveness in early gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 10:231-243. [PMID: 30254719 PMCID: PMC6147766 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i9.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common and deadliest neoplasms worldwide. H. pylori infection induces chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa that, in the absence of treatment, may progress through a series of steps to GC. GC is only one of several clinical outcomes associated with this bacterial infection, which may be at least partially attributed to the high genetic variability of H. pylori. The biological mechanisms underlying how and under what circumstances H. pylori alters normal physiological processes remain enigmatic. A key aspect of carcinogenesis is the acquisition of traits that equip preneoplastic cells with the ability to invade. Accumulating evidence implicates H. pylori in the manipulation of cellular and molecular programs that are crucial for conferring cells with invasive capabilities. We present here an overview of the main findings about the involvement of H. pylori in the acquisition of cell invasive behavior, specifically focusing on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, changes in cell polarity, and deregulation of molecules that control extracellular matrix remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molina-Castro
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
- Clinical Department, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Vanessa Ramírez-Mayorga
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Health Research Institute, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
- Public Nutrition Section, School of Nutrition, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- Center for Research in Microscopic Structures, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fossmark R, Rao S, Mjønes P, Munkvold B, Flatberg A, Varro A, Thommesen L, Nørsett KG. PAI-1 deficiency increases the trophic effects of hypergastrinemia in the gastric corpus mucosa. Peptides 2016; 79:83-94. [PMID: 27038741 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastric hormone gastrin plays a role in organizing the gastric mucosa. Gastrin also regulates the expression of genes that have important actions in extracellular matrix modelling, including plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 which is part of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system. The uPA system (including PAI-1) is associated with cancer progression, fibrosis and thrombosis. Its biological role in the stomach and molecular mechanisms of action are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of PAI-1 on the trophic changes observed in gastric corpus mucosa in hypergastrinemia using PAI-1 and/or HK-ATPase beta subunit knockout (KO) mice. HK-ATPase beta subunit KO mice were used as a model of hypergastrinemia. In 12 month old female mice, intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin were measured. The stomachs were examined for macroscopic and histological changes. In mice null for both PAI-1 and HK-ATPase beta (double KO), there was exaggerated hypergastrinemia, increased stomach weight and corpus mucosal thickness, and more pronounced trophic and architectural changes in the corpus compared with HK-ATPase beta KO mice. Genome-wide microarray expression data for the gastric corpus mucosa showed a distinct gene expression profile for the HK-ATPase beta KO mice; moreover, enrichment analysis revealed changes in expression of genes regulating intracellular processes including cytoskeleton remodelling, cell adhesion, signal transduction and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Genes differentially expressed in the double KO compared with HK-ATPase beta KO mice included the transcription factor Barx2 and the chromatin remodeler gene Tet2, which may be involved in both normal gastric physiology and development of gastric cancer. Based on the present data, we suggest that PAI-1 plays a role in maintaining gastric mucosal organization in hypergastrinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Shalini Rao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pathology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Munkvold
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin G Nørsett
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peetermans M, Vanassche T, Liesenborghs L, Lijnen RH, Verhamme P. Bacterial pathogens activate plasminogen to breach tissue barriers and escape from innate immunity. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:866-82. [PMID: 26485450 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1080214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both coagulation and fibrinolysis are tightly connected with the innate immune system. Infection and inflammation cause profound alterations in the otherwise well-controlled balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Many pathogenic bacteria directly exploit the host's hemostatic system to increase their virulence. Here, we review the capacity of bacteria to activate plasminogen. The resulting proteolytic activity allows them to breach tissue barriers and evade innate immune defense, thus promoting bacterial spreading. Yersinia pestis, streptococci of group A, C and G and Staphylococcus aureus produce a specific bacterial plasminogen activator. Moreover, surface plasminogen receptors play an established role in pneumococcal, borrelial and group B streptococcal infections. This review summarizes the mechanisms of bacterial activation of host plasminogen and the role of the fibrinolytic system in infections caused by these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Peetermans
- a Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- a Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Roger H Lijnen
- a Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Peter Verhamme
- a Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boyce M, Thomsen L. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors: prevalence in Europe, USA, and Japan, and rationale for treatment with a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:550-9. [PMID: 25665655 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1009941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric carcinoids (neuroendocrine tumors) arise from enterochromaffin-like cells in the gastric mucosa. Most are caused by hypergastrinemia. The objectives were to determine if their prevalence in Europe, USA and Japan meets the criteria for an orphan disease and to justify treatment with a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist. METHODS We obtained data from European and USA cancer registries, and searched PubMed. RESULTS Prevalence per 10,000 population obtained from cancer registries was: median 0.32 (range 0.09-0.92) for Europe; and 0.17 for the USA, equivalent to 4812 for the whole population. A PubMed search for gastric carcinoids yielded prevalence for Japan only, which was 0.05 per 10,000 population, equivalent to 665 for the entire population. A further search for gastric carcinoids in patients with pernicious anemia (PA) or autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), two presentations of about 80% of gastric carcinoids, produced prevalence rates of 5.2-11%. Prevalence of PA itself was 0.12-1.9%. Data on CAG epidemiology were sparse. CONCLUSION Prevalence of gastric carcinoids varied widely. All sources probably underestimate prevalence. However, prevalence was below the limits required for recognition by drug regulatory authorities as an orphan disease: 5 per 10,000 population of Europe; 200,000 for the whole population of the USA; and 50,000 for the whole population of Japan. Because gastric carcinoids are an orphan disease, and nonclinical and healthy volunteer studies support treatment with netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 antagonist, netazepide has been designated an orphan medicinal product in Europe and the USA for development as targeted treatment for gastric carcinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Central Middlesex Hospital , London NW10 7NS , England
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paltseva EM, Semenova TS, Zhigalova SB, Pestin IS, Shertsinger AG. [Expression of plasminogen activator system components in the gastric mucosa in portal hypertensive gastropathy]. Arkh Patol 2015; 77:16-21. [PMID: 26027394 DOI: 10.17116/patol201577216-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the gastric mucosal (GM) vascular endothelium and epithelial cells of patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and those with portal hypertension (PH) without signs of PHG as compared to a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS GM biopsy specimens from patients with PHG, those with PH without signs of PHG, and controls with the normal gastric mucosa were immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS Comparison of the expression of uPA in the GM vascular endothelium and epithelial vessels revealed no significant differences in the patient groups. The level of PAI-1 in the GM vessels was statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the groups of patients with PHG and PH without PHG. PAI-1 expression in the GM epithelial cells was significantly more commonly absent in the PHG group than in the control group. An analysis of an uPA and PAI-1 expression ratio showed a statistically significant predominance of the expression of uPA over its inhibitor in the GM vascular endothelium of the patients with PHG and those with PH without PHG as compared to the controls. CONCLUSION The predominance of uPA over PAI-1 in the GM vessels and epithelial cells can play a role in the development of GM bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Paltseva
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - T S Semenova
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S B Zhigalova
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I S Pestin
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A G Shertsinger
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The landmark discovery by Bayliss and Starling in 1902 of the first hormone, secretin, emerged from earlier observations that a response (pancreatic secretion) following a stimulus (intestinal acidification) occurred after section of the relevant afferent nerve pathway. Nearly 80 years elapsed before it became clear that visceral afferent neurons could themselves also be targets for gut and other hormones. The action of gut hormones on vagal afferent neurons is now recognised to be an early step in controlling nutrient delivery to the intestine by regulating food intake and gastric emptying. Interest in these mechanisms has grown rapidly in view of the alarming global increase in obesity. Several of the gut hormones (cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36); glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) excite vagal afferent neurons to activate an ascending pathway leading to inhibition of food intake. Conversely others, e.g. ghrelin, that are released in the inter-digestive period, inhibit vagal afferent neurons leading to increased food intake. Nutrient status determines the neurochemical phenotype of vagal afferent neurons by regulating a switch between states that promote orexigenic or anorexigenic signalling through mechanisms mediated, at least partly, by CCK. Gut-brain signalling is also influenced by leptin, by gut inflammation and by shifts in the gut microbiota including those that occur in obesity. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that diet-induced obesity locks the phenotype of vagal afferent neurons in a state similar to that normally occurring during fasting. Vagal afferent neurons are therefore early integrators of peripheral signals underling homeostatic mechanisms controlling nutrient intake. They may also provide new targets in developing treatments for obesity and feeding disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Dockray
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moore AR, Boyce M, Steele IA, Campbell F, Varro A, Pritchard DM. Netazepide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, normalises tumour biomarkers and causes regression of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours in a nonrandomised trial of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76462. [PMID: 24098507 PMCID: PMC3788129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) causes hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinaemia, which can lead to enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 gastric NETs). Most behave indolently, but some larger tumours metastasise. Antrectomy, which removes the source of the hypergastrinaemia, usually causes tumour regression. Non-clinical and healthy-subject studies have shown that netazepide (YF476) is a potent, highly selective and orally-active gastrin/CCK-2 receptor antagonist. Also, it is effective in animal models of ECL-cell tumours induced by hypergastrinaemia. AIM To assess the effect of netazepide on tumour biomarkers, number and size in patients with type I gastric NETs. METHODS We studied 8 patients with multiple tumours and raised circulating gastrin and chromogranin A (CgA) concentrations in an open trial of oral netazepide for 12 weeks, with follow-up 12 weeks later. At 0, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, we carried out gastroscopy, counted and measured tumours, and took biopsies to assess abundances of several ECL-cell constituents. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 weeks, we measured circulating gastrin and CgA and assessed safety and tolerability. RESULTS Netazepide was safe and well tolerated. Abundances of CgA (p<0.05), histidine decarboxylase (p<0.05) and matrix metalloproteinase-7(p<0.10) were reduced at 6 and 12 weeks, but were raised again at follow-up. Likewise, plasma CgA was reduced at 3 weeks (p<0.01), remained so until 12 weeks, but was raised again at follow-up. Tumours were fewer and the size of the largest one was smaller (p<0.05) at 12 weeks, and remained so at follow-up. Serum gastrin was unaffected. CONCLUSION The reduction in abundances, plasma CgA, and tumour number and size by netazepide show that type 1 NETs are gastrin-dependent tumours. Failure of netazepide to increase serum gastrin further is consistent with achlorhydria. Netazepide is a potential new treatment for type 1 NETs. Longer, controlled trials are justified. TRIAL REGISTRATION European Union EudraCT database 2007-002916-24 https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2007-002916-24ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01339169 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01339169?term=yf476&rank=5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Moore
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay A. Steele
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Järvinen HM, Laakkonen L, Haiko J, Johansson T, Juuti K, Suomalainen M, Buchrieser C, Kalkkinen N, Korhonen TK. Human single-chain urokinase is activated by the omptins PgtE of Salmonella enterica and Pla of Yersinia pestis despite mutations of active site residues. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:507-17. [PMID: 23763588 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is important in cell migration and tightly regulated by specific inhibitors and activators; of the latter, urokinase (uPA) associates with enhancement of cell migration. Active uPA is formed through cleavage of the single-chain uPA (scuPA). The Salmonella enterica strain 14028R cleaved human scuPA at the peptide bond Lys158-Ile159, the site cleaved also by the physiological activator human plasmin. The cleavage led to activation of scuPA, while no cleavage or activation were detected with the mutant strain 14028R lacking the omptin protease PgtE. Complementation and expression studies confirmed the role of PgtE in scuPA activation. Similar cleavage and activation of scuPA were detected with recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the omptin genes pla from Yersinia pestis, ompT and ompP from E. coli, sopA from Shigella flexneri, and leo from Legionella pneumophila. For these omptins the activation of scuPA is the only shared function so far detected. Only poor cleavage and activation of scuPA were seen with YcoA of Y. pestis and YcoB of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that are considered to be proteolytically inactive omptin variants. Point mutations of active site residues in Pla and PgtE had different effects on the proteolysis of plasminogen and of scuPA, indicating versatility in omptin proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Järvinen
- Division of General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI, 00014, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gamble J, Kenny S, Dockray GJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 suppresses inhibition of gastric emptying by cholecystokinin (CCK) in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 185:9-13. [PMID: 23816469 PMCID: PMC3819999 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) delays gastric emptying and inhibits food intake by actions on vagal afferent neurons. Recent studies suggest plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 suppresses the effect of CCK on food intake. In this study we asked whether PAI-1 also modulated CCK effects on gastric emptying. Five minute gastric emptying of liquid test meals was studied in conscious wild type mice (C57BL/6) and in transgenic mice over-expressing PAI-1 in gastric parietal cells (PAI-1H/Kβ mice), or null for PAI-1. The effects of exogenous PAI-1 and CCK8s on gastric emptying were studied after ip administration. Intragastric peptone delayed gastric emptying in C57BL/6 mice by a mechanism sensitive to the CCK-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide. Peptone did not delay gastric emptying in PAI-1-H/Kβ mice. Exogenous CCK delayed gastric emptying of a control test meal in C57BL/6 mice and this was attenuated by administration of PAI-1; exogenous CCK had no effect on emptying in PAI-1-H/Kβ mice. Prior administration of gastrin to increase gastric PAI-1 inhibited CCK-dependent effects on gastric emptying in C57BL/6 mice but not in PAI-1 null mice. Thus, both endogenous and exogenous PAI-1 inhibit the effects of CCK (whether exogenous or endogenous) on gastric emptying. The data are compatible with emerging evidence that gastric PAI-1 modulates vagal effects of CCK. Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits gastric emptying and food intake. PAI-1 inhibits effects of CCK on food intake. We hypothesised that PAI-1 also modulates gastric emptying. Both endogenous and exogenous PAI-1 attenuated the effect of CCK on gastric emptying. Gastric PAI-1 is therefore a modulator of CCK inhibition of gastric emptying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Gamble
- Physiological Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kenny S, Steele I, Lyons S, Moore AR, Murugesan SV, Tiszlavicz L, Dimaline R, Pritchard DM, Varro A, Dockray GJ. The role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in gastric mucosal protection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G814-22. [PMID: 23494120 PMCID: PMC3652002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00017.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric mucosal health is maintained in response to potentially damaging luminal factors. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) disrupt protective mechanisms leading to bleeding and ulceration. The plasminogen activator system has been implicated in fibrinolysis following gastric ulceration, and an inhibitor of this system, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, is expressed in gastric epithelial cells. In Helicobacter pylori-negative patients with normal gastric histology taking aspirin or NSAIDs, we found elevated gastric PAI-1 mRNA abundance compared with controls; the increase in patients on aspirin was independent of whether they were also taking proton pump inhibitors. In the same patients, aspirin tended to lower urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA. Immunohistochemistry indicated PAI-1 localization to epithelial cells. In a model system using MKN45 or AGS-GR cells transfected with a PAI-1 promoter-luciferase reporter construct, we found no evidence for upregulation of PAI-1 expression by indomethacin, and, in fact, cyclooxygenase products such as PGE2 and PGI2 weakly stimulated expression. Increased gastric PAI-1 mRNA was also found in mice following gavage with ethanol or indomethacin, but plasma PAI-1 was unaffected. In PAI-1(-/-) mice, gastric hemorrhagic lesions in response to ethanol or indomethacin were increased compared with C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, in PAI-1-H/Kβ mice in which PAI-1 is overexpressed in parietal cells, there were decreased lesions in response to ethanol and indomethacin. Thus, PAI-1 expression is increased in gastric epithelial cells in response to mucosal irritants such as aspirin and NSAIDs probably via an indirect mechanism, and PAI-1 acts as a local autoregulator to minimize mucosal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kenny
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Islay Steele
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Suzanne Lyons
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew R. Moore
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Senthil V. Murugesan
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Rod Dimaline
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrea Varro
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham J. Dockray
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kenny S, Gamble J, Lyons S, Vlatkovic N, Dimaline R, Varro A, Dockray GJ. Gastric expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is associated with hyperphagia and obesity in mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:718-26. [PMID: 23254194 PMCID: PMC3724960 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adipokine plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is increased in plasma of obese individuals and exhibits increased expression in the stomachs of individuals infected with Helicobacter. To investigate the relevance of gastric PAI-1, we used 1.1 kb of the H(+)/K(+)β subunit promoter to overexpress PAI-1 specifically in mouse gastric parietal cells (PAI-1-H/Kβ mice). We studied the physiological, biochemical, and behavioral characteristics of these and mice null for PAI-1 or a putative receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). PAI-1-H/Kβ mice had increased plasma concentrations of PAI-1 and increased body mass, adiposity, and hyperphagia compared with wild-type mice. In the latter, food intake was inhibited by cholecystokinin (CCK)8s, but PAI-1-H/Kβ mice were insensitive to the satiating effects of CCK8s. PAI-1-H/Kβ mice also had significantly reduced expression of c-fos in the nucleus tractus solitarius in response to CCK8s and refeeding compared with wild-type mice. Exogenous PAI-1 reversed the effects of CCK8s on food intake and c-fos levels in the nucleus tractus solitarius of wild-type mice, but not uPAR-null mice. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with Helicobacter felis increased gastric abundance of PAI-1 and reduced the satiating effects of CCK8s, whereas the response to CCK8s was maintained in infected PAI-1-null mice. In cultured vagal afferent neurons, PAI-1 inhibited stimulation of neuropeptide Y type 2 receptor (Y2R) expression by CCK8s. Thus, gastric expression of PAI-1 is associated with hyperphagia, moderate obesity, and resistance to the satiating effects of CCK indicating a new role in suppressing signals from the upper gut that inhibit food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kenny
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma YY, Tao HQ. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:285-90. [PMID: 22702495 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer research have led to major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable. Thus, further insights into tumor markers and subsequent development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. For decades the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been thought to drive tumor progression by mediating directed extracellular proteolysis on the surface of migrating or invading cells. Intervention with this proteolysis by targeting of uPA receptor (uPAR) has been proposed to represent a novel approach for inhibiting tumor progression. Recent data have provided new insights into the role of uPAR in gastric cancer progression. In addition to mediating proteolysis, this receptor also appears to mediate cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, and these observations have revealed novel ways to target uPAR. In this review, we discuss uPAR expression in gastric cancer, the relationship between uPAR and Helicobacter pylori, and recent insights into uPAR-signaling mechanisms. The role of uPAR as a cancer target in gastric cancer is also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stie J, Fox D. Induction of brain microvascular endothelial cell urokinase expression by Cryptococcus neoformans facilitates blood-brain barrier invasion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49402. [PMID: 23145170 PMCID: PMC3493525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive ability of the blood-borne fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can be enhanced through interactions with host plasma components, such as plasminogen. Previously we showed by in vitro studies that plasminogen coats the surface of C. neoformans and is converted to the active serine protease, plasmin, by host plasminogen activators. Viable, but not formaldehyde- or sodium azide-killed, cryptococcal strains undergo brain microvascular endothelial cell-dependent plasminogen-to-plasmin activation, which results in enhanced, plasmin-dependent cryptococcal invasion of primary bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells and fungal ability to degrade plasmin substrates. In the present work, brain microvascular endothelial cells cultured with viable, but not killed, cryptococcal strains led to significant increases in both urokinase mRNA transcription and cell-associated urokinase protein expression. Soluble urokinase was also detected in conditioned medium from brain microvascular endothelial cells cultured with viable, but not killed, C. neoformans. Exposure of plasminogen pre-coated viable C. neoformans to conditioned medium from strain-matched brain microvascular endothelial cell-fungal co-cultures resulted in plasminogen-to-plasmin activation and plasmin-dependent cryptococcal invasion. siRNA-mediated silencing of urokinase gene expression or the use of specific inhibitors of urokinase activity abrogated both plasminogen-to-plasmin activation on C. neoformans and cryptococcal-brain microvascular endothelial cell invasion. Our results suggest that pathogen exploitation of the host urokinase-plasmin(ogen) system may contribute to C. neoformans virulence during invasive cryptococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Stie
- Research Institute for Children, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Deborah Fox
- Research Institute for Children, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Steukers L, Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:147-55. [PMID: 22300759 PMCID: PMC7127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During primary contact with susceptible hosts, microorganisms face an array of barriers that thwart their invasion process. Passage through the basement membrane (BM), a 50-100-nm-thick crucial barrier underlying epithelia and endothelia, is a prerequisite for successful host invasion. Such passage allows pathogens to reach nerve endings or blood vessels in the stroma and to facilitate spread to internal organs. During evolution, several pathogens have developed different mechanisms to cross this dense matrix of sheet-like proteins. To breach the BM, some microorganisms have developed independent mechanisms, others hijack host cells that are able to transverse the BM (e.g. leukocytes and dendritic cells) and oncogenic microorganisms might even trigger metastatic processes in epithelial cells to penetrate the underlying BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Steukers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Plank C, Zelphati O, Mykhaylyk O. Magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery. Ten years of magnetofection-progress and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1300-31. [PMID: 21893135 PMCID: PMC7103316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characterization, mechanisms of magnetofection, and the application of magnetofection in viral and nonviral nucleic acid delivery in cell culture and in animal models. We summarize results that have been obtained with using magnetofection in basic research and in preclinical animal models. Finally, we describe some of our recent work and end with some conclusions and perspectives.
Collapse
|
23
|
Nørsett KG, Steele I, Duval C, Sammut SJ, Murugesan SVM, Kenny S, Rainbow L, Dimaline R, Dockray GJ, Pritchard DM, Varro A. Gastrin stimulates expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in gastric epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G446-53. [PMID: 21193525 PMCID: PMC3174540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00527.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is associated with cancer progression, fibrosis and thrombosis. It is expressed in the stomach but the mechanisms controlling its expression there, and its biological role, are uncertain. We sought to define the role of gastrin in regulating PAI-1 expression and to determine the relevance for gastrin-stimulated cell migration and invasion. In gastric biopsies from subjects with elevated plasma gastrin, the abundances of PAI-1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and uPA receptor (uPAR) mRNAs measured by quantitative PCR were increased compared with subjects with plasma concentrations in the reference range. In patients with hypergastrinemia due to autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis, there was increased abundance of PAI-1, uPA, and uPAR mRNAs that was reduced by octreotide or antrectomy. Immunohistochemistry revealed localization of PAI-1 to parietal cells and enterochromaffin-like cells in micronodular neuroendocrine tumors in hypergastrinemic subjects. Transcriptional mechanisms were studied by using a PAI-1-luciferase promoter-reporter construct transfected into AGS-G(R) cells. There was time- and concentration-dependent increase of PAI-1-luciferase expression in response to gastrin that was reversed by inhibitors of the PKC and MAPK pathways. In Boyden chamber assays, recombinant PAI-1 inhibited gastrin-stimulated AGS-G(R) cell migration and invasion, and small interfering RNA treatment increased responses to gastrin. We conclude that elevated plasma gastrin concentrations are associated with increased expression of gastric PAI-1, which may act to restrain gastrin-stimulated cell migration and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Senthil V. M. Murugesan
- 1Physiological Laboratory and ,2Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - D. Mark Pritchard
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sheh A, Ge Z, Parry NMA, Muthupalani S, Rager JE, Raczynski AR, Mobley MW, McCabe AF, Fry RC, Wang TC, Fox JG. 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen prevent gastric cancer by modulating leukocyte recruitment and oncogenic pathways in Helicobacter pylori-infected INS-GAS male mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1426-35. [PMID: 21680705 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection promotes male predominant gastric adenocarcinoma in humans. Estrogens reduce gastric cancer risk and previous studies showed that prophylactic 17β-estradiol (E2) in INS-GAS mice decreases H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis. We examined the effect of E2 and tamoxifen (TAM) on H. pylori-induced gastric cancer in male and female INS-GAS mice. After confirming robust gastric pathology at 16 weeks postinfection (WPI), mice were implanted with E2, TAM, both E2 and TAM, or placebo pellets for 12 weeks. At 28 WPI, gastric histopathology, gene expression, and immune cell infiltration were evaluated and serum inflammatory cytokines measured. After treatment, no gastric cancer was observed in H. pylori-infected males receiving E2 and/or TAM, whereas 40% of infected untreated males developed gastric cancer. E2, TAM, and their combination significantly reduced gastric precancerous lesions in infected males compared with infected untreated males (P < 0.001, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). However, TAM did not alter female pathology regardless of infection status. Differentially expressed genes from males treated with E2 or TAM (n = 363 and n = 144, Q < 0.05) associated highly with cancer and cellular movement, indicating overlapping pathways in the reduction of gastric lesions. E2 or TAM deregulated genes associated with metastasis (PLAUR and MMP10) and Wnt inhibition (FZD6 and SFRP2). Compared with controls, E2 decreased gastric mRNA (Q < 0.05) and serum levels (P < 0.05) of CXCL1, a neutrophil chemokine, leading to decreased neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.01). Prevention of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer by E2 and TAM may be mediated by estrogen signaling and is associated with decreased CXCL1, decreased neutrophil counts, and downregulation of oncogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bodelon C, Anderson GL, Rossing MA, Chlebowski RT, Ochs-Balcom HM, Vaughan TL, Mobley MW, McCabe AF, Fry RC, Wang TC, Fox JG. Hormonal factors and risks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women. CANCER PREVENTION RESEARCH (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2011. [PMID: 21505180 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidences of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are higher in males than in females. We investigated whether female-related hormonal factors are associated with risks of these two types of esophageal cancer. We examined the association between use of hormone therapy (HT) and the risks of esophageal adenocarcinoma and SCC in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials and observational studies. Twenty-three esophageal adenocarcinoma and 34 esophageal SCC cases were confirmed among the 161,080 participants, after a median of 11.82 years of follow-up. Risk of esophageal SCC was lower among HT users (past users: HR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.06-1.10 in 2 cases; current users: HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18-0.94 in 9 cases). A decreased esophageal SCC risk was observed for current users of estrogen plus progestin (E+P) therapy (HR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07-0.86 in 3 cases) but not for current users of estrogen-only therapy (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.28-3.29 in 6 cases). No association was observed between the use of HT and the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. No other reproductive or hormonal factors were significantly associated with the risk of either SCC or adenocarcinoma. Current use of E+P therapy was found to be associated with a decreased risk of esophageal SCC, but no association was observed with esophageal adenocarcinoma. To provide more definitive evidence, a pooled analysis of all available studies or a much larger study would be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bodelon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|