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Xu H, Tan L, Qu Q, Zhang W. NEDD4 attenuates oxidized low‑density lipoprotein‑induced inflammation and dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells via regulating APEX1 expression. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:88. [PMID: 36684652 PMCID: PMC9849851 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis chiefly results from inflammation as well as vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Methylation levels of neuronally expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) were found to be fortified in atherosclerosis patients and NEDD4 deficiency enhanced vascular calcification. However, the exact function of NEDD4 in inflammation and vascular endothelial dysfunction remains to be elucidated. In the present study, CCK-8 assay was used to estimate cell viability. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was adopted to examine the expression of NEDD4, inflammation-associated enzymes and apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1). Western blotting was used to test NEDD4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and APEX1 protein levels. Cytotoxicity was detected by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kit. Reactive oxygen species level was tested by a corresponding kit. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 contents were examined with ELISA. Cell adhesion assays evaluated the adhesion of endothelial cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to test the relationship between NEDD4 and APEX1. The data revealed that NEDD4 expression rapidly declined in oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Following NEDD4 overexpression, the active damage, inflammatory release and endothelial cell dysfunction in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs were attenuated. After co-transfection of APEX1 interference plasmids and NEDD4 overexpression plasmids, cell damage, inflammatory release and endothelial cell dysfunction in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs were improved again. Taken together, NEDD4 attenuated ox-LDL-induced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction by regulating APEX1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Qiaofang Qu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Wutang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Wutang Zhang, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, 18 Yifen Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
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Yan C, Zhao M, Li S, Liu T, Xu C, Liu L, Geng T, Gong D. Increase of E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 expression leads to degradation of its target proteins PTEN/IGF1R during the formation of goose fatty liver. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5897041. [PMID: 32841331 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goose fatty liver may have a unique protective mechanism as it does not show a pathological injury even in the case of severe steatosis. Although neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4 (NEDD4) participates in repair and regeneration of injured liver through its target proteins, its role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unknown. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblot analyses, here, we found that the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of NEDD4 were induced in goose fatty liver compared with normal liver. The mRNA expression of the gene of phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was also induced in goose fatty liver; however, their protein expression was or tended to be suppressed. Moreover, the co-immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that there was a physical association between NEDD4 and PTEN in goose liver, which was consistent with the ubiquitination of PTEN in goose fatty liver. Furthermore, NEDD4 overexpression in goose primary hepatocytes suppressed the PTEN and IGF1R protein levels without a significant effect on their mRNA expression. In conclusion, the increased expression of NEDD4 leads to the degradation of PTEN and IGF1R proteins through ubiquitination in goose fatty liver, suggesting that NEDD4 may protect goose fatty liver from severe steatosis-associated injury via its target proteins during the development of goose fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchi Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minmeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Shai SY, Danchuk S, Snarski P, Li Z, Hou X, Hamblin MH, Woods TC, Wang M, Wang D, Yu H, Korthuis RJ, Yoshida T, Delafontaine P. Endothelial deficiency of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor reduces endothelial barrier function and promotes atherosclerosis in Apoe-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H730-H743. [PMID: 32795184 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00064.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) decreases atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice when administered systemically. However, mechanisms for its atheroprotective effect are not fully understood. We generated endothelium-specific IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R)-deficient mice on an Apoe-deficient background to assess effects of IGF-1 on the endothelium in the context of hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis. Endothelial deficiency of IGF1R promoted atherosclerotic burden, when animals were fed on a high-fat diet for 12 wk or normal chow for 12 mo. Under the normal chow feeding condition, the vascular relaxation response to acetylcholine was increased in the endothelial IGF1R-deficient aorta; however, feeding of a high-fat diet substantially attenuated the relaxation response, and there was no difference between endothelial IGF1R-deficient and control mice. The endothelium and its intercellular junctions provide a barrier function to the vasculature. In human aortic endothelial cells, IGF-1 upregulated occludin, claudin 5, VE-cadherin, JAM-A, and CD31 expression levels, and vice versa, specific IGF1R inhibitor, picropodophyllin, an IGF1R-neutralizing antibody (αIR3), or siRNA to IGF1R abolished the IGF-1 effects on junction and adherens proteins, suggesting that IGF-1 promoted endothelial barrier function. Moreover, endothelial transwell permeability assays indicated that inhibition of IGF-1 signaling elevated solute permeability through the monolayer of human aortic endothelial cells. In summary, endothelial IGF1R deficiency increases atherosclerosis, and IGF-1 positively regulates tight junction protein and adherens junction protein levels and endothelial barrier function. Our findings suggest that the elevation of the endothelial junction protein level is, at least in part, the mechanism for antiatherogenic effects of IGF-1.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endothelial insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor deficiency significantly elevated atherosclerotic burden in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, mediated at least in part by downregulation of intercellular junction proteins and, thus, elevated endothelial permeability. This study revealed a novel role for IGF-1 in supporting endothelial barrier function. These findings suggest that IGF-1's ability to promote endothelial barrier function may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Shaw-Yung Shai
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Xuwei Hou
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - T Cooper Woods
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Derek Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Lee JH, Jeon SA, Kim BG, Takeda M, Cho JJ, Kim DI, Kawabe H, Cho JY. Nedd4 Deficiency in Vascular Smooth Muscle Promotes Vascular Calcification by Stabilizing pSmad1. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:927-938. [PMID: 28029182 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nonosseous calcification process such as atherosclerosis is one of the major complications in several types of metabolic diseases. In a previous study, we uncovered that aberrant activity of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway could contribute to the vascular smooth muscle cells' (VSMCs) calcification process. Also, we identified NEDD4 E3 ligase as a key suppressor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Smad pathway via a polyubiquitination-dependent selective degradation of C-terminal phosphorylated Smad1 (pSmad1) activated by TGF-β. Here, we further validated and confirmed the role of Nedd4 in in vivo vascular calcification progression. First, Nedd4 deletion in SM22α-positive mouse tissues (Nedd4fl/fl ;SM22α-Cre) showed deformed aortic structures with disarranged elastin fibers at 24 weeks after birth. Second, vitamin D-induced aorta vascular calcification rate in Nedd4fl/fl ;SM22α-Cre mice was significantly higher than their wild-type littermates. Nedd4fl/fl ;SM22α-Cre mice showed a development of vascular calcification even at very low-level injection of vitamin D, but this was not exhibited in wild-type littermates. Third, we confirmed that TGF-β1-induced pSmad1 levels were elevated in Nedd4-deficient primary VSMCs isolated from Nedd4fl/fl ;SM22α-Cre mice. Fourth, we further found that Nedd4fl/fl ;SM22α-Cre mVSMCs gained mesenchymal cell properties toward osteoblast-like differentiation by a stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics analysis. Finally, epigenetic analysis revealed that methylation levels of human NEDD4 gene promoter were significantly increased in atherosclerosis patients. Collectively, abnormal expression or dysfunction of Nedd4 E3 ligase could be involved in vascular calcification of VSMCs by activating bone-forming signals during atherosclerosis progression. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Ae Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michiko Takeda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jae-Jin Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Technology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Dental Research, Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Shai SY, Danchuk S, Tang R, Snarski P, Li Z, Lobelle-Rich P, Wang M, Wang D, Yu H, Korthuis R, Delafontaine P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Deficiency in Macrophages Accelerates Atherosclerosis and Induces an Unstable Plaque Phenotype in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2016; 133:2263-78. [PMID: 27154724 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that systemic infusion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and reduces atherosclerotic burden in apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice. Monocytes/macrophages express high levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and play a pivotal role in atherogenesis, but the potential effects of IGF-1 on their function are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine mechanisms whereby IGF-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to explore the potential involvement of monocytes/macrophages, we created monocyte/macrophage-specific IGF1R knockout (MΦ-IGF1R-KO) mice on an Apoe(-/-) background. We assessed atherosclerotic burden, plaque features of stability, and monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions. Phenotypic changes of IGF1R-deficient macrophages were investigated in culture. MΦ-IGF1R-KO significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion formation, as assessed by Oil Red O staining of en face aortas and aortic root cross-sections, and changed plaque composition to a less stable phenotype, characterized by increased macrophage and decreased α-smooth muscle actin-positive cell population, fibrous cap thinning, and decreased collagen content. Brachiocephalic artery lesions of MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice had histological features implying plaque vulnerability. Macrophages isolated from MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice showed enhanced proinflammatory responses on stimulation by interferon-γ and oxidized low-density lipoprotein and elevated antioxidant gene expression levels. Moreover, IGF1R-deficient macrophages had decreased expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 and reduced lipid efflux. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that macrophage IGF1R signaling suppresses macrophage and foam cell accumulation in lesions and reduces plaque vulnerability, providing a novel mechanism whereby IGF-1 exerts antiatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.).
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Shaw-Yung Shai
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Richard Tang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Snarski
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Zhaohui Li
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Lobelle-Rich
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Meifang Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Derek Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Hong Yu
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Ronald Korthuis
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
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Girnita L, Takahashi SI, Crudden C, Fukushima T, Worrall C, Furuta H, Yoshihara H, Hakuno F, Girnita A. Chapter Seven - When Phosphorylation Encounters Ubiquitination: A Balanced Perspective on IGF-1R Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:277-311. [PMID: 27378760 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors govern the critical information passage from outside to inside the cell and hence control important cellular decisions such as survival, growth, and differentiation. These receptors, structurally grouped into different families, utilize common intracellular signaling-proteins and pathways, yet promote divergent biological consequences. In rapid processing of extracellular signals to biological outcomes, posttranslational modifications offer a repertoire of protein processing options. Protein ubiquitination was originally identified as a signal for protein degradation through the proteasome system. It is now becoming increasingly recognized that both ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins, all evolved from a common ubiquitin structural superfold, are used extensively by the cell and encompass signal tags for many different cellular fates. In this chapter we examine the current understanding of the ubiquitin regulation surrounding the insulin-like growth factor and insulin signaling systems, major members of the larger family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and key regulators of fundamental physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - S-I Takahashi
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fukushima
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - C Worrall
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Furuta
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yoshihara
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Hakuno
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Fukushima T, Yoshihara H, Furuta H, Kamei H, Hakuno F, Luan J, Duan C, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Chida K, Nakatsu Y, Kamata H, Asano T, Takahashi SI. Nedd4-induced monoubiquitination of IRS-2 enhances IGF signalling and mitogenic activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6780. [PMID: 25879670 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) induce proliferation of various cell types and play important roles in somatic growth and cancer development. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/2 by IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase is essential for IGF action. Here we identify Nedd4 as an IRS-2 ubiquitin ligase. Nedd4 monoubiquitinates IRS-2, which promotes its association with Epsin1, a ubiquitin-binding protein. Nedd4 recruits IRS-2 to the membrane, probably through promoting Epsin1 binding, and enhances IGF-I receptor-induced IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. In thyroid FRTL-5 cells, activation of the cyclic AMP pathway increases the association of Nedd4 with IRS-2, thereby enhancing IRS-2-mediated signalling and cell proliferation induced by IGF-I. The Nedd4 and IRS-2 association is also required for maximal activation of IGF-I signalling and cell proliferation in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Nedd4 overexpression accelerates zebrafish embryonic growth through IRS-2 in vivo. We conclude that Nedd4-induced monoubiquitination of IRS-2 enhances IGF signalling and mitogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Fukushima
- 1] Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan [2] Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hidehito Yoshihara
- 1] Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan [2] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruka Furuta
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kamei
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jing Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Iemura
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 11-25 Sakaemachi, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chida
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kamata
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Morcavallo A, Stefanello M, Iozzo RV, Belfiore A, Morrione A. Ligand-mediated endocytosis and trafficking of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I and insulin receptor modulate receptor function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:220. [PMID: 25566192 PMCID: PMC4269189 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor system and its two major receptors, the IGF receptor I (IGF-IR) and IR, plays a central role in a variety of physiological cellular processes including growth, differentiation, motility, and glucose homeostasis. The IGF-IR is also essential for tumorigenesis through its capacity to protect cancer cells from apoptosis. The IR is expressed in two isoforms: the IR isoform A (IR-A) and isoform B (IR-B). While the role of the IR-B in the regulation of metabolic effects has been known for several years, more recent evidence suggests that the IR, and in particular the IR-A, may be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Ligand-mediated endocytosis of tyrosine-kinases receptors plays a critical role in modulating the duration and intensity of receptors action but while the signaling pathways induced by the IGF-IR and IR are quite characterized, very little is still known about the mechanisms and proteins that regulate ligand-induced IGF-IR and IR endocytosis and trafficking. In addition, how these processes affect receptor downstream signaling has not been fully characterized. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms and proteins regulating IGF-IR and IR endocytosis and sorting and their implications in modulating ligand-induced biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaide Morcavallo
- Departments of Urology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanello
- Departments of Urology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Health Sciences and Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Departments of Urology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andrea Morrione, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB Room 620, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA e-mail:
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Something old, something new and something borrowed: emerging paradigm of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2403-27. [PMID: 24276851 PMCID: PMC4055838 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a key role in the development and progression of cancer; however, therapeutics targeting it have had disappointing results in the clinic. As a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), IGF-1R is traditionally described as an ON/OFF system, with ligand stabilizing the ON state and exclusive kinase-dependent signaling activation. Newly added to the traditional model, ubiquitin-mediated receptor downregulation and degradation was originally described as a response to ligand/receptor interaction and thus inseparable from kinase signaling activation. Yet, the classical model has proven over-simplified and insufficient to explain experimental evidence accumulated over the last decade, including kinase-independent signaling, unbalanced signaling, or dissociation between signaling and receptor downregulation. Based on the recent findings that IGF-1R “borrows” components of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, including β-arrestins and G-protein-related kinases, we discuss the emerging paradigm for the IGF-1R as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with the IGF-1R canonical GPCR characteristics. The contradictions to the classical IGF-1R signaling concept as well as the design of anti-IGF-1R therapeutics treatment are considered in the light of this paradigm shift and we advocate recognition of IGF-1R as a valid target for cancer treatment.
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MicroRNA-133a regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in murine atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:171-9. [PMID: 24401233 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNA-133a (miR-133a) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are two different molecules known to regulate cardiovascular cell proliferation. This study tested whether miR-133a affects expression of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and proliferation of IGF-1-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in a murine model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of IGF-1R was analyzed by immuno-fluorescence and immuno-blotting, and miR-133a by qRT-PCR in the aortas of wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Compared to those in WT aortas, the IGF-1R and miR-133a levels were lower in ApoE(-/-) aortas. ApoE(-/-) VSMC grew slower than WT cells in the cultures with IGF-1-containing medium. MiR-133a-specific inhibitor decreased miR-133a, IGF-1R expression, IGF-1-stimulated VSMC growth in lipoprotein deficient media. By contrast, miR-133a precursor increased IGF-1R levels and promoted IGF-1-induced VSMC proliferation. In the luciferase-IGF-1R 3'UTR reporter system, the reporter luciferase activity was not inhibited in VSMC with miR-133a overexpression. IGF-1R mRNA half-life in ApoE(-/-) VSMC was shorter than that in WT VSMC. MiR-133a inhibitor reduced but precursor increased the mRNA half-life, although the effects appeared less striking in ApoE(-/-) VSMC than in WT cells. CONCLUSION MiR-133a serves as a stimulatory factor for IGF-1R expression through prolonging IGF-1R mRNA half-life. In atherosclerosis induced by ApoE deficiency, reduced miR-133a expression is associated with lower IGF-1R levels and suppressive VSMC growth. Administration of miR-133a precursor may potentiate IGF-1-stimulated VSMC survival and growth.
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Prasongsukarn K, Chaisri U, Chartburus P, Wetchabut K, Benjathummarak S, Khachansaksumet V, Maneerat Y. Phenotypic alterations in human saphenous vein culture induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipoproteins: a preliminary development of an initial atherosclerotic plaque model. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:132. [PMID: 24010774 PMCID: PMC3847608 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of blood vessels particularly the arteries. The development of atherosclerotic plaques or atherogenesis is a complex process that is influenced by cardiovascular risk factors such as vascular inflammation and dyslipidemia. This study demonstrates the ability of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) to induce atherosclerotic plaque in human saphenous vein (HSV) organ culture. Methods Normal HSV segments, from male patients who had coronary bypass graft, were cultured in DMEM containing 5% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. TNF-α (5 ng/ml) was applied in combination with native LDL (nLDL) or oxidized LDL (oxLDL) at the dose of 50 μg/ml for 14 days. The phenotypic changes of the organ cultures characteristic of initial atherosclerotic plaques were evaluated. The effect of anti-atherogenic agent, 17-β estradiol (E2), was also determined. Results Histologic, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical examinations revealed that HSV rings stimulated with TNF-α + nLDL or TNF-α + oxLDL can exhibit the essential morphological features of atherogenesis, including fibrous cap formation, cholesterol clefts, evident thickening of the intimal layer, increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and migration to the subendothelial layer, significant SMC foam cell formation, and increased expression of adhesion molecules in the vascular wall. Addition of E2 (50 nM) to the culture significantly modulated the critical changes. Consistently, mRNA profiling of the HSV model revealed that 50 of 84 genes of atherosclerosis were up-regulated. Conclusions Phenotypic changes characteristic of the initial development of atherosclerotic plaques can be induced in HSV organ culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriengchai Prasongsukarn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithee Rd, BKK, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Kalinichenko SV, Itoh K, Korobko EV, Sokol SY, Buchman VL, Korobko IV. Identification of Nedd4 E3 ubiquitin ligase as a binding partner and regulator of MAK-V protein kinase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39505. [PMID: 22745772 PMCID: PMC3379983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MAK-V/Hunk is a scantily characterized AMPK-like protein kinase. Recent findings identified MAK-V as a pro-survival and anti-apoptotic protein and revealed its role in embryonic development as well as in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However molecular mechanisms of MAK-V action and regulation of its activity remain largely unknown. We identified Nedd4 as an interaction partner for MAK-V protein kinase. However, this HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase is not involved in the control of MAK-V degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system that regulates MAK-V abundance in cells. However, Nedd4 in an ubiquitin ligase-independent manner rescued developmental defects in Xenopus embryos induced by MAK-V overexpression, suggesting physiological relevance of interaction between MAK-V and Nedd4. This identifies Nedd4 as the first known regulator of MAK-V function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiji Itoh
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Korobko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Igor V. Korobko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Di Conza G, Buttarelli M, Monti O, Pellegrino M, Mancini F, Pontecorvi A, Scotlandi K, Moretti F. IGF-1R/MDM2 relationship confers enhanced sensitivity to RITA in Ewing sarcoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1247-56. [PMID: 22461661 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is one of the most frequent bone cancers in adolescence. Although multidisciplinary therapy has improved the survival rate for localized tumors, a critical step is the development of new drugs to improve the long-term outcome of recurrent and metastatic disease and to reduce side effects of conventional therapy. Here, we show that the small molecule reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis (RITA, NSC652287) is highly effective in reducing growth and tumorigenic potential of Ewing sarcoma cell lines. These effects occur both in the presence of wt-p53 as well as of mutant or truncated forms of p53, or in its absence, suggesting the presence of additional targets in this tumor histotype. Further experiments provided evidence that RITA modulates an important oncogenic mark of these cell lines, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R). Particularly, RITA causes downregulation of IGF-1R protein levels. MDM2 degradative activity is involved in this phenomenon. Indeed, inhibition of MDM2 function by genetic or pharmacologic approaches reduces RITA sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Overall, these data suggest that in the cell context of Ewing sarcoma, RITA may adopt additional mechanism of action besides targeting p53, expanding its field of application. Noteworthy, these results envisage the promising utilization of RITA or its derivative as a potential treatment for Ewing sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Di Conza
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute-CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Shai SY, Sukhanov S, Higashi Y, Vaughn C, Kelly J, Delafontaine P. Smooth muscle cell-specific insulin-like growth factor-1 overexpression in Apoe-/- mice does not alter atherosclerotic plaque burden but increases features of plaque stability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1916-24. [PMID: 20671230 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.210831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth factors may play a permissive role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression, in part via their promotion of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation in plaques. However, unstable human plaques often have a relative paucity of VSMC, which has been suggested to contribute to plaque rupture and erosion and to clinical events. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine growth factor that is a mitogen for VSMC, but when infused into Apoe(-/-) mice it paradoxically reduces atherosclerosis burden. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the effect of stimulation of VSMC growth on atherosclerotic plaque development and to understand mechanisms of IGF-1's atheroprotective effect, we assessed atherosclerotic plaques in mice overexpressing IGF-1 in smooth muscle cells (SMC) under the control of the α-smooth muscle actin promoter, after backcrossing to the Apoe(-/-) background (SMP8/Apoe(-/-)). Compared with Apoe(-/-) mice, these SMP8/Apoe(-/-) mice developed a comparable plaque burden after 12 weeks on a Western diet, suggesting that the ability of increased circulating IGF-1 to reduce plaque burden was mediated in large part via non-SMC target cells. However, advanced plaques in SMP8/Apoe(-/-) mice displayed several features of plaque stability, including increased fibrous cap area, α-smooth muscle actin-positive SMC and collagen content, and reduced necrotic cores. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that stimulation of VSMC IGF-1 signaling does not alter total atherosclerotic plaque burden and may improve atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Yung Shai
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La 70112, USA
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Willis MS, Townley-Tilson WHD, Kang EY, Homeister JW, Patterson C. Sent to destroy: the ubiquitin proteasome system regulates cell signaling and protein quality control in cardiovascular development and disease. Circ Res 2010; 106:463-78. [PMID: 20167943 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.208801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in biological processes integral to the development of the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases. The UPS prototypically recognizes specific protein substrates and places polyubiquitin chains on them for subsequent destruction by the proteasome. This system is in place to degrade not only misfolded and damaged proteins, but is essential also in regulating a host of cell signaling pathways involved in proliferation, adaptation to stress, regulation of cell size, and cell death. During the development of the cardiovascular system, the UPS regulates cell signaling by modifying transcription factors, receptors, and structural proteins. Later, in the event of cardiovascular diseases as diverse as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and ischemia/reperfusion injury, ubiquitin ligases and the proteasome are implicated in protecting and exacerbating clinical outcomes. However, when misfolded and damaged proteins are ubiquitinated by the UPS, their destruction by the proteasome is not always possible because of their aggregated confirmations. Recent studies have discovered how these ubiquitinated misfolded proteins can be destroyed by alternative "specific" mechanisms. The cytosolic receptors p62, NBR, and histone deacetylase 6 recognize aggregated ubiquitinated proteins and target them for autophagy in the process of "selective autophagy." Even the ubiquitination of multiple proteins within whole organelles that drive the more general macro-autophagy may be due, in part, to similar ubiquitin-driven mechanisms. In summary, the crosstalk between the UPS and autophagy highlight the pivotal and diverse roles the UPS plays in maintaining protein quality control and regulating cardiovascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Division of Cardiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 8200 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7126, USA
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