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Monfort B, Want K, Gervason S, D’Autréaux B. Recent Advances in the Elucidation of Frataxin Biochemical Function Open Novel Perspectives for the Treatment of Friedreich’s Ataxia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:838335. [PMID: 35310092 PMCID: PMC8924461 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.838335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is the most prevalent autosomic recessive ataxia and is associated with a severe cardiac hypertrophy and less frequently diabetes. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding frataxin (FXN), a small mitochondrial protein. The primary consequence is a defective expression of FXN, with basal protein levels decreased by 70–98%, which foremost affects the cerebellum, dorsal root ganglia, heart and liver. FXN is a mitochondrial protein involved in iron metabolism but its exact function has remained elusive and highly debated since its discovery. At the cellular level, FRDA is characterized by a general deficit in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and heme, iron accumulation and deposition in mitochondria, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Based on these phenotypes and the proposed ability of FXN to bind iron, a role as an iron storage protein providing iron for Fe-S cluster and heme biosynthesis was initially proposed. However, this model was challenged by several other studies and it is now widely accepted that FXN functions primarily in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, with iron accumulation, heme deficiency and oxidative stress sensitivity appearing later on as secondary defects. Nonetheless, the biochemical function of FXN in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis is still debated. Several roles have been proposed for FXN: iron chaperone, gate-keeper of detrimental Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, sulfide production stimulator and sulfur transfer accelerator. A picture is now emerging which points toward a unique function of FXN as an accelerator of a key step of sulfur transfer between two components of the Fe-S cluster biosynthetic complex. These findings should foster the development of new strategies for the treatment of FRDA. We will review here the latest discoveries on the biochemical function of frataxin and the implication for a potential therapeutic treatment of FRDA.
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Al-Adhami A, Avtaar Singh SS, De SD, Singh R, Panjrath G, Shah A, Dalzell JR, Schroder J, Al-Attar N. Primary Graft Dysfunction after Heart Transplantation - Unravelling the Enigma. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100941. [PMID: 34404551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains the main cause of early mortality following heart transplantation despite several advances in donor preservation techniques and therapeutic strategies for PGD. With that aim of establishing the aetiopathogenesis of PGD and the preferred management strategies, the new consensus definition has paved the way for multiple contemporaneous studies to be undertaken and accurately compared. This review aims to provide a broad-based understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Adhami
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow UK
| | - Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), University of Glasgow.
| | - Sudeep Das De
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Mechanical Circulatory Support, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Gurusher Panjrath
- Heart Failure and Mechanical Circulatory Support Program, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Amit Shah
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacob Schroder
- Heart Transplantation Program, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nawwar Al-Attar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), University of Glasgow
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Dwyer GK, Turnquist HR. Untangling Local Pro-Inflammatory, Reparative, and Regulatory Damage-Associated Molecular-Patterns (DAMPs) Pathways to Improve Transplant Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611910. [PMID: 33708206 PMCID: PMC7940545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental inflammatory responses after solid organ transplantation are initiated when immune cells sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released or exposed during transplant-associated processes, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), surgical trauma, and recipient conditioning. These inflammatory responses initiate and propagate anti-alloantigen (AlloAg) responses and targeting DAMPs and PAMPs, or the signaling cascades they activate, reduce alloimmunity, and contribute to improved outcomes after allogeneic solid organ transplantation in experimental studies. However, DAMPs have also been implicated in initiating essential anti-inflammatory and reparative functions of specific immune cells, particularly Treg and macrophages. Interestingly, DAMP signaling is also involved in local and systemic homeostasis. Herein, we describe the emerging literature defining how poor outcomes after transplantation may result, not from just an over-abundance of DAMP-driven inflammation, but instead an inadequate presence of a subset of DAMPs or related molecules needed to repair tissue successfully or re-establish tissue homeostasis. Adverse outcomes may also arise when these homeostatic or reparative signals become dysregulated or hijacked by alloreactive immune cells in transplant niches. A complete understanding of the critical pathways controlling tissue repair and homeostasis, and how alloimmune responses or transplant-related processes disrupt these will lead to new immunotherapeutics that can prevent or reverse the tissue pathology leading to lost grafts due to chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K Dwyer
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains the leading cause of early mortality post-heart transplantation. Despite improvements in mechanical circulatory support and critical care measures, the rate of PGD remains significant. A recent consensus statement by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has formulated a definition for PGD. Five years on, we look at current concepts and future directions of PGD in the current era of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Colin Berry
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Nawwar Al-Attar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhang D, Xu X, Yu B, Zhang Y. The association of functional polymorphisms in genes expressed in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells with the myocardial infarction. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:5. [PMID: 30678728 PMCID: PMC6345039 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The association of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A), and KIAA1462 in myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated. The study included 401 Han Chinese MI patients and 409 controls. Three tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—PECAM1 rs1867624, HIF1A rs2057482, and KIAA1462 rs3739998—were selected. SNP genotyping was performed by an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction assay. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies including 3314 cases and 2687 controls on the association of 5 HIF1A SNPs and the overall risk of MI or coronary artery disease (CAD) was performed. Results The rs1867624 variants were associated with high TG concentrations (p = 0.040) and the rs2057482 variants were associated with decreased HDL-C in MI patients compared with the control group (p = 0.003). Rs2057482 SNP interacted with age to influence TC levels. The SNP of rs3739998 interacted with sex and hypertension to modulate CRE and TG levels, respectively (p < 3.04E-5-0.002). No association between the three SNPs and susceptibility to MI was found (p > 0.05 for all). In the meta-analysis of HIF1A, the rs11549465 C > T and rs10873142 T > C polymorphisms, but not rs2057482, rs11549467, and rs41508050, were correlated with overall MI or CAD risk. Conclusions Taken together, this study provides additional evidence that genetic variation of the PECAM1 rs1867624 and HIF1A rs2057482 can mediate lipid levels in MI patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-018-0189-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Li
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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