1
|
Zheng M, Karki R, Williams EP, Yang D, Fitzpatrick E, Vogel P, Jonsson CB, Kanneganti TD. TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:829-838. [PMID: 33963333 PMCID: PMC8882317 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is critical for recognizing and controlling infections through the release of cytokines and chemokines. However, severe pathology during some infections, including SARS-CoV-2, is driven by hyperactive cytokine release, or cytokine storm. The innate sensors that activate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during COVID-19 remain poorly characterized. Here we show that both TLR2 and MYD88 expression were associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Mechanistically, TLR2 and MyD88 were required for β-coronavirus–induced inflammatory responses, and TLR2-dependent signaling induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during coronavirus infection independent of viral entry. TLR2 sensed the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein as its ligand. Additionally, blocking TLR2 signaling in vivo provided protection against the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, our study provides a critical understanding of the molecular mechanism of β-coronavirus sensing and inflammatory cytokine production, which opens new avenues for therapeutic strategies to counteract the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Evan Peter Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dong Yang
- UTHSC Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fitzpatrick
- UTHSC Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and Veterinary Pathology Core, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Colleen Beth Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of M1 macrophages in acute lung injury (ALI). To address this, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated wild-type and CD11b-DTR mice, and examined their M1 macrophage levels, and the extent of their inflammation and pulmonary injuries. In addition, we evaluated pulmonary function by measuring the expressions of SP-A and SP-B in infiltrated M1 macrophages. Finally, we co-cultured the mouse type II-like alveolar epithelial cells (AT-II) and mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMECs) with M1 macrophages in the presence of TNF-α or H2O2 and assessed them for viability and apoptosis. After LPS treatment, we observed that the number of pulmonary M1/M2 macrophages and the serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increased. Furthermore, the increase in cytokines was accompanied with the initiation of lung injury indicated by the decreased levels of SP-A and SP-B. In macrophage-depleted CD11b-DTR mice, ALI was attenuated, serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and ROS were reduced, and lung levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) were decreased. After administering TNF-α and H2O2, the proapoptotic effect of M1 macrophages on AT-II or PMECs significantly increased, the cell viabilities significantly decreased, and apoptosis significantly increased. Our results suggest that M1 macrophages are recruited to the lungs where they significantly contribute to an increase in TNF-α and ROS production, thus initiating ALI.
Collapse
|
3
|
Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress RSV infection and alleviate virus-induced airway inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:812-22. [PMID: 27460781 PMCID: PMC4990302 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. However, the majority of RSV-infected patients only show mild symptoms. Different severities of infection and responses among the RSV-infected population indicate that epigenetic regulation as well as personal genetic background may affect RSV infectivity. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is an important epigenetic regulator in lung diseases. The present study aimed to explore the possible connection between HDAC expression and RSV-induced lung inflammation. To address this question, RSV-infected airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were prepared and a mouse model of RSV infection was established, and then treated with various concentrations of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), namely trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Viral replication and markers of virus-induced airway inflammation or oxidative stress were assessed. The activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways was evaluated by western blot analysis. Our results showed that RSV infection in airway epithelial cells (AECs) significantly decreased histone acetylation levels by altering HDAC2 expression. The treatment of RSV-infected AECs with HDACis significantly restricted RSV replication by upregulating the interferon-α (IFN-α) related signaling pathways. The treatment of RSV-infected AECs with HDACis also significantly inhibited RSV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine release [interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8] and oxidative stress-related molecule production [malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrogen monoxide (NO)]. The activation of NF-κB, COX-2, MAPK and Stat3, which orchestrate pro-inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress injury, was also significantly inhibited. Our in vivo study using a mouse model of RSV infection validated these results. Treatment with HDACis alleviated airway inflammation and reduced in vivo RSV replication. Our data demonstrated that RSV reduced histone acetylation by enhancing HDAC2 expression. Treatment with HDACis (TSA/SAHA) significantly inhibited RSV replication and decreased RSV-induced airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, the inhibition of HDACs represents a novel therapeutic approach in modulating RSV-induced lung disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang S, Marín-Juez R, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Common and specific downstream signaling targets controlled by Tlr2 and Tlr5 innate immune signaling in zebrafish. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26208853 PMCID: PMC4514945 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the responses to many pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in cell cultures and extracted organs are well characterized, there is little known of transcriptome responses to PAMPs in whole organisms. To characterize this in detail, we have performed RNAseq analysis of responses of zebrafish embryos to injection of PAMPs in the caudal vein at one hour after exposure. We have compared two ligands that in mammals have been shown to specifically activate the TLR2 and TLR5 receptors: Pam3CSK4 and flagellin, respectively. Results We identified a group of 80 common genes that respond with high stringency selection to stimulations with both PAMPs, which included several well-known immune marker genes such as il1b and tnfa. Surprisingly, we also identified sets of 48 and 42 genes that specifically respond to either Pam3CSK4 or flagellin, respectively, after a comparative filtering approach. Remarkably, in the Pam3CSK4 specific set, there was a set of transcription factors with more than 2 fold-change, as confirmed by qPCR analyses, including cebpb, fosb, nr4a1 and egr3. We also showed that the regulation of the Pam3CSK4 and flagellin specifically responding sets is inhibited by knockdown of tlr2 or tlr5, respectively. Conclusions Our studies show that Pam3CSK4 and flagellin can stimulate the Tlr2 and Tlr5 signaling pathways leading to common and specific responses in the zebrafish embryo system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1740-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Yang
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- ZF-screens BV, J. H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation via the upregulation of negative regulator IRAK-M. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6062. [PMID: 25585690 PMCID: PMC4309435 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most commonly used anti-inflammatory agents. Despite the enormous efforts in elucidating the glucocorticoid-mediated anti-inflammatory actions, how glucocorticoids tightly control overactive inflammatory response is not fully understood. Here we show that glucocorticoids suppress bacteria-induced inflammation by enhancing IRAK-M, a central negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signalling. The ability of glucocorticoids to suppress pulmonary inflammation induced by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae is significantly attenuated in IRAK-M-deficient mice. Glucocorticoids improve the survival rate after a lethal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection in wild-type mice, but not in IRAK-M-deficient mice. Moreover, we show that glucocorticoids and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae synergistically upregulate IRAK-M expression via mutually and synergistically enhancing p65 and glucocorticoid receptor binding to the IRAK-M promoter. Together, our studies unveil a mechanism by which glucocorticoids tightly control the inflammatory response and host defense via the induction of IRAK-M and may lead to further development of anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zasłona Z, Przybranowski S, Wilke C, van Rooijen N, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Osterholzer JJ, Wilkinson JE, Moore BB, Peters-Golden M. Resident alveolar macrophages suppress, whereas recruited monocytes promote, allergic lung inflammation in murine models of asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4245-53. [PMID: 25225663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role and origin of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in asthma are incompletely defined. We sought to clarify these issues in the context of acute allergic lung inflammation using house dust mite and OVA murine models. Use of liposomal clodronate to deplete resident AMs (rAMs) resulted in increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and eosinophil numbers in lavage fluid and augmented the histopathologic evidence of lung inflammation, suggesting a suppressive role for rAMs. Lung digests of asthmatic mice revealed an increased percentage of Ly6C(high)/CD11b(pos) inflammatory monocytes. Clodronate depletion of circulating monocytes, by contrast, resulted in an attenuation of allergic inflammation. A CD45.1/CD45.2 chimera model demonstrated that recruitment at least partially contributes to the AM pool in irradiated nonasthmatic mice, but its contribution was no greater in asthma. Ki-67 staining of AMs supported a role for local proliferation, which was increased in asthma. Our data demonstrate that rAMs dampen, whereas circulating monocytes promote, early events in allergic lung inflammation. Moreover, maintenance of the AM pool in the early stages of asthmatic inflammation depends on local proliferation, but not recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Zasłona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sally Przybranowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carol Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saffarzadeh M, Juenemann C, Queisser MA, Lochnit G, Barreto G, Galuska SP, Lohmeyer J, Preissner KT. Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death: a predominant role of histones. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32366. [PMID: 22389696 PMCID: PMC3289648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 900] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play an important role in innate immunity by defending the host organism against invading microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity of neutrophils is mediated by release of antimicrobial peptides, phagocytosis as well as formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). These structures are composed of DNA, histones and granular proteins such as neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase. This study focused on the influence of NET on the host cell functions, particularly on human alveolar epithelial cells as the major cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung. Upon direct interaction with epithelial and endothelial cells, NET induced cytotoxic effects in a dose-dependent manner, and digestion of DNA in NET did not change NET-mediated cytotoxicity. Pre-incubation of NET with antibodies against histones, with polysialic acid or with myeloperoxidase inhibitor but not with elastase inhibitor reduced NET-mediated cytotoxicity, suggesting that histones and myeloperoxidase are responsible for NET-mediated cytotoxicity. Although activated protein C (APC) did decrease the histone-induced cytotoxicity in a purified system, it did not change NET-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that histone-dependent cytotoxicity of NET is protected against APC degradation. Moreover, in LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model, NET formation was documented in the lung tissue as well as in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These data reveal the important role of protein components in NET, particularly histones, which may lead to host cell cytotoxicity and may be involved in lung tissue destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saffarzadeh
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Juenemann
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus A. Queisser
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guenter Lochnit
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian P. Galuska
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juergen Lohmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herold S, Mayer K, Lohmeyer J. Acute lung injury: how macrophages orchestrate resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. Front Immunol 2011; 2:65. [PMID: 22566854 PMCID: PMC3342347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophages are long living cells with broad differentiation potential, which reside in the lung interstitium and alveoli or are organ-recruited upon inflammatory stimuli. A role of resident and recruited macrophages in initiating and maintaining pulmonary inflammation in lung infection or injury has been convincingly demonstrated. More recent reports suggest that lung macrophages are main orchestrators of termination and resolution of inflammation. They are also initiators of parenchymal repair processes that are essential for return to homeostasis with normal gas exchange. In this review we will discuss cellular cross-talk mechanisms and molecular pathways of macrophage plasticity which define their role in inflammation resolution and in initiation of lung barrier repair following lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen Lung Center Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herold S, Tabar TS, Janssen H, Hoegner K, Cabanski M, Lewe-Schlosser P, Albrecht J, Driever F, Vadasz I, Seeger W, Steinmueller M, Lohmeyer J. Exudate macrophages attenuate lung injury by the release of IL-1 receptor antagonist in gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1380-90. [PMID: 21278303 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201009-1431oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Exudate macrophages are key players in host defense toward invading pathogens. Their antiinflammatory and epithelial-protective potential in gram-negative pneumonia, however, remains elusive. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether exudate macrophages contributed to preservation of alveolar epithelial barrier integrity and analyzed the molecular pathways involved. METHODS We evaluated the antiinflammatory and epithelial-protective effects of exudate macrophages in a model of LPS- and Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced lung injury comparing wild-type and CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-deficient mice with defective lung macrophage recruitment and in in vitro studies using primary alveolar epithelial cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS CCR2(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and lung leakage on intratracheal LPS treatment, which could be attributed to lack of exudate macrophage recruitment from the circulating pool as demonstrated in a model of wild-type/CCR2(-/-) bone-marrow chimeric mice. Among various antiinflammatory and proliferative mediators analyzed, the endogenous counterpart of resident macrophage-expressed IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), was highly up-regulated in flow-sorted exudate macrophages in LPS-treated wild-type mice. LPS/IL-1β-induced impairment of alveolar epithelial cell integrity was antagonized by IL-1ra in vitro. Finally, intratracheal substitution of IL-1ra or intravenous adoptive transfer of IL-1ra(+/+) but not IL-1ra(-/-) blood mononuclear cells attenuated alveolar inflammation, epithelial apoptosis, and loss of barrier function in LPS-challenged or K. pneumoniae-infected CCR2(-/-) mice and enhanced survival after K. pneumoniae infection. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that recruited lung macrophages attenuate IL-1β-mediated acute lung injury in gram-negative pneumonia by release of IL-1ra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|