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Beneficial Effects of RNS60 in Cardiac Ischemic Injury. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4877-4887. [PMID: 36286046 PMCID: PMC9600597 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNS60 is a physically modified saline solution hypothesized to contain oxygen nanobubbles. It has been reported to reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury in a pig model of acute myocardial infarction. We investigated the effects of RNS60 during cardiac hypoxia in mice and as an additive to cardioplegic solution in rat hearts. ApoE−/−LDLr−/− mice were treated by intravenous injection of RNS60 or saline as a control while monitoring the ECG and post-hypoxic serum release of troponin T and creatine kinase activity. Hearts infused with Custodiol containing 10% RNS60 or saline as the control were subjected to 4 h of 4 °C preservation, followed by an assessment of myocardial metabolites, purine release, and mechanical function. RNS60 attenuated changes in the ECG STU area during hypoxia, while the troponin T concentration and creatine kinase activity were significantly higher in the serum of the controls. During reperfusion after 4 h of cold ischemia, the Custodiol/RNS60-treated hearts had about 30% lower LVEDP and better dp/dtmax and dp/dtmin together with a decreased release of purine catabolites vs. the controls. The myocardial ATP, total adenine nucleotides, and phosphocreatine concentrations were higher in the RNS60-treated hearts. This study indicates that RNS60 enhances cardioprotection in experimental myocardial hypoxia and under conditions of cardioplegic arrest. Improved cardiac energetics are involved in the protective effect, but complete elucidation of the mechanism requires further study.
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Gisterå A, Ketelhuth DFJ, Malin SG, Hansson GK. Animal Models of Atherosclerosis-Supportive Notes and Tricks of the Trade. Circ Res 2022; 130:1869-1887. [PMID: 35679358 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among humans. Animal models have shown that cholesterol and inflammation are causatively involved in the disease process. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins elicit immune reactions and instigate inflammation in the vessel wall. Still, a treatment that is specific to vascular inflammation is lacking, which motivates continued in vivo investigations of the immune-vascular interactions that drive the disease. In this review, we distill old notions with emerging concepts into a contemporary understanding of vascular disease models. Pros and cons of different models are listed and the complex integrative interplay between cholesterol homeostasis, immune activation, and adaptations of the vascular system is discussed. Key limitations with atherosclerosis models are highlighted, and we suggest improvements that could accelerate progress in the field. However, excessively rigid experimental guidelines or limiting usage to certain animal models can be counterproductive. Continued work in improved models, as well as the development of new models, should be of great value in research and could aid the development of cardiovascular disease diagnostics and therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.).,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark (D.F.J.K)
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
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Hertig V, Brezai A, Bergeron A, Villeneuve L, Gillis MA, Calderone A. p38α MAPK inhibition translates to cell cycle re-entry of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and de novo nestin expression in response to thrombin and after apex resection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8203. [PMID: 31160695 PMCID: PMC6547723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that p38α MAPK inhibition leads to cell cycle re-entry of neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (NNVMs) and de novo nestin expression in response to thrombin and after apex resection of the neonatal rat heart. Thrombin (1 U/ml) treatment of 1-day old NNVMs did not induce cell cycle re-entry or nestin expression. Acute exposure of NNVMs to thrombin increased p38α MAPK and HSP27 phosphorylation and p38α/β MAPK inhibitor SB203580 abrogated HSP27 phosphorylation. Thrombin and SB203580 co-treatment of NNVMs led to bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and nestin expression. SB203580 (5 mg/kg) administration immediately after apex resection of 1-day old neonatal rat hearts and continued for two additional days shortened the fibrin clot length sealing the exposed left ventricular chamber. SB203580-treatment increased the density of troponin-T(+)-NNVMs that incorporated bromodeoxyuridine and expressed nuclear phosphohistone-3. Nestin(+)-NNVMs were selectively detected at the border of the fibrin clot and SB203580 potentiated the density that re-entered the cell cycle. These data suggest that the greater density of ventricular cardiomyocytes and nestin(+)-ventricular cardiomyocytes that re-entered the cell cycle after SB203580 treatment of the apex-resected neonatal rat heart during the acute phase of fibrin clot formation may be attributed in part to inhibition of thrombin-mediated p38α MAPK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hertig
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andra Brezai
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bergeron
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Angelino Calderone
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Tyrankiewicz U, Skorka T, Orzylowska A, Jablonska M, Jasinski K, Jasztal A, Bar A, Kostogrys R, Chlopicki S. Comprehensive MRI for the detection of subtle alterations in diastolic cardiac function in apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice with advanced atherosclerosis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:833-840. [PMID: 27146203 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice represent a reliable model of atherosclerosis. However, it is not clear whether cardiac performance is impaired in this murine model of atherosclerosis. Here, we used MRI to characterize cardiac performance in vivo in apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice with advanced atherosclerosis. Six-month-old apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice and age-matched C57BL/6J mice (control) were examined using highly time-resolved cine-MRI [whole-chamber left ventricle (LV) imaging] and MR tagging (three slices: basal, mid-cavity and apical). Global and regional measures of cardiac function included LV volumes, kinetics, time-dependent parameters, strains and rotations. Histological analysis was performed using OMSB (orceine with Martius, Scarlet and Blue) and ORO (oil red-O) staining to demonstrate the presence of advanced coronary atherosclerosis. MR-tagging-based strain analysis in apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice revealed an increased frequency of radial and circumferential systolic stretch (25% and 50% of segments, respectively, p ≤ 0.012), increased radial post-systolic strain index (45% of segments, p = 0.009) and decreased LV untwisting rate (-30.3° (11.6°)/cycle, p = 0.004) when compared with control mice. Maximal strains and LV twist were unchanged. Most of the cine-MRI-based LV functional and anatomical parameters also remained unchanged in apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice, with only a lower filling rate, longer filling time, shorter isovolumetric contraction time and slower heart rate observed in comparison with control mice. The coronary arteries displayed severe atherosclerosis, as evidenced by histological analysis. Using comprehensive MRI methods, we have demonstrated that, despite severe coronary atherosclerosis in six-month-old apoE/LDLR(-/-) mice, cardiac performance including global parameters, twist and strains, was well preserved. Only subtle diastolic alterations, possibly of ischemic background, were uncovered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Tyrankiewicz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorka
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Orzylowska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jablonska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jasinski
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Renata Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Wojewoda M, Tyrankiewicz U, Gwozdz P, Skorka T, Jablonska M, Orzylowska A, Jasinski K, Jasztal A, Przyborowski K, Kostogrys RB, Zoladz JA, Chlopicki S. Exercise capacity and cardiac hemodynamic response in female ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice: a paradox of preserved V'O2max and exercise capacity despite coronary atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24714. [PMID: 27108697 PMCID: PMC4842974 DOI: 10.1038/srep24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed exercise performance, coronary blood flow and cardiac reserve of female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice with advanced atherosclerosis compared with age-matched, wild-type C57BL6/J mice. Exercise capacity was assessed as whole body maximal oxygen consumption (V’O2max), maximum running velocity (vmax) and maximum distance (DISTmax) during treadmill exercise. Cardiac systolic and diastolic function in basal conditions and in response to dobutamine (mimicking exercise-induced cardiac stress) were assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in vivo. Function of coronary circulation was assessed in isolated perfused hearts. In female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice V’O2max, vmax and DISTmax were not impaired as compared with C57BL6/J mice. Cardiac function at rest and systolic and diastolic cardiac reserve were also preserved in female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice as evidenced by preserved fractional area change and similar fall in systolic and end diastolic area after dobutamine. Moreover, endothelium-dependent responses of coronary circulation induced by bradykinin (Bk) and acetylcholine (ACh) were preserved, while endothelium-independent responses induced by NO-donors were augmented in female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice. Basal COX-2-dependent production of 6-keto-PGF1α was increased. Concluding, we suggest that robust compensatory mechanisms in coronary circulation involving PGI2- and NO-pathways may efficiently counterbalance coronary atherosclerosis-induced impairment in V’O2max and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wojewoda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - U Tyrankiewicz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - P Gwozdz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Skorka
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - M Jablonska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - A Orzylowska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - K Jasinski
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - A Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - R B Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - J A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - S Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Bea F, Kreuzer J, Preusch M, Schaab S, Isermann B, Rosenfeld ME, Katus H, Blessing E. Melagatran Reduces Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesion Size and May Promote Plaque Stability in Apolipoprotein E– Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2787-92. [PMID: 16990551 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000246797.05781.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombin formation. Thrombin not only plays a central role in thrombus formation and platelet activation, but also in the induction of inflammatory processes. We assessed the hypothesis that melagatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, attenuates plaque progression and promotes stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS Melagatran (500 micromol/kg/d) or control diet was administered to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n=54) with advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Treatment reduced lesion progression in brachiocephalic arteries (P<0.005). Morphometric analysis confirmed that thrombin inhibition promoted plaque stability and resulted in thicker fibrous caps (28.4+/-14.2 microm versus 20.8+/-12.0 microm; P<0.05), increased media thickness (29.3+/-9.6 microm versus 24.4+/-6.7 microm; P<0.05), and smaller necrotic cores (73,537+/-41,301 microm2 versus 126,819+/-51,730 microm2; P<0.0005). Electro mobility shift assays revealed reduced binding activity of nuclear factor kappaB (P<0.05) and activator protein-1 (P<0.05) in aortas of treated mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduced staining for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (P<0.05). Melagatran had no significant effect on early lesion formation in C57BL/6J mice. CONCLUSIONS The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran reduces lesion size and may promote plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, possibly through reduced activation of proinflammatory transcription factors and reduced synthesis of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bea
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Madeddu P, Emanueli C, Spillmann F, Meloni M, Bouby N, Richer C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Van Weel V, Eefting D, Quax PHA, Hu Y, Xu Q, Hemdahl AL, van Golde J, Huijberts M, de Lussanet Q, Struijker Boudier H, Couffinhal T, Duplaa C, Chimenti S, Staszewsky L, Latini R, Baumans V, Levy BI. Murine models of myocardial and limb ischemia: Diagnostic end-points and relevance to clinical problems. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:281-301. [PMID: 17010676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic disease represents the new epidemic worldwide. Animal models of ischemic disease are useful because they can help us to understand the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and develop new therapies. The present review article summarizes the results of a consensus conference on the status and future development of experimentation in the field of cardiovascular medicine using murine models of peripheral and myocardial ischemia. The starting point was to recognize the limits of the approach, which mainly derive from species- and disease-related differences in cardiovascular physiology. For instance, the mouse heart beats at a rate 10 times faster than the human heart. Furthermore, healing processes are more rapid in animals, as they rely on mechanisms that may have lost relevance in man. The main objective of the authors was to propose general guidelines, diagnostic end points and relevance to clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Madeddu
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Hemdahl AL, Caligiuri G, Hansson GK, Thorén P. Electrocardiographic characterization of stress-induced myocardial infarction in atherosclerotic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 184:87-94. [PMID: 15916668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2005.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We have previously shown that mental and hypoxic stress can trigger the development of myocardial infarction (MI) in atherosclerotic apoE(-/-) x LDLR(-/-) mice. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the interval between stress and MI and determine whether electrophysiological changes precede the precipitation of an infarct by assessing telemetry recordings of the electrocardiogram. METHODS Isoflurane anaesthetized apoE(-/-) x LDLR(-/-) (n = 16) and C57BL/6J (n = 8) mice were exposed to systemic hypoxia by reducing the inhaled oxygen concentration to 10% for 10 min. Mental stress was induced in eight conscious apoE(-/-) x LDLR(-/-) and eight C57BL/6J mice by blowing air into the cage. Physiological parameters were recorded every 30 min for 2-6 days by implanted transmitters. RESULTS During stress all mice developed transient ischaemic STU-area changes, which returned to normal at the end of stress. During the recovery phase (6 days) 50% (4/8) of the mentally stressed apoE(-/-) x LDLR(-/-) mice developed increased STU-area variability (P < 0.05) followed by dramatic STU-area elevations and spontaneous death at approximately 12-24 h. In hypoxia-exposed apoE(-/-) x LDLR(-/-) mice 56% (9/16) developed MI as determined by elevated serum levels of the infarction marker troponin T which correlated with increased variability in the STU-area (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first mouse model showing that increased STU-area variability is indicative of MI development in atherosclerotic mice following ischaemic stress. Furthermore, our findings suggest a two-phase pathway for the infarction development: an initial phase comprising a transient ischaemic response which triggers a delayed second phase of ischaemia and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Hemdahl
- Center for Molecular Medicine L8:03 and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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