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Thijssen DHJ, Uthman L, Somani Y, van Royen N. Short-term exercise-induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise? J Physiol 2022; 600:1339-1355. [PMID: 35239189 PMCID: PMC9311195 DOI: 10.1113/jp282000#support-information-section] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short-term exercise-induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise-related and subject-related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi-)diseased and aged individual. KEY POINTS: Single or short-term exercise-induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury). SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury. SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co-morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the 'dose' of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesDepartments of PhysiologyNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Laween Uthman
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesDepartments of PhysiologyNijmegenThe Netherlands
- CardiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Yasina Somani
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Niels van Royen
- CardiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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2
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Thijssen DHJ, Uthman L, Somani Y, Royen N. Short term exercise‐induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: Why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise? J Physiol 2021; 600:1339-1355. [PMID: 35239189 PMCID: PMC9311195 DOI: 10.1113/jp282000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Regular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise‐related and subject‐related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi‐)diseased and aged individual. Key points Single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury). SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury. SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co‐morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the ‘dose’ of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences Departments of Physiology Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Laween Uthman
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences Departments of Physiology Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Cardiology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Yasina Somani
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Niels Royen
- Cardiology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Khoshkhouy F, Farshbaf A, Mahmoudabady M, Gholamnezhad Z. Effects of moderate exercise on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in rat's cardiac tissue. Cytokine 2020; 138:155409. [PMID: 33360764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of moderate exercise on cardiac tissue inflammation, oxidative stress markers and apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-administered rats were evaluated. Wistar rats were divided into three groups (N = 8): (1) control; (2) LPS (1 mg/kg); and (3) LPS + moderate training (LPS + EX: 15 m/min, 30 min/day, for 9 weeks (week 1-9)). LPS was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days during week 9. Finally, the rats' heart were removed for biochemical and expression assessments. LPS increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)- 1β, C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in cardiac tissue, but decreased thiol contents and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in cardiac tissue compared to the control group (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). In LPS + EX group, the level of NO metabolites was increased (p < 0.05) and thiol contents were decreased (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Moderate training decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CRP and NO metabolites while increased CAT activity in the LPS + EX group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). The mRNA level of BAX in the LPS group and the BCL2/BAX ratio in both LPS and LPS + EX groups increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05-p < 0.01). These results indicated that moderate training improved LPS-induced deleterious effects on cardiac tissue by attenuating proinflammatory cytokine levels, apoptosis and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khoshkhouy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alieh Farshbaf
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudabady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Penna C, Alloatti G, Crisafulli A. Mechanisms Involved in Cardioprotection Induced by Physical Exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1115-1134. [PMID: 31892282 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Regular exercise training can reduce myocardial damage caused by acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Exercise can reproduce the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning, due to the capacity of brief periods of ischemia to reduce myocardial damage caused by acute I/R. In addition, exercise may also activate the multiple kinase cascade responsible for cardioprotection even in the absence of ischemia. Recent Advances: Animal and human studies highlighted the fact that, besides to reduce risk factors related to cardiovascular disease, the beneficial effects of exercise are also due to its ability to induce conditioning of the heart. Exercise behaves as a physiological stress that triggers beneficial adaptive cellular responses, inducing a protective phenotype in the heart. The factors contributing to the exercise-induced heart preconditioning include stimulation of the anti-radical defense system and nitric oxide production, opioids, myokines, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) dependent potassium channels. They appear to be also involved in the protective effect exerted by exercise against cardiotoxicity related to chemotherapy. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Although several experimental evidences on the protective effect of exercise have been obtained, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been fully clarified. Further studies are warranted to define precise exercise prescriptions in patients at risk of myocardial infarction or undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sports Physiology Lab., University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Boengler K, Schlüter KD, Schermuly RT, Schulz R. Cardioprotection in right heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5413-5431. [PMID: 31995639 PMCID: PMC7680005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic and pharmacological conditioning of the left ventricle is mediated by the activation of signalling cascades, which finally converge at the mitochondria and reduce ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whereas the molecular mechanisms of conditioning in the left ventricle are well characterized, cardioprotection of the right ventricle is principally feasible but less established. Similar to what is known for the left ventricle, a dysregulation in signalling pathways seems to play a role in I/R injury of the healthy and failing right ventricle and in the ability/inability of the right ventricle to respond to a conditioning stimulus. The maintenance of mitochondrial function seems to be crucial in both ventricles to reduce I/R injury. As far as currently known, similar molecular mechanisms mediate ischaemic and pharmacological preconditioning in the left and right ventricles. However, the two ventricles seem to respond differently towards exercise‐induced preconditioning. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Ma W, Liu M, Liang F, Zhao L, Gao C, Jiang X, Zhang X, Zhan H, Hu H, Zhao Z. Cardiotoxicity of sorafenib is mediated through elevation of ROS level and CaMKII activity and dysregulation of calcium homoeostasis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126:166-180. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Ma
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Fanfan Liang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Chenying Gao
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Xixi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Heqin Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
- Department of Pharmacology College of Pharmacy Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang Henan 453003 China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Zhenghang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center Xi'an China
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Alánová P, Chytilová A, Neckář J, Hrdlička J, Míčová P, Holzerová K, Hlaváčková M, Macháčková K, Papoušek F, Vašinová J, Benák D, Nováková O, Kolář F. Myocardial ischemic tolerance in rats subjected to endurance exercise training during adaptation to chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1452-1461. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia and exercise are natural stimuli that confer sustainable cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but it is unknown whether they can act in synergy to enhance ischemic resistance. Inflammatory response mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a role in the infarct size limitation by continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH), whereas exercise is associated with anti-inflammatory effects. This study was conducted to determine if exercise training performed under conditions of CNH (12% O2) affects myocardial ischemic resistance with respect to inflammatory and redox status. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: normoxic sedentary, normoxic trained, hypoxic sedentary, and hypoxic trained. ELISA and Western blot analysis, respectively, were used to quantify myocardial cytokines and the expression of TNF-α receptors, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and selected components of related signaling pathways. Infarct size and arrhythmias were assessed in open-chest rats subjected to I/R. CNH increased TNF-α and interleukin-6 levels and the expression of TNF-α type 2 receptor, NF-κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytosolic phospholipase A2α, cyclooxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and catalase. None of these effects occurred in the normoxic trained group, whereas exercise in hypoxia abolished or significantly attenuated CNH-induced responses, except for NF-κB, iNOS, and MnSOD. Both CNH and exercise reduced infarct size, but their combination provided the same degree of protection as CNH alone. In conclusion, exercise training does not amplify the cardioprotection conferred by CNH. High ischemic tolerance of the CNH hearts persists after exercise, possibly by maintaining the increased antioxidant capacity despite attenuating TNF-α-dependent protective signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic hypoxia and regular exercise are natural stimuli that confer sustainable myocardial protection against acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Signaling mediated by TNF-α via its type 2 receptor plays a role in the cardioprotective mechanism of chronic hypoxia. In the present study, we found that exercise training of rats during adaptation to hypoxia does not amplify the infarct size-limiting effect. Ischemia-resistant phenotype is maintained in the combined hypoxia-exercise setting despite exercise-induced attenuation of TNF-α-dependent protective signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Alánová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Anna Chytilová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Jan Neckář
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Jaroslav Hrdlička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Petra Míčová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Holzerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Markéta Hlaváčková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Macháčková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - František Papoušek
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Jana Vašinová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Daniel Benák
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Olga Nováková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Kolář
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; and
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Dimauro I, Mercatelli N, Caporossi D. Exercise-induced ROS in heat shock proteins response. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:46-55. [PMID: 27021964 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved multiple and sophisticated stress response mechanisms aiming to prevent macromolecular (including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) damage and to maintain or re-establish cellular homeostasis. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are among the most highly conserved, ubiquitous, and abundant proteins in all organisms. Originally discovered more than 50 years ago through heat shock stress, they display multiple, remarkable roles inside and outside cells under a variety of stresses, including also oxidative stress and radiation, recognizing unfolded or misfolded proteins and facilitating their restructuring. Exercise consists in a combination of physiological stresses, such as metabolic disturbances, changes in circulating levels of hormones, increased temperature, induction of mild to severe inflammatory state, increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). As a consequence, exercise is one of the main stimuli associated with a robust increase in different HSPs in several tissues, which appears to be also fundamental in facilitating the cellular remodeling processes related to the training regime. Among all factors involved in the exercise-related modulation of HSPs level, the ROS production in the contracting muscle or in other tissues represents one of the most attracting, but still under discussion, mechanism. Following exhaustive or damaging muscle exercise, major oxidative damage to proteins and lipids is likely involved in HSP expression, together with mechanically induced damage to muscle proteins and the inflammatory response occurring several days into the recovery period. Instead, the transient and reversible oxidation of proteins by physiological concentrations of ROS seems to be involved in the activation of stress response following non-damaging muscle exercise. This review aims to provide a critical update on the role of HSPs response in exercise-induced adaptation or damage in humans, focusing on experimental results where the link between redox homeostasis and HSPs expression by exercise has been addressed. Further, with the support of in vivo and in vitro studies, we discuss the putative molecular mechanisms underlying the ROS-mediated modulation of HSP expression and/or activity during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dimauro
- Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Neri Mercatelli
- Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Unit of Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
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Alleman RJ, Stewart LM, Tsang AM, Brown DA. Why Does Exercise "Trigger" Adaptive Protective Responses in the Heart? Dose Response 2015; 13:10.2203_dose-response.14-023.Alleman. [PMID: 26674259 PMCID: PMC4674163 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-023.alleman] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that individuals who exercise have decreased cardiac morbidity and mortality. Pre-clinical studies in animal models also find clear cardioprotective phenotypes in animals that exercise, specifically characterized by lower myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. Despite the clear benefits, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for exercise preconditioning are not fully understood. In particular, the adaptive signaling events that occur during exercise to "trigger" cardioprotection represent emerging paradigms. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have identified several different factors that appear to initiate exercise preconditioning. We summarize the evidence for and against specific cellular factors in triggering exercise adaptations and identify areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick J Alleman
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
| | - Luke M Stewart
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
| | - Alvin M Tsang
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
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Alleman RJ, Katunga LA, Nelson MAM, Brown DA, Anderson EJ. The "Goldilocks Zone" from a redox perspective-Adaptive vs. deleterious responses to oxidative stress in striated muscle. Front Physiol 2014; 5:358. [PMID: 25278906 PMCID: PMC4166897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Consequences of oxidative stress may be beneficial or detrimental in physiological systems. An organ system's position on the “hormetic curve” is governed by the source and temporality of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, proximity of ROS to moieties most susceptible to damage, and the capacity of the endogenous cellular ROS scavenging mechanisms. Most importantly, the resilience of the tissue (the capacity to recover from damage) is a decisive factor, and this is reflected in the disparate response to ROS in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In myocytes, a high oxidative capacity invariably results in a significant ROS burden which in homeostasis, is rapidly neutralized by the robust antioxidant network. The up-regulation of key pathways in the antioxidant network is a central component of the hormetic response to ROS. Despite such adaptations, persistent oxidative stress over an extended time-frame (e.g., months to years) inevitably leads to cumulative damages, maladaptation and ultimately the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Indeed, persistent oxidative stress in heart and skeletal muscle has been repeatedly demonstrated to have causal roles in the etiology of heart disease and insulin resistance, respectively. Deciphering the mechanisms that underlie the divergence between adaptive and maladaptive responses to oxidative stress remains an active area of research for basic scientists and clinicians alike, as this would undoubtedly lead to novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we provide an overview of major types of ROS in striated muscle and the divergent adaptations that occur in response to them. Emphasis is placed on highlighting newly uncovered areas of research on this topic, with particular focus on the mitochondria, and the diverging roles that ROS play in muscle health (e.g., exercise or preconditioning) and disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy, ischemia, metabolic syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick J Alleman
- Departments of Physiology, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lalage A Katunga
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Margaret A M Nelson
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Departments of Physiology, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ethan J Anderson
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
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Povlsen JA, Løfgren B, Dalgas C, Jespersen NR, Johnsen J, Bøtker HE. Frequent biomarker analysis in the isolated perfused heart reveals two distinct phases of reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2013; 171:9-14. [PMID: 24315340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion injury and its modulation are incompletely characterized. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the dynamics of reperfusion injury by portraying the temporal release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during ischemia-reperfusion injury in an isolated heart model. METHODS We studied infarct size and LDH release in the following groups: I) Effect of reperfusion length was evaluated in 79 rats subjected to 40 minute ischemia and 60, 90, 120 or 180 minute reperfusion and a) ischemic preconditioning (IPC) or b) No IPC (control). II) LDH release kinetics was studied in 6 rats subjected to calcium-paradox to verify the applicability of LDH as a dynamic marker of cellular injury. III) Ischemia-reperfusion injury modification was studied in 36 rats subjected to: a) ischemic postconditioning, b) prolonged ischemia, c) Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway inhibition with wortmannin in IPC hearts, d) RISK activation with insulin or e) mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibition with cyclosporine A. RESULTS Infarct size increased from 60 to 180 minute reperfusion in control hearts. LDH was released in two separate peaks from 2 to 20 and 30 to 120 min of reperfusion. IPC attenuated both peaks. Postconditioning and agents known to modify reperfusion injury attenuated the second peak. CONCLUSIONS Frequent measurement of myocardial ischemia markers for 120 min of reperfusion allows identification of two phases of reperfusion injury that are affected by cardioprotective stimuli. The second phase contributes significantly to final infarct size, which is modifiable and a potential target for cardioprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Agerlund Povlsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Bo Løfgren
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christian Dalgas
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nichlas Riise Jespersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jacob Johnsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Fittipaldi S, Dimauro I, Mercatelli N, Caporossi D. Role of exercise-induced reactive oxygen species in the modulation of heat shock protein response. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:52-70. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.835047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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