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Lavarías SML, Peterson GB, Lagrutta LC, Tropea C, Colman Lerner JE, Rodrigues Capítulo A, Ves-Losada A. Effect of starvation and pesticide exposure on neutral lipid composition of the digestive gland of males of the apple snails Pomacea canaliculata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 255:106397. [PMID: 36680892 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants as well as starvation usually modify homeostasis of neutral lipids in aquatic organisms. However, studies on the simultaneous effects of both stressors are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of toxicant exposure under starvation conditions on neutral lipids of the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata, selected as the model organism. Starved adult male snails were exposed to sublethal concentration of the pesticide cypermethrin (100 µg/L) during 4 and 10 days. Fed snails were sacrificed at the onset of the experiment (T0), along with starved snails exposed to the pesticide vehicle (ethanol) and another group without solvent served as controls. Total lipid content, neutral lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and pesticide accumulation were determined in the digestive gland of snails. The ethanol concentration used was not an additional stressful agent. As expected, starvation caused a decrease in neutral lipid content in the digestive gland of snails with respect to T0 snails. Pesticide exposure caused, on the other hand, an increase in triacylglycerol content compared to ethanol exposure at day 10 of the bioassay. This increment correlated with the bioconcentration of cypermethrin, which was 47% higher by day 10 than by day 4. The fatty acid profile of triacylglycerols in the digestive gland was significantly altered under starvation and pesticide exposure. Stressed male snails showed the ability to preserve polyunsaturated fatty acids, as evidenced by their significant increase with respect to T0 snails. These results suggest that the alteration of lipid homeostasis could be involved in an adaptive mechanism of aquatic organisms to lipophilic and obesogenic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M L Lavarías
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata"Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA-CCT-La Plata-CONICET- CICPBA-UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - G B Peterson
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - L C Lagrutta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Tropea
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (IBBEA-CONICET-FCEyN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Colman Lerner
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco" (CONICET- CICPBA-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Rodrigues Capítulo
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata"Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA-CCT-La Plata-CONICET- CICPBA-UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - A Ves-Losada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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2
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Koch EJ, Moriano-Gutierrez S, Ruby EG, McFall-Ngai M, Liebeke M. The impact of persistent colonization by Vibrio fischeri on the metabolome of the host squid Euprymna scolopes. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb212860. [PMID: 32616546 PMCID: PMC7473655 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Associations between animals and microbes affect not only the immediate tissues where they occur, but also the entire host. Metabolomics, the study of small biomolecules generated during metabolic processes, provides a window into how mutualistic interactions shape host biochemistry. The Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, is amenable to metabolomic studies of symbiosis because the host can be reared with or without its species-specific symbiont, Vibrio fischeri In addition, unlike many invertebrates, the host squid has a closed circulatory system. This feature allows a direct sampling of the refined collection of metabolites circulating through the body, a focused approach that has been highly successful with mammals. Here, we show that rearing E. scolopes without its natural symbiont significantly affected one-quarter of the more than 100 hemolymph metabolites defined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, as in mammals, which harbor complex consortia of bacterial symbionts, the metabolite signature oscillated on symbiont-driven daily rhythms and was dependent on the sex of the host. Thus, our results provide evidence that the population of even a single symbiont species can influence host hemolymph biochemistry as a function of symbiotic state, host sex and circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Koch
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Silvia Moriano-Gutierrez
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Edward G Ruby
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Margaret McFall-Ngai
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Manuel Liebeke
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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3
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Lamarre SG, MacCormack TJ, Bourloutski É, Callaghan NI, Pinto VD, Andrade JP, Sykes AV, Driedzic WR. Interrelationship Between Contractility, Protein Synthesis and Metabolism in Mantle of Juvenile Cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis). Front Physiol 2019; 10:1051. [PMID: 31507433 PMCID: PMC6716058 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Young juvenile cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) can grow at rates as high as 12% body weight per day. How the metabolic demands of such a massive growth rate impacts muscle performance that competes for ATP is unknown. Here, we integrate aspects of contractility, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism in mantle of specimens weighing 1.1 g to lend insight into the processes. Isolated mantle muscle preparations were electrically stimulated and isometric force development monitored. Preparations were forced to contract at 3 Hz for 30 s to simulate a jetting event. We then measured oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and protein synthesis in the hour following the stimulation. Protein synthesis was inhibited with cycloheximide and glycolysis was inhibited with iodoacetic acid in a subset of samples. Inhibition of protein synthesis impaired contractility and decreased oxygen consumption. An intact protein synthesis is required to maintain contractility possibly due to rapidly turning over proteins. At least, 41% of whole animal ṀO2 is used to support protein synthesis in mantle, while the cost of protein synthesis (50 μmol O2 mg protein–1) in mantle was in the range reported for other aquatic ectotherms. A single jetting challenge stimulated protein synthesis by approximately 25% (2.51–3.12% day–1) over a 1 h post contractile period, a similar response to that which occurs in mammalian skeletal muscle. Aerobic metabolism was not supported by extracellular glucose leading to the contention that at this life stage either glycogen or amino acids are catabolized. Regardless, an intact glycolysis is required to support contractile performance and protein synthesis in resting muscle. It is proposed that glycolysis is needed to maintain intracellular ionic gradients. Intracellular glucose at approximately 3 mmol L–1 was higher than the 1 mmol L–1 glucose in the bathing medium suggesting an active glucose transport mechanism. Octopine did not accumulate during a single physiologically relevant jetting challenge; however, octopine accumulation increased following a stress that is sufficient to lower Arg-P and increase free arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | | | - Neal I Callaghan
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa D Pinto
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - José P Andrade
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Antonio V Sykes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - William R Driedzic
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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4
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Williams KJ, Cassidy AA, Verhille CE, Lamarre SG, MacCormack TJ. Diel cycling hypoxia enhances hypoxia-tolerance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): evidence of physiological and metabolic plasticity. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.206045. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many fish naturally encounter a daily cycle of hypoxia but it is unclear whether this exposure hardens hypoxia-intolerant fish to future hypoxia or leads to accumulated stress and death. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a putatively hypoxia-sensitive species found in rivers and estuaries that may routinely experience hypoxic events. Trout were exposed to 1 of 4 135h treatments in a swim-tunnel respirometer: 1) air-saturated control (20.7 kPa PO2); 2) diel cycling O2 (20.7-4.2 kPa over 24h); 3) acute hypoxia (130h at 20.7 kPa PO2 followed by 5h at 4.2 kPa PO2); 4) the mean oxygen tension (12.4 kPa PO2) experienced by the diel cycled fish. Some responses were similar in diel O2 cycled and mean PO2-treated fish but overall exposure to ecologically-representative diel hypoxia cycles improved hypoxia tolerance. Diel hypoxia-induced protective responses included increased inducible HSP70 concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, as well as reduced plasma cortisol. Acclimation to diel hypoxia allowed metabolic rates to decline during hypoxia, reduced oxygen debt following subsequent exposures, and allowed fish to return to an anabolic phenotype. The data demonstrate that acute diel cycling hypoxia improves hypoxia tolerance in previously intolerant fish through the activation of cellular protective mechanisms and a reduction in metabolic O2 requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville NB, Canada
| | | | | | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Tyson J. MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville NB, Canada
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5
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Cassidy AA, Blier PU, Le François NR, Dionne P, Morin PJ, Lamarre SG. Effects of fasting and refeeding on protein and glucose metabolism in Arctic charr. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:66-74. [PMID: 30144517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Refeeding, following a period of food deprivation will often lead to compensatory growth. Although many studies have focused on molecular mechanisms behind this accelerated growth response in fish, little is known on the roles of protein and metabolism. We also assessed, for the first time, the potential roles of miRNAs in regulating compensatory growth. Artcic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, a northern freshwater species, was deprived of food for 101 days and then fed to satiety for 126 days. The refeeding period resulted in compensatory growth, with a partial compensation of body mass. The feed deprivation period lead to a decrease in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and intestinal somatic index (ISI). HSI and ISI were then gradually replenished during early refeeding, following a lag phase prior to the compensatory growth response. mRNA transcripts regulating protein degradation via the autophagy pathway (Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L) in muscle were upregulated during feed restriction and downregulated after refeeding, which could allow for greater protein accretion in muscle, facilitating compensatory growth. Transcript levels from the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (Mafbx and Murf1) and the calpain system (Calpain 7 and Calpastatin) suggested that these pathways were not involved in regulating compensatory growth. Furthermore, we've shown that miRNAs (miR-29a and miR-223) could be involved in fish glycogen homeostasis during the early stages of refeeding. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating growth in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Cassidy
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Nathalie R Le François
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Division des Collections Vivantes et de la Recherche, Biodôme de Montréal-Espace pour la vie, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Patrick Dionne
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pier Jr Morin
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
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6
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Cassidy AA, Driedzic WR, Campos D, Heinrichs-Caldas W, Almeida-Val VMF, Val AL, Lamarre SG. Protein synthesis is lowered by 4EBP1 and eIF2-α signaling while protein degradation may be maintained in fasting, hypoxic Amazonian cichlids Astronotus ocellatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.167601. [PMID: 29212844 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Amazonian cichlid Astronotus ocellatus is highly tolerant to hypoxia, and is known to reduce its metabolic rate by reducing the activity of energetically expensive metabolic processes when oxygen is lacking in its environment. Our objectives were to determine how protein metabolism is regulated in A. ocellatus during hypoxia. Fish were exposed to a stepwise decrease in air saturation (100%, 20%, 10% and 5%) for 2 h at each level, and sampled throughout the experiment. A flooding dose technique using a stable isotope allowed us to observe an overall decrease in protein synthesis during hypoxia in liver, muscle, gill and heart. We estimate that this decrease in rates of protein synthesis accounts for a 20 to 36% decrease in metabolic rate, which would enable oscars to maintain stable levels of ATP and prolong survival. It was also determined for the first time in fish that a decrease in protein synthesis during hypoxia is likely controlled by signaling molecules (4EBP1 and eIF2-α), and not simply due to a lack of ATP. We could not detect any effects of hypoxia on protein degradation as the levels of NH4 excretion, indicators of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, and enzymatic activities of lysosomal and non-lysosomal proteolytic enzymes were maintained throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cassidy
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9
| | - W R Driedzic
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - D Campos
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - W Heinrichs-Caldas
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - V M F Almeida-Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - A L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - S G Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9
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7
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Sykes AV, Almansa E, Cooke GM, Ponte G, Andrews PLR. The Digestive Tract of Cephalopods: a Neglected Topic of Relevance to Animal Welfare in the Laboratory and Aquaculture. Front Physiol 2017; 8:492. [PMID: 28769814 PMCID: PMC5511845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of health and welfare of a cephalopod is essential whether it is in a research, aquaculture or public display. The inclusion of cephalopods in the European Union legislation (Directive 2010/63/EU) regulating the use of animals for scientific purposes has prompted detailed consideration and review of all aspects of the care and welfare of cephalopods in the laboratory but the information generated will be of utility in other settings. We overview a wide range of topics of relevance to cephalopod digestive tract physiology and their relationship to the health and welfare of these animals. Major topics reviewed include: (i) Feeding cephalopods in captivity which deals with live food and prepared diets, feeding frequency (ad libitum vs. intermittent) and the amount of food provided; (ii) The particular challenges in feeding hatchlings and paralarvae, as feeding and survival of paralarvae remain major bottlenecks for aquaculture e.g., Octopus vulgaris; (iii) Digestive tract parasites and ingested toxins are discussed not only from the perspective of the impact on digestive function and welfare but also as potential confounding factors in research studies; (iv) Food deprivation is sometimes necessary (e.g., prior to anesthesia and surgery, to investigate metabolic control) but what is the impact on a cephalopod, how can it be assessed and how does the duration relate to regulatory threshold and severity assessment? Reduced food intake is also reviewed in the context of setting humane end-points in experimental procedures; (v) A range of experimental procedures are reviewed for their potential impact on digestive tract function and welfare including anesthesia and surgery, pain and stress, drug administration and induced developmental abnormalities. The review concludes by making some specific recommendations regarding reporting of feeding data and identifies a number of areas for further investigation. The answer to many of the questions raised here will rely on studies of the physiology of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- António V Sykes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do AlgarveFaro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Almansa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de OceanografíaSanta Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gavan M Cooke
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin UniversityCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Association for Cephalopod Research (CephRes)Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnVilla Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Association for Cephalopod Research (CephRes)Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnVilla Comunale, Naples, Italy
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8
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Ponte G, Sykes AV, Cooke GM, Almansa E, Andrews PLR. The Digestive Tract of Cephalopods: Toward Non-invasive In vivo Monitoring of Its Physiology. Front Physiol 2017; 8:403. [PMID: 28674501 PMCID: PMC5474479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the health and welfare of animals in research is paramount, and the normal functioning of the digestive tract is essential for both. Here we critically assess non- or minimally-invasive techniques which may be used to assess a cephalopod's digestive tract functionality to inform health monitoring. We focus on: (i) predatory response as an indication of appetitive drive; (ii) body weight assessment and interpretation of deviations (e.g., digestive gland weight loss is disproportionate to body weight loss in starvation); (iii) oro-anal transit time requiring novel, standardized techniques to facilitate comparative studies of species and diets; (iv) defecation frequency and analysis of fecal color (diet dependent) and composition (parasites, biomarkers, and cytology); (v) digestive tract endoscopy, but passage of the esophagus through the brain is a technical challenge; (vi) high resolution ultrasound that offers the possibility of imaging the morphology of the digestive tract (e.g., food distribution, indigestible residues, obstruction) and recording contractile activity; (vii) needle biopsy (with ultrasound guidance) as a technique for investigating digestive gland biochemistry and pathology without the death of the animal. These techniques will inform the development of physiologically based assessments of health and the impact of experimental procedures. Although intended for use in the laboratory they are equally applicable to cephalopods in public display and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples, Italy.,Association for Cephalopod Research (CephRes)Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio V Sykes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR), Universidade do AlgarveFaro, Portugal
| | - Gavan M Cooke
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin UniversityCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Almansa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de OceanografíaSanta Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples, Italy.,Association for Cephalopod Research (CephRes)Naples, Italy
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9
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Capaz JC, Tunnah L, MacCormack TJ, Lamarre SG, Sykes AV, Driedzic WR. Hypoxic Induced Decrease in Oxygen Consumption in Cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) Is Associated with Minor Increases in Mantle Octopine but No Changes in Markers of Protein Turnover. Front Physiol 2017; 8:344. [PMID: 28603503 PMCID: PMC5445181 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), a dominant species in the north-east Atlantic ocean and Mediterranean Sea, is potentially subject to hypoxic conditions due to eutrophication of coastal waters and intensive aquaculture. Here we initiate studies on the biochemical response to an anticipated level of hypoxia. Cuttlefish challenged for 1 h at an oxygen level of 50% dissolved oxygen saturation showed a decrease in oxygen consumption of 37% associated with an 85% increase in ventilation rate. Octopine levels were increased to a small but significant level in mantle, whereas there was no change in gill or heart. There were no changes in mantle free glucose or glycogen levels. Similarly, the hypoxic period did not result in changes in HSP70 or polyubiquinated protein levels in mantle, gill, or heart. As such, it appears that although there was a decrease in metabolic rate there was only a minor increase in anaerobic metabolism as evidenced by octopine accumulation and no biochemical changes that are hallmarks of alterations in protein trafficking. Experiments with isolated preparations of mantle, gill, and heart revealed that pharmacological inhibition of protein synthesis could decrease oxygen consumption by 32 to 42% or Na+/K+ ATPase activity by 24 to 54% dependent upon tissue type. We propose that the decrease in whole animal oxygen consumption was potentially the result of controlled decreases in the energy demanding processes of both protein synthesis and Na+/K+ ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Capaz
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do AlgarveFaro, Portugal
| | - Louise Tunnah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison UniversitySackville, NB, Canada
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison UniversitySackville, NB, Canada
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de MonctonMoncton, NB, Canada
| | - Antonio V Sykes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do AlgarveFaro, Portugal
| | - William R Driedzic
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
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10
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Basil J, Cole A, de Girolamo P, D'Angelo L, Dickel L, Gestal C, Grasso F, Kuba M, Mark F, Melillo D, Osorio D, Perkins K, Ponte G, Shashar N, Smith D, Smith J, Andrews PLR. Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research -A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group. Lab Anim 2016; 49:1-90. [PMID: 26354955 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215580006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Fiorito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Andrea Affuso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Animal Model Facility - BIOGEM S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Jennifer Basil
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College - CUNY Graduate Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison Cole
- Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Dickel
- Groupe mémoire et Plasticité comportementale, University of Caen Basse-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Frank Grasso
- BioMimetic and Cognitive Robotics, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College - CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kuba
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Kerry Perkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer, Sheva, Israel
| | - David Smith
- FELASA, Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations
| | | | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
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11
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Speers-Roesch B, Callaghan NI, MacCormack TJ, Lamarre SG, Sykes AV, Driedzic WR. Enzymatic capacities of metabolic fuel use in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and responses to food deprivation: insight into the metabolic organization and starvation survival strategy of cephalopods. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:711-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Cassidy AA, Saulnier RJ, Lamarre SG. Adjustments of Protein Metabolism in Fasting Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153364. [PMID: 27096948 PMCID: PMC4838323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein metabolism, including the interrelated processes of synthesis and degradation, mediates the growth of an animal. In ectothermic animals, protein metabolism is responsive to changes in both biotic and abiotic conditions. This study aimed to characterise responses of protein metabolism to food deprivation that occur in the coldwater salmonid, Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. We compared two groups of Arctic charr: one fed continuously and the other deprived of food for 36 days. We measured the fractional rate of protein synthesis (KS) in individuals from the fed and fasted groups using a flooding dose technique modified for the use of deuterium-labelled phenylalanine. The enzyme activities of the three major protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin proteasome, lysosomal cathepsins and the calpain systems) were measured in the same fish. This study is the first to measure both KS and the enzymatic activity of protein degradation in the same fish, allowing us to examine the apparent contribution of different protein degradation pathways to protein turnover in various tissues (red and white muscle, liver, heart and gills). KS was lower in the white muscle and in liver of the fasted fish compared to the fed fish. There were no observable effects of food deprivation on the protease activities in any of the tissues with the exception of liver, where the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seemed to be activated during fasting conditions. Lysosomal proteolysis appears to be the primary degradation pathway for muscle protein, while the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seems to predominate in the liver. We speculate that Arctic charr regulate protein metabolism during food deprivation to conserve proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Lamarre SG, MacCormack TJ, Sykes AV, Hall JR, Speers-Roesch B, Callaghan NI, Driedzic WR. Metabolic rate and rates of protein turnover in food-deprived cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1160-8. [PMID: 27053650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00459.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the metabolic response to food deprivation, cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) juveniles were either fed, fasted (3 to 5 days food deprivation), or starved (12 days food deprivation). Fasting resulted in a decrease in triglyceride levels in the digestive gland, and after 12 days, these lipid reserves were essentially depleted. Oxygen consumption was decreased to 53% and NH4 excretion to 36% of the fed group following 3-5 days of food deprivation. Oxygen consumption remained low in the starved group, but NH4 excretion returned to the level recorded for fed animals during starvation. The fractional rate of protein synthesis of fasting animals decreased to 25% in both mantle and gill compared with fed animals and remained low in the mantle with the onset of starvation. In gill, however, protein synthesis rate increased to a level that was 45% of the fed group during starvation. In mantle, starvation led to an increase in cathepsin A-, B-, H-, and L-like enzyme activity and a 2.3-fold increase in polyubiquitin mRNA that suggested an increase in ubiquitin-proteasome activity. In gill, there was a transient increase in the polyubiquitin transcript levels in the transition from fed through fasted to the starved state and cathepsin A-, B-, H-, and L-like activity was lower in starved compared with fed animals. The response in gill appears more complex, as they better maintain rates of protein synthesis and show no evidence of enhanced protein breakdown through recognized catabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Lamarre
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada;
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Antonio V Sykes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, Core Research Equipment and Instrument Training Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Neal I Callaghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - William R Driedzic
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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14
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MacCormack TJ, Callaghan NI, Sykes AV, Driedzic WR. Taurine depresses cardiac contractility and enhances systemic heart glucose utilization in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:215-27. [PMID: 26644087 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant amino acid in the blood of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, where levels can exceed 200 mmol L(-1). In mammals, intracellular taurine modulates cardiac Ca(2+) handling and carbohydrate metabolism at much lower concentrations but it is not clear if it exerts similar actions in cephalopods. Blood Ca(2+) levels are high in cephalopods and we hypothesized that taurine would depress cardiac Ca(2+) flux and modulate contractility in systemic and branchial hearts of cuttlefish. Heart performance was assessed with an in situ perfused systemic heart preparation and contractility was evaluated using isometrically contracting systemic and branchial heart muscle rings. Stroke volume, cardiac output, and Ca(2+) sensitivity were significantly lower in systemic hearts perfused with supplemental taurine (100 mmol L(-1)) than in controls. In muscle ring preparations, taurine impaired relaxation at high contraction frequencies, an effect abolished by supra-physiological Ca(2+) levels. Taurine did not affect oxygen consumption in non-contracting systemic heart muscle, but extracellular glucose utilization was twice that of control preparations. Collectively, our results suggest that extracellular taurine depresses cardiac Ca(2+) flux and potentiates glucose utilization in cuttlefish. Variations in taurine levels may represent an important mechanism for regulating cardiovascular function and metabolism in cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L1G8, Canada.
| | - N I Callaghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L1G8, Canada
| | - A V Sykes
- C.C.Mar, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - W R Driedzic
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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