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Al Rimon R, Nelson VL, Brunt KR, Kassiri Z. High-impact opportunities to address ischemia: a focus on heart and circulatory research. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1221-H1230. [PMID: 36331554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00402.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemic injury and its resolution are the key determinants of morbidity or mortality in heart failure. The cause and duration of ischemia in patients vary. Numerous experimental models and methods have been developed to define genetic, metabolic, molecular, cellular, and pathophysiological mechanisms, in addition to defining structural and functional deterioration of cardiovascular performance. The rapid rise of big data, such as single-cell analysis techniques with bioinformatics, machine learning, and neural networking, brings a new level of sophistication to our understanding of myocardial ischemia. This mini-review explores the multifaceted nature of ischemic injury in the myocardium. We highlight recent state-of-the-art findings and strategies to show new directions of high-impact approach to understanding myocardial tissue remodeling. This next age of heart and circulatory physiology research will be more comprehensive and collaborative to uncover the origin, progression, and manifestation of heart failure while strengthening novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razoan Al Rimon
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victoria L Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Bowen CM, Ditmars FS, Gupta A, Reems JA, Fagg WS. Cell-Free Amniotic Fluid and Regenerative Medicine: Current Applications and Future Opportunities. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2960. [PMID: 36428527 PMCID: PMC9687956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic fluid (AF) provides critical biological and physical support for the developing fetus. While AF is an excellent source of progenitor cells with regenerative properties, recent investigations indicate that cell-free AF (cfAF), which consists of its soluble components and extracellular vesicles, can also stimulate regenerative and reparative activities. This review summarizes published fundamental, translational, and clinical investigations into the biological activity and potential use of cfAF as a therapeutic agent. Recurring themes emerge from these studies, which indicate that cfAF can confer immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-growth characteristics to the target cells/tissue with which they come into contact. Another common observation is that cfAF seems to promote a return of cells/tissue to a homeostatic resting state when applied to a model of cell stress or disease. The precise mechanisms through which these effects are mediated have not been entirely defined, but it is clear that cfAF can safely and effectively treat cutaneous wounds and perhaps orthopedic degenerative conditions. Additional applications are currently being investigated, but require further study to dissect the fundamental mechanisms through which its regenerative effects are mediated. By doing so, rational design can be used to fully unlock its potential in the biotechnology lab and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Bowen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Frederick S. Ditmars
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX 78045, USA
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, Noida 201301, UP, India
| | - Jo-Anna Reems
- Merakris Therapeutics, RTP Frontier 800 Park Offices Dr. Suite 3322, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William Samuel Fagg
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, Noida 201301, UP, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Liu N, Bowen CM, Shoja MM, Castro de Pereira KL, Dongur LP, Saad A, Russell WK, Broderick TC, Fair JH, Fagg WS. Comparative Analysis of Co-Cultured Amniotic Cell-Conditioned Media with Cell-Free Amniotic Fluid Reveals Differential Effects on Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Myofibroblast Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092189. [PMID: 36140291 PMCID: PMC9495976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblast activation is a cellular response elicited by a variety of physiological or pathological insults whereby cells initiate a coordinated response intended to eradicate the insult and then revert back to a basal state. However, an underlying theme in various disease states is persistent myofibroblast activation that fails to resolve. Based on multiple observations, we hypothesized that the secreted factors harvested from co-culturing amniotic stem cells might mimic the anti-inflammatory state that cell-free amniotic fluid (AF) elicits. We optimized an amnion epithelial and amniotic fluid cell co-culture system, and tested this hypothesis in the context of myofibroblast activation. However, we discovered that co-cultured amniotic cell conditioned media (coACCM) and AF have opposing effects on myofibroblast activation: coACCM activates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stimulates gene expression patterns associated with myofibroblast activation, while AF does the opposite. Intriguingly, extracellular vesicles (EVs) purified from AF are necessary and sufficient to activate EMT and inflammatory gene expression patterns, while the EV-depleted AF potently represses these responses. In summary, these data indicate that coACCM stimulates myofibroblast activation, while AF represses it. We interpret these findings to suggest that coACCM, AF, and fractionated AF represent unique biologics that elicit different cellular responses that are correlated with a wide variety of pathological states, and therefore could have broad utility in the clinic and the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyou Liu
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Charles M. Bowen
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mohammadali M. Shoja
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Laxmi Priya Dongur
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Antonio Saad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas Christopher Broderick
- Merakris Therapeutics, RTP Frontier, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Fair
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - William Samuel Fagg
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Merakris Therapeutics, RTP Frontier, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(409)-772-2412; Fax: +1-(409)-747-7364
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