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Zhang Z, Xu Z, Wang S, Jia Z, Zhou Z, Wang C, Lin S, Feng Y, Wang X, Mao J. Optimized New Shengmai Powder modulation of cAMP/Rap1A signaling pathway attenuates myocardial fibrosis in heart failure. Chin Med 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38402401 PMCID: PMC10894496 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimized New Shengmai Powder (ONSMP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula with significant anti-heart failure and myocardial fibrosis effects, but the specific molecular biological mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, we first used network pharmacology to analyze the ONSMP's active ingredients, core signaling pathways, and core targets. Second, calculate the affinity and binding modes of the ONSMP components to the core targets using molecular docking. Finally, the heart failure rat model was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery and assessing the effect of ONSMP on myocardial fibrosis in heart failure using echocardiography, cardiac organ coefficients, heart failure markers, and pathological sections after 4 weeks of drug intervention. The cAMP level in rat myocardium was determined using Elisa, the α-SMA and FSP-1 positive expression determined by immunohistochemistry, and the protein and mRNA levels of the cAMP/Rap1A signaling pathway were detected by Western Blotting and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS The result shows that the possible mechanism of ONSMP in reducing myocardial fibrosis also includes the use of 12 active ingredients such as baicalin, vitamin D, resveratrol, tanshinone IIA, emodin, 15,16-dihydrotanshinone-i to regulate β1-AR, AC6, EPAC1, Rap1 A, STAT3, and CCND1 on the cAMP/Rap1A signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and reduce the excessive secretion of collagen, effectively improve cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in heart failure rats. CONCLUSION This research shows that ONSMP can inhibit myocardial fibrosis and delay heart failure through the cAMP/Rap1A signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jia
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Ci Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yiting Feng
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China.
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Sriram K, Insel MB, Insel PA. Inhaled β2 Adrenergic Agonists and Other cAMP-Elevating Agents: Therapeutics for Alveolar Injury and Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome? Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:488-526. [PMID: 34795026 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled long-acting β-adrenergic agonists (LABAs) and short-acting β-adrenergic agonists are approved for the treatment of obstructive lung disease via actions mediated by β2 adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) that increase cellular cAMP synthesis. This review discusses the potential of β2-AR agonists, in particular LABAs, for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We emphasize ARDS induced by pneumonia and focus on the pathobiology of ARDS and actions of LABAs and cAMP on pulmonary and immune cell types. β2-AR agonists/cAMP have beneficial actions that include protection of epithelial and endothelial cells from injury, restoration of alveolar fluid clearance, and reduction of fibrotic remodeling. β2-AR agonists/cAMP also exert anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system by actions on several types of immune cells. Early administration is likely critical for optimizing efficacy of LABAs or other cAMP-elevating agents, such as agonists of other Gs-coupled G protein-coupled receptors or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Clinical studies that target lung injury early, prior to development of ARDS, are thus needed to further assess the use of inhaled LABAs, perhaps combined with inhaled corticosteroids and/or long-acting muscarinic cholinergic antagonists. Such agents may provide a multipronged, repurposing, and efficacious therapeutic approach while minimizing systemic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after pulmonary alveolar injury (e.g., certain viral infections) is associated with ∼40% mortality and in need of new therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the pathobiology of ARDS, focusing on contributions of pulmonary and immune cell types and potentially beneficial actions of β2 adrenergic receptors and cAMP. Early administration of inhaled β2 adrenergic agonists and perhaps other cAMP-elevating agents after alveolar injury may be a prophylactic approach to prevent development of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine (M.B.I.) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael B Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine (M.B.I.) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine (M.B.I.) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Colangelo MT, Galli C, Guizzardi S. The effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide on wound healing and tissue regeneration: a systematic review of the literature. Regen Med 2020; 15:1801-1821. [PMID: 32757710 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study evaluated the effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) on tissue regeneration, paying special attention to the molecular mechanisms that underlie its tissue remodeling actions to better identify its effective therapeutic potential in wound healing. Materials & methods: Strategic searches were conducted through MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from their earliest available dates to March 2020. The studies were included with the following eligibility criteria: studies evaluating tissue regeneration, and being an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study. Results: Out of more than 90 articles, 34 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All data obtained proved the ability of PDRN in promoting a physiological tissue repair through salvage pathway and adenosine A2A receptor activation. Conclusion: Up to date PDRN has proved promising results in term of wound regeneration, healing time and absence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Colangelo
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Histology & Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Galli
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Histology & Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Agonist-specific desensitization of PGE 2-stimulated cAMP signaling due to upregulated phosphodiesterase expression in human lung fibroblasts. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 393:843-856. [PMID: 31884570 PMCID: PMC7328663 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by fibroblasts persisting in an activated form, producing excessive fibrous material that destroys alveolar structure. The second messenger molecule cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has antifibrotic properties, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can stimulate cAMP production through prostaglandin E (EP)2 and EP4 receptors. Although EP receptors are attractive therapeutic targets, the effects of long-term exposure to PGE2 have not been characterized. To determine the effects of long-term exposure of lung fibroblasts to PGE2, human fetal lung (HFL)-1 cells were treated for 24 h with 100 nM PGE2 or other cAMP-elevating agents. cAMP levels stimulated by acute exposure to PGE2 were measured using a fluorescent biosensor. Pretreatment for 24 h with PGE2 shifted the concentration-response curve to PGE2 rightward by approximately 22-fold but did not affect responses to the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol. Neither isoproterenol nor forskolin pretreatment altered PGE2 responses, implying that other cAMP-elevating agents do not induce desensitization. Use of EP2- and EP4-selective agonists and antagonists suggested that PGE2-stimulated cAMP responses in HFL-1 cells are mediated by EP2 receptors. EP2 receptors are resistant to classical mechanisms of agonist-specific receptor desensitization, so we hypothesized that increased PDE activity mediates the loss of signaling after PGE2 pretreatment. PGE2 treatment upregulated messenger RNA for PDE3A, PDE3B, PDE4B, and PDE4D and increased overall PDE activity. The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram partially reversed PGE2-mediated desensitization and PDE4 activity was increased, but rolipram did not alter responses to isoproterenol. The PDE3 inhibitor cilostazol had minimal effect. These results show that long-term exposure to PGE2 causes agonist-specific desensitization of EP2 receptor-stimulated cAMP signaling through the increased expression of PDE isozymes, most likely of the PDE4 family.
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Nuñez FJ, Johnstone TB, Corpuz ML, Kazarian AG, Mohajer NN, Tliba O, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White C, Roosan MR, Ostrom RS. Glucocorticoids rapidly activate cAMP production via G αs to initiate non-genomic signaling that contributes to one-third of their canonical genomic effects. FASEB J 2019; 34:2882-2895. [PMID: 31908022 PMCID: PMC7027561 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used for the suppression of inflammation, but evidence is growing that they can have rapid, non-genomic actions that have been unappreciated. Diverse cell signaling effects have been reported for glucocorticoids, leading us to hypothesize that glucocorticoids alone can swiftly increase the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. We found that prednisone, fluticasone, budesonide, and progesterone each increased cAMP levels within 3 minutes without phosphodiesterase inhibitors by measuring real-time cAMP dynamics using the cAMP difference detector in situ assay in a variety of immortalized cell lines and primary human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. A membrane- impermeable glucocorticoid showed similarly rapid stimulation of cAMP, implying that responses are initiated at the cell surface. siRNA knockdown of Gαs virtually eliminated glucocorticoid-stimulated cAMP responses, suggesting that these drugs activate the cAMP production via a G protein-coupled receptor. Estradiol had small effects on cAMP levels but G protein estrogen receptor antagonists had little effect on responses to any of the glucocorticoids tested. The genomic and non-genomic actions of budesonide were analyzed by RNA-Seq analysis of 24 hours treated HASM, with and without knockdown of Gαs . A 140-gene budesonide signature was identified, of which 48 genes represent a non-genomic signature that requires Gαs signaling. Collectively, this non-genomic cAMP signaling modality contributes to one-third of the gene expression changes induced by glucocorticoid treatment and shifts the view of how this important class of drugs exerts its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Nuñez
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Timothy B Johnstone
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maia L Corpuz
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Austin G Kazarian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole N Mohajer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Omar Tliba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cynthia Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Moom R Roosan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
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Jensen MS, Mutsaers HAM, Tingskov SJ, Christensen M, Madsen MG, Olinga P, Kwon T, Nørregaard R. Activation of the prostaglandin E 2 EP 2 receptor attenuates renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructed mice and human kidney slices. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13291. [PMID: 31054202 PMCID: PMC6767420 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim Renal fibrosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease, which affects 10% of the adult population. Previously, it has been demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)/prostaglandin (PG) system influences the progression of renal injury. Here, we evaluated the impact of butaprost, a selective EP2 receptor agonist, on renal fibrosis in several models of kidney injury, including human tissue slices. Methods We studied the anti‐fibrotic efficacy of butaprost using Madin‐Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, mice that underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction and human precision‐cut kidney slices. Fibrogenesis was evaluated on a gene and protein level by qPCR and Western blotting. Results Butaprost (50 μM) reduced TGF‐β‐induced fibronectin (FN) expression, Smad2 phosphorylation and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in MDCK cells. In addition, treatment with 4 mg/kg/day butaprost attenuated the development of fibrosis in mice that underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction surgery, as illustrated by a reduction in the gene and protein expression of α‐smooth muscle actin, FN and collagen 1A1. More importantly, a similar anti‐fibrotic effect of butaprost was observed in human precision‐cut kidney slices exposed to TGF‐β. The mechanism of action of butaprost appeared to be a direct effect on TGF‐β/Smad signalling, which was independent of the cAMP/PKA pathway. Conclusion In conclusion, this study demonstrates that stimulation of the EP2 receptor effectively mitigates renal fibrogenesis in various fibrosis models. These findings warrant further research into the clinical application of butaprost, or other EP2 agonists, for the inhibition of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Tae‐Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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Xu T, Wu BM, Yao HW, Meng XM, Huang C, Ni MM, Li J. Novel insights into TRPM7 function in fibrotic diseases: a potential therapeutic target. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1163-9. [PMID: 25204892 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
"Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cellular sensors for a wide spectrum of physical and chemical stimuli. Activation of TRP channels changes the membrane potential, translocates important signaling ions crossing the cell membrane, alters enzymatic activity, and initiates endocytosis/exocytosis (Zheng, 2013)." Fibrosis is the leading cause of organ dysfunction in diseases, which is characterized by an imbalance in the turnover of extracellular matrix components. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that TRPM7, a member of TRP channels superfamily, participates in the development and pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases, such as hepatic, pulmonary and cardiac fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the comprehensive role of TRPM7 in modulating profibrotic response and its potential as therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Smithmyer ME, Sawicki LA, Kloxin AM. Hydrogel scaffolds as in vitro models to study fibroblast activation in wound healing and disease. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:634-650. [PMID: 25379176 PMCID: PMC4217222 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing results from complex signaling between cells and their environment in response to injury. Fibroblasts residing within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of various connective tissues are critical for matrix synthesis and repair. Upon injury or chronic insult, these cells activate into wound-healing cells, called myofibroblasts, and repair the damaged tissue through enzyme and protein secretion. However, misregulation and persistence of myofibroblasts can lead to uncontrolled accumulation of matrix proteins, tissue stiffening, and ultimately disease. Extracellular cues are important regulators of fibroblast activation and have been implicated in their persistence. Hydrogel-based culture models have emerged as useful tools to examine fibroblast response to ECM cues presented during these complex processes. In this Mini-Review, we will provide an overview of these model systems, which are built upon naturally-derived or synthetic materials, and mimic relevant biophysical and biochemical properties of the native ECM with different levels of control. Additionally, we will discuss the application of these hydrogel-based systems for the examination of fibroblast function and fate, including adhesion, migration, and activation, as well as approaches for mimicking both static and temporal aspects of extracellular environments. Specifically, we will highlight hydrogels that have been used to investigate the effects of matrix rigidity, protein binding, and cytokine signaling on fibroblast activation. Last, we will describe future directions for the design of hydrogels to develop improved synthetic models that mimic the complex extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Smithmyer
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
| | - Lisa A. Sawicki
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA .
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Vettel C, Lämmle S, Ewens S, Cervirgen C, Emons J, Ongherth A, Dewenter M, Lindner D, Westermann D, Nikolaev VO, Lutz S, Zimmermann WH, El-Armouche A. PDE2-mediated cAMP hydrolysis accelerates cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion and is antagonized by exogenous activation of cGMP signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1246-52. [PMID: 24531807 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00852.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the signal molecules cAMP and cGMP have antifibrotic effects by negatively regulating pathways associated with fibroblast to myofibroblast (MyoCF) conversion. The phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) has the unique property to be stimulated by cGMP, which leads to a remarkable increase in cAMP hydrolysis and thus mediates a negative cross-talk between both pathways. PDE2 has been recently investigated in cardiomyocytes; here we specifically addressed its role in fibroblast conversion and cardiac fibrosis. PDE2 is abundantly expressed in both neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and cardiomyocytes. The overexpression of PDE2 in CFs strongly reduced basal and isoprenaline-induced cAMP synthesis, and this decrease was sufficient to induce MyoCF conversion even in the absence of exogenous profibrotic stimuli. Functional stress-strain experiments with fibroblast-derived engineered connective tissue (ECT) demonstrated higher stiffness in ECTs overexpressing PDE2. In regard to cGMP, neither basal nor atrial natriuretic peptide-induced cGMP levels were affected by PDE2, whereas the response to nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside was slightly but significantly reduced. Interestingly, despite persistently depressed cAMP levels, both cGMP-elevating stimuli were able to completely prevent the PDE2-induced MyoCF phenotype, arguing for a double-tracked mechanism. In conclusion, PDE2 accelerates CF to MyoCF conversion, which leads to greater stiffness in ECTs. Atrial natriuretic peptide- and sodium nitroprusside-mediated cGMP synthesis completely reverses PDE2-induced fibroblast conversion. Thus PDE2 may augment cardiac remodeling, but this effect can also be overcome by enhanced cGMP. The redundant role of cAMP and cGMP as antifibrotic meditators may be viewed as a protective mechanism in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vettel
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
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Pleger ST, Brinks H, Ritterhoff J, Raake P, Koch WJ, Katus HA, Most P. Heart failure gene therapy: the path to clinical practice. Circ Res 2013; 113:792-809. [PMID: 23989720 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy, aimed at the correction of key pathologies being out of reach for conventional drugs, bears the potential to alter the treatment of cardiovascular diseases radically and thereby of heart failure. Heart failure gene therapy refers to a therapeutic system of targeted drug delivery to the heart that uses formulations of DNA and RNA, whose products determine the therapeutic classification through their biological actions. Among resident cardiac cells, cardiomyocytes have been the therapeutic target of numerous attempts to regenerate systolic and diastolic performance, to reverse remodeling and restore electric stability and metabolism. Although the concept to intervene directly within the genetic and molecular foundation of cardiac cells is simple and elegant, the path to clinical reality has been arduous because of the challenge on delivery technologies and vectors, expression regulation, and complex mechanisms of action of therapeutic gene products. Nonetheless, since the first demonstration of in vivo gene transfer into myocardium, there have been a series of advancements that have driven the evolution of heart failure gene therapy from an experimental tool to the threshold of becoming a viable clinical option. The objective of this review is to discuss the current state of the art in the field and point out inevitable innovations on which the future evolution of heart failure gene therapy into an effective and safe clinical treatment relies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven T Pleger
- Center for Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Germany
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Inhibition of TRPM7 channels prevents proliferation and differentiation of human lung fibroblasts. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:961-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Insel PA, Murray F, Yokoyama U, Romano S, Yun H, Brown L, Snead A, Lu D, Aroonsakool N. cAMP and Epac in the regulation of tissue fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:447-56. [PMID: 22233238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, the result of excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), in particular collagen, leads to scarring and loss of function in tissues that include the heart, lung, kidney and liver. The second messenger cAMP can inhibit the formation and extent of ECM during this late phase of inflammation, but the mechanisms for these actions of cAMP and of agents that elevate tissue cAMP levels are not well understood. In this article, we review the fibrotic process and focus on two recently recognized aspects of actions of cAMP and its effector Epac (Exchange protein activated by cAMP): (a) blunting of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and (b) down-regulation of Epac expression by profibrotic agents (e.g. TGF-β, angiotensin II), which may promote tissue fibrosis by decreasing Epac-mediated antifibrotic actions. Pharmacological approaches that raise cAMP or blunt the decrease in Epac expression by profibrotic agents may thus be strategies to block or perhaps reverse tissue fibrosis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Novel cAMP Signalling Paradigms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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