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Kim E, Tanzi RE, Choi SH. Therapeutic potential of exercise-hormone irisin in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1555-1564. [PMID: 38993140 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine that is generated by cleavage of the membrane protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in response to physical exercise. Studies reveal that irisin/FNDC5 has neuroprotective functions against Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia in the elderly, by improving cognitive function and reducing amyloid-β and tau pathologies as well as neuroinflammation in cell culture or animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Although current and ongoing studies on irisin/FNDC5 show promising results, further mechanistic studies are required to clarify its potential as a meaningful therapeutic target for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. We recently found that irisin treatment reduces amyloid-β pathology by increasing the activity/levels of amyloid-β-degrading enzyme neprilysin secreted from astrocytes. Herein, we present an overview of irisin/FNDC5's protective roles and mechanisms against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Liang C, Wang QS, Yang X, Zhu D, Sun Y, Niu N, Yao J, Dong BH, Jiang S, Tang LL, Lou J, Yu CJ, Shao Q, Wu MM, Zhang ZR. Homocysteine Causes Endothelial Dysfunction via Inflammatory Factor-Mediated Activation of Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672335. [PMID: 34222246 PMCID: PMC8247579 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causes cardiovascular diseases via regulating inflammatory responses. We investigated whether and how the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), a recently identified ion channel in endothelial cells, plays a role in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction. Methods Cell-attached patch-clamp recording in acute split-open aortic endothelial cells, western blot, confocal imaging, and wire myograph combined with pharmacological approaches were used to determine whether HHcy-mediated inflammatory signaling leads to endothelial dysfunction via stimulating ENaC. Results The data showed that 4 weeks after L-methionine diet the levels of plasma Hcy were significantly increased and the ENaC was dramatically activated in mouse aortic endothelial cells. Administration of benzamil, a specific ENaC blocker, ameliorated L-methionine diet-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) and reversed Hcy-induced increase in ENaC activity. Pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/thromboxane B2 (TXB2), or serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) effectively attenuated both the Hcy-induced activation of endothelial ENaC and impairment of EDR. Our in vitro data showed that both NADPH oxidase inhibitor and an ROS scavenger reversed Hcy-induced increase in COX-2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, Hcy-induced increase in expression levels of SGK-1, phosphorylated-SGK-1, and phosphorylated neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4-2 (p-Nedd4-2) in HUVECs were significantly blunted by a COX-2 inhibitor. Conclusion We show that Hcy activates endothelial ENaC and subsequently impairs EDR of mouse aorta, via ROS/COX-2-dependent activation of SGK-1/Nedd4-2 signaling. Our study provides a rational that blockade of the endothelial ENaC could be potential method to prevent and/or to treat Hcy-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Na Niu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Bi-Han Dong
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Liang-Liang Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Lou
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Ming Wu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
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Terzo S, Mulè F, Caldara GF, Baldassano S, Puleio R, Vitale M, Cassata G, Ferrantelli V, Amato A. Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010365. [PMID: 31935892 PMCID: PMC6981517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) induces inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, which are components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutritional strategies can be a valid tool to prevent metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the chronic intake of pistachio prevents obesity-associated inflammation and dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Three groups of male mice (four weeks old; n = 8 per group) were fed for 16 weeks with a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachios (HFD-P; 180 g/kg of HFD). Serum, hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation markers were analyzed in HFD-P animals and compared to HFD and STD groups. Measures of inflammation, obesity, and intestinal integrity were assessed. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P compared to HFD. Number and area of adipocytes, crown-like structure density, IL-1β, TNF-α, F4-80, and CCL-2 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, compared to HFD. A significant reduction in the number of inflammatory foci and IL-1β and CCL-2 gene expression was observed in the liver of HFD-P mice compared with HFD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was reduced in HFD-P mice in comparison to the HFD group. A pistachio diet significantly increased abundance of healthy bacteria genera such as Parabacteroides, Dorea, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, and Anaeroplasma, and greatly reduced bacteria associated with inflammation, such as Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, Coprobacillus, and Bilophila. The intestinal conductance was lower in HFD-P mice than in the HFD mice, suggesting an improvement in the gut barrier function. The results of the present study showed that regular pistachio consumption improved inflammation in obese mice. The positive effects could be related to positive modulation of the microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Terzo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BioNec), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.M.); (G.F.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.M.); (G.F.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.M.); (G.F.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.M.); (G.F.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (M.V.); (G.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (M.V.); (G.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Giovanni Cassata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (M.V.); (G.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (M.V.); (G.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Antonella Amato
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (F.M.); (G.F.C.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-23897506
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Nunes PT, Kipp BT, Reitz NL, Savage LM. Aging with alcohol-related brain damage: Critical brain circuits associated with cognitive dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 148:101-168. [PMID: 31733663 PMCID: PMC7372724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is associated with brain damage and impaired cognitive functioning. The relative contributions of different etiological factors, such as alcohol, thiamine deficiency and age vulnerability, to the development of alcohol-related neuropathology and cognitive impairment are still poorly understood. One reason for this quandary is that both alcohol toxicity and thiamine deficiency produce brain damage and cognitive problems that can be modulated by age at exposure, aging following alcohol toxicity or thiamine deficiency, and aging during chronic alcohol exposure. Pre-clinical models of alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) have elucidated some of the contributions of ethanol toxicity and thiamine deficiency to neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and functional deficits. However, the critical variable of age at the time of exposure or long-term aging with ARBD has been relatively ignored. Acute thiamine deficiency created a massive increase in neuroimmune genes and proteins within the thalamus and significant increases within the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Chronic ethanol treatment throughout adulthood produced very minor fluctuations in neuroimmune genes, regardless of brain region. Intermittent "binge-type" ethanol during the adolescent period established an intermediate neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, that can persist into adulthood. Chronic excessive drinking throughout adulthood, adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure, and thiamine deficiency all led to a loss of the cholinergic neuronal phenotype within the basal forebrain, reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, and alterations in the frontal cortex. Only thiamine deficiency results in gross pathological lesions of the thalamus. The behavioral impairment following these types of treatments is hierarchical: Thiamine deficiency produces the greatest impairment of hippocampal- and prefrontal-dependent behaviors, chronic ethanol drinking ensues mild impairments on both types of tasks and adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure leads to impairments on frontocortical tasks, with sparing on most hippocampal-dependent tasks. However, our preliminary data suggest that as rodents age following adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure, hippocampal functional deficits began to emerge. A necessary requirement for the advancement of understanding the neural consequences of alcoholism is a more comprehensive assessment and understanding of how excessive alcohol drinking at different development periods (adolescence, early adulthood, middle-aged and aged) influences the trajectory of the aging process, including pathological aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polliana Toledo Nunes
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Brian T Kipp
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Nicole L Reitz
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Lisa M Savage
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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5
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Irisin Exerts Neuroprotective Effects on Cultured Neurons by Regulating Astrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9070341. [PMID: 30356412 PMCID: PMC6178172 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9070341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons suffer detrimental effects from β-amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. The exercise hormone, irisin, is found to induce a neuroprotective gene program and facilitates the beneficial effects on cognitive function. But no effort is made to test its direct protective effects on neurons against the Aβ-induced cell toxicity so far. In the present study, we investigated whether irisin could protect neurons against Aβ- (25-35) induced cell damage and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. Primary cell cultures of astrocytes and neurons were established. Conditioned medium from astrocyte was collected for the treatment and biochemistry assay study. To explore the protein expression changes, Western blot and ELISA assays were used in these in vitro cell culture models. Exposure of hippocampal neurons to 10 μM Aβ (25-35) caused significant reduction on cell viability, and the toxic effect was not significantly reduced by the coadministration of irisin. However, pretreated astrocyte-conditioned medium with irisin for 12 hours notably protected the neurons from the toxicity of Aβ. Also, we found that irisin could attenuate the release of IL-6 and IL-1β from cultured astrocytes and decrease the expression level of COX-2 and phosphorylation of AKT. Last, we found that irisin could reduce NFκB activation in astrocyte exposed to Aβ by preventing the phosphorylation and the loss of IκBα. Our finding may provide novel evidence for the future application of irisin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the memory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.
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Sid V, Shang Y, Siow YL, Hewage SM, House JD, O K. Folic Acid Supplementation Attenuates Chronic Hepatic Inflammation in High-Fat Diet Fed Mice. Lipids 2018; 53:709-716. [PMID: 30252139 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. Hepatic inflammation is an important pathogenic mediator of NAFLD. There is currently no pharmacological agent approved for the treatment of NAFLD. Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that has been shown to have lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid supplementation on hepatic inflammation and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a control diet (10% kcal fat), a high-fat diet (HFD) (60% kcal fat), or a HFD supplemented with folic acid (26 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks. HFD feeding led to increased body mass gain, lipid accumulation, activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and elevation of inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the liver. Folic acid supplementation attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation and aggregation of inflammatory foci induced by HFD feeding. This was associated with a significant reduction of NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression. These results suggest that the hepatoprotective effect of folic acid in NAFLD may be attributed, in part, to its anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sid
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yue Shang
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, 12 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yaw L Siow
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Susara Madduma Hewage
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James D House
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, 12 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, 12 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Dai YW, Zhang CC, Zhao HX, Wan JZ, Deng LL, Zhou ZY, Dun YY, Liu CQ, Yuan D, Wang T. Chikusetsusaponin V attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:167-74. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2016.1153109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dong M, Lu Y, Zou Z, Yang H. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor protects primary cultured neurons against homocysteine-induced impairments in rat caudate nucleus through COX-2 signaling. Life Sci 2015; 138:64-71. [PMID: 25818189 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS URB602 is a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a serine hydrolase involved in the biological deactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). It has been described that URB602 significantly enhances depolarization-induced increases in 2-AG. A high level of homocysteine (Hcy) is a modifiable risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of URB602 on Hcy-induced impairments underlying its cellular and molecular mechanism in primary cultured caudate nucleus (CN) neurons. MAIN METHODS The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), ERK1/2, NF-κB and IκB-α as well as cleaved caspase-3 and p-Bcl-2 in Hcy-, URB602 or SR1 (a selective inhibitor of CB1 receptor)-treated primary cultured neurons in CN were measured by immunoblotting technique and neurotoxicity assays were performed by using Hoechst staining. KEY FINDINGS The MAGL inhibitor URB602 exerted a neuroprotective effect on Hcy-induced impairment through suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) elevation and ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation as well as suppressions of IκB-α degradation in a CB1 receptor-dependent way. Moreover, anti-neuronal impairments of URB602 were mediated by modulating down-regulation of cleaved caspase-3 expression and up-regulation of p-Bcl-2 expression in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner in primary cultured CN neurons. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that the MAGL inhibitor is a promising therapeutic target for some neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD, via the COX-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yongli Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ziliang Zou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, Hubei, PR China.
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Fulvic acid attenuates homocysteine-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human monocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:61. [PMID: 25888188 PMCID: PMC4369892 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Homocysteine and pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been linked to vascular dysfunction and risks of cardiovascular diseases. Fulvic acid (FA), a class of compounds of humic substances, possesses various pharmacological properties. However, the effect of FA on inflammatory responses of the monocytes remains unclear. We investigated the regulatory effect of FA on homocysteine-induced COX-2 expression in human monocytes. Methods Peripheral blood monocytes and U937 cells were used for all experiments. Real-time PCR and ELISA assay were used to analyze the COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 secretion, respectively. Specific inhibitors were used to investigate the mechanism of homocysteine-mediating COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 secretion. Luciferase assay, transcription factor ELISA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to determine the role of nuclear factor-κB in FA-mediated inhibition of homocysteine effect on monocytes. Results The results show that pretreating monocytes with FA inhibited the homocysteine-induced COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Stimulation of U937 monocytes with homocysteine induced rapid increases in the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK; the inhibitor for ERK and JNK attenuated the homocysteine-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and COX-2 expression. Transcription factor ELISA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that FA blocked the homocysteine-induced increases in the binding activity and in vivo promoter binding of nuclear factor-κB in monocytes. Conclusions Our findings provide a molecular mechanism by which FA inhibits homocysteine-induced COX-2 expression in monocytes, and a basis for using FA in pharmaceutical therapy against inflammation.
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Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol protects primary cultured neurons against homocysteine-induced impairments in rat caudate nucleus through CB1 receptor. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:500-8. [PMID: 25007951 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a high risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Caudate nucleus (CN), the major component of basal ganglia in the brain, is also involved in many neurological disorders. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the true natural ligand for cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors and the most abundant endogenous cannabinoid, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory action from proinflammatory stimuli in the hippocampus and CN. However, it is still not well understood whether that 2-AG is also able to protect CN neurons from Hcy harmful insults. In the present work, we explored that 2-AG significantly protects CN neurons in culture against Hcy-induced response. 2-AG is capable of inhibiting elevation of Hcy-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression associated with nuclear factor-kappaB/p38MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway through CB1 receptors-dependent way in primary cultured CN neurons. Our study reveals the therapeutic potential for 2-AG for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
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Fouad AA, Al-Mulhim AS, Gomaa W. Protective effect of cannabidiol against cadmium hepatotoxicity in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:355-63. [PMID: 23993482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of cannabidiol, the non-psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa, against liver toxicity induced by a single dose of cadmium chloride (6.5 mgkg(-1) i.p.) was investigated in rats. Cannabidiol treatment (5 mgkg(-1)/day, i.p.) was applied for five days starting three days before cadmium administration. Cannabidiol significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, and suppressed hepatic lipid peroxidation, prevented the depletion of reduced glutathione and nitric oxide, and catalase activity, and attenuated the elevation of cadmium level in the liver tissue resulted from cadmium administration. Histopathological examination showed that cadmium-induced liver tissue injury was ameliorated by cannabidiol treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that cannabidiol significantly decreased the cadmium-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB, caspase-3, and caspase-9, and increased the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in liver tissue. It was concluded that cannabidiol may represent a potential option to protect the liver tissue from the detrimental effects of cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Fouad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Lee YS, Lee SJ, Seo KW, Bae JU, Park SY, Kim CD. Homocysteine induces COX-2 expression in macrophages through ROS generated by NMDA receptor-calcium signaling pathways. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:422-31. [PMID: 23485152 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.784965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) at elevated levels is a putative risk factor for many cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Hcy on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in murine macrophages and the mechanisms involved. Hcy increased the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in dose- and time-dependent manners, but did not affect COX-1 expression. Hcy-induced COX-2 expression was attenuated not only by the calcium chelators, EGTA and BAPTA-AM, but also by an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. Calcium chelators also attenuated Hcy-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages, indicating that Hcy-induced COX-2 expression might be mediated through ROS generated by calcium-dependent signaling pathways. In another series of experiments, Hcy increased the intracellular concentration of calcium in a dose-dependent manner, which was attenuated by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, but not by bicuculline, a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor inhibitor. Molecular inhibition of NMDA receptor using small interfering RNA also attenuated Hcy-induced increases in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, both ROS production and Hcy-induced COX-2 expression were also inhibited by MK-801 as well as by molecular inhibition of NMDA receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hcy enhances COX-2 expression in murine macrophages by ROS generated via NMDA receptor-mediated calcium signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea
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13
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Bossenmeyer‐Pourié C, Pourié G, Koziel V, Helle D, Jeannesson E, Guéant J, Beck B. Early methyl donor deficiency produces severe gastritis in mothers and offspring through
N
‐homocysteinylation of cytoskeleton proteins, cellular stress, and inflammation. FASEB J 2013; 27:2185-97. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bossenmeyer‐Pourié
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
| | - Grégory Pourié
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
| | - Violette Koziel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
| | - Deborah Helle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
| | - Elise Jeannesson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
| | - Jean‐Louis Guéant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
| | - Bernard Beck
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques EnvironnementauxVandœuvreFrance
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14
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Salutary effect of NFκB inhibitor and folacin in hyperhomocysteinemia-hyperlipidemia induced vascular dementia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:207-15. [PMID: 22510463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dementia of vascular origin or vascular dementia (VaD) is considered as the second commonest form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the last ten years various researchers have reported a strong association of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), hyperlipidemia (HL) and dementia. This study investigates the salutary effect of natrium diethyl dithio carbamate trihydrate (NDDCT), a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitor as well as folacin (Vitamin-B(9)) in HHcy-HL induced VaD. l-methionone was used to induce HHcy-HL and associated VaD. Morris water-maze (MWM) was used for testing learning and memory. Vascular system assessment was done by testing endothelial function. Biochemical estimations were performed to assess HHcy (serum homocysteine), HL (serum cholesterol), oxidative stress (aortic superoxide anion, serum and brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species and brain glutathione), nitric oxide levels (serum nitrite/nitrate) and cholinergic activity (brain acetyl cholinesterase activity). L-methionine treated animals have shown HHcy-HL, endothelial dysfunction, impairment of learning, memory, reduction in serum nitrite/nitrate levels and brain glutathione (GSH) along with increase in serum and brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and brain acetylcholinesterase activity. NDDCT, folacin and donepezil (positive control) significantly improved HHcy-HL induced impairment of learning, memory, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in various biochemical parameters. l-methionine induced HHcy-HL has caused VaD development in rats. NFκ-B inhibitors and folacin may be considered as potential agents for the management of HHcy-HL induced VaD.
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Sarna LK, Wu N, Wang P, Hwang SY, Siow YL, O K. Folic acid supplementation attenuates high fat diet induced hepatic oxidative stress via regulation of NADPH oxidase. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:155-65. [DOI: 10.1139/y11-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diets high in saturated fat and cholesterol facilitate weight gain, a predisposing factor that contributes to the onset of obesity and metabolic disorders. Hepatic oxidative stress is commonly reported in various animal models of obesity and has been associated with enhanced expression of NADPH oxidase. We have previously reported several antioxidant mechanisms through which folic acid confers protection during hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether folic acid supplementation ameliorates high-fat diet induced oxidative stress in the liver, and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet, a high-fat diet, or a high-fat diet supplemented with folic acid for 12 weeks. A high-fat diet led to increased body mass, hepatic lipid peroxidation, and liver injury. There was a significant increase in hepatic NADPH oxidase activity, which was associated with enhanced expression of several NADPH-oxidase subunits. Folic acid supplementation had a protective effect against high-fat diet induced hepatic oxidative stress and liver injury. Further analysis revealed that the antioxidant effect of folic acid was attributed, in part, to transcriptional regulation of NADPH oxidase. These results suggested that folic acid supplementation may be hepatoprotective from liver injury associated with a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K. Sarna
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nan Wu
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Pengqi Wang
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1341 Baseline Road Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Fouad AA, Jresat I. Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol against ischemia/reperfusion liver injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Yoo KY, Yoo DY, Hwang IK, Park JH, Lee CH, Choi JH, Kwon SH, Her S, Lee YL, Won MH. Time-course alterations of Toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB p65, and their co-expression in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2417-26. [PMID: 21842272 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system is very important to modulate the host defense against a large variety of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in controlling innate immune response. Among TLRs, TLR4 is a specific receptor for lipopolysaccharide and associated with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we investigated ischemia-related changes of TLR4 immunoreactivity and its protein level, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 immunoreactivity regarding inflammatory responses in the hippocampal CA1 region after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia to identify the correlation between transient ischemia and inflammation. In the sham-operated group, TLR4 immunoreactivity was easily detected in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1). TLR4 immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons was distinctively decreased after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); instead, based on double immunofluorescence study, TLR4 immunoreactivity was expressed in non-pyramidal neurons and astrocytes from 2 days postischemia. In addition, TLR4 protein level was lowest at 1 day postischemia and highest 4 days after I/R. On the other hand, NF-κB p65 immunoreactivity was not detected in the CA1 of the sham-operated group, and NF-κB p65 immunoreactivity was not observed until 1 day after I/R. However, NF-κB p65 immunoreactivity began to be expressed in astrocytes at 2 days postischemia, and the immunoreactivity was strong 4 days postischemia. Our results indicate that TLR4 and NF-κB p65 immunoreactivity are changed in CA1 pyramidal neurons and newly expressed in astrocytes, not in microglia, in the CA1 region after transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, South Korea
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18
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Kuo DH, Tsai SW, Pan MH. Magnolol blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hwang SY, Siow YL, Au-Yeung KKW, House J, O K. Folic acid supplementation inhibits NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion production in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 300:F189-98. [PMID: 20980407 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00272.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition of elevated blood homocysteine (Hcy) levels, is a metabolic disease. It is a common clinical finding in patients with chronic kidney diseases and occurs almost uniformly in patients with end-stage renal disease. Hyperhomocysteinemia is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our recent studies indicate that hyperhomocysteinemia can lead to renal injury by inducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms contributing to Hcy-induced tissue injury. Folic acid supplementation is regarded as a promising approach for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease associated with hyperhomocysteinemia due to its Hcy-lowering effect. However, its effect on the kidney is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of folic acid supplementation on Hcy-induced superoxide anion production via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in the kidney during hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-methionine diet for 12 wk with or without folic acid supplementation. A group of rats fed a regular diet was used as control. There was a significant increase in levels of superoxide anions and lipid peroxides in kidneys isolated from hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Activation of NADPH oxidase was responsible for hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress in the kidney. Folic acid supplementation effectively antagonized hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress via its Hcy-lowering and Hcy-independent effect. In vitro study also showed that 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, an active form of folate, effectively reduced Hcy-induced superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase. Xanthine oxidase activity was increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased in the kidney of hyperhomocysteinemic rats, which might also contribute to an elevation of superoxide anion level in the kidney. Folic acid supplementation attenuated xanthine oxidase activity and restored SOD activity in the kidney of hyperhomocysteinemic rats. These results suggest that folic acid supplementation may offer renal protective effect against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Hwang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6
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Wang X, He S, Sun JM, Delcuve GP, Davie JR. Selective association of peroxiredoxin 1 with genomic DNA and COX-2 upstream promoter elements in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2987-95. [PMID: 20631257 PMCID: PMC2929992 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In a search for proteins differentially cross-linked to DNA by cisplatin or formaldehyde in normal breast epithelial and breast cancer cell lines, we identified peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) as a protein preferentially cross-linked to DNA in estrogen receptor negative (ER-) MDA-MB-231 but not in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 breast cancer cells. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopic analyses showed that PRDX1 was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus of normal and breast cancer cells, with nuclear PRDX1 associated with promyelocytic leukemia protein bodies. We demonstrated that PRDX1 association with the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in MDA-MB-231 but not in MCF7 cells contributed to PRDX1-selective recruitment to MDA-MB-231 genomic DNA. Furthermore, PRDX1 was associated with the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 upstream promoter region at sites occupied by NF-kappaB in ER- but not in ER+ breast cancer cells. PRDX1 knockdown attenuated COX-2 expression by reducing NF-kappaB occupancy at its upstream promoter element in MDA-MB-231 but not in MCF7 cells. A phosphorylated form of PRDX1 was only present in ER- breast cancer cells. Because PRDX1 phosphorylation is known to inhibit its peroxidase activity and to promote PRDX1 oligomerization, we propose that PRDX1 acts as a chaperone to enhance the transactivation potential of NF-kappaB in ER- breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E0V9, Canada
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors play an important role in the innate immune response, although emerging evidence indicates their role in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Alcohol abuse induces brain damage and can sometimes lead to neurodegeneration. We recently found that ethanol can promote TLR4 signaling in glial cells by triggering the induction of inflammatory mediators and causing cell death, suggesting that the TLR4 response could be an important mechanism of ethanol-induced neuroinflammation. This study aims to establish the potential role of TLR4 in both ethanol-induced glial activation and brain damage. Here we report that TLR4 is critical for ethanol-induced inflammatory signaling in glial cells since the knockdown of TLR4, by using both small interfering RNA or cells from TLR4-deficient mice, abolished the activation of microtubule-associated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways and the production of inflammatory mediators by astrocytes. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that whereas chronic ethanol intake upregulates the immunoreactive levels of CD11b (microglial marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocyte marker), and also increases caspase-3 activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2, and cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6] in the cerebral cortex of female wild-type mice, TLR4 deficiency protects against ethanol-induced glial activation, induction of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. Our findings support the critical role of the TLR4 response in the neuroinflammation, brain injury, and possibly in the neurodegeneration induced by chronic ethanol intake.
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Sarna LK, Wu N, Hwang SY, Siow YL, O K. Berberine inhibits NADPH oxidase mediated superoxide anion production in macrophagesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:369-78. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and amplified redox signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases including atherosclerosis. The superoxide-generating phagocytic NADPH oxidase is a key source of oxidative stress in the developing atheroma. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of berberine, a plant-derived alkaloid, on NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion production in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment activated NADPH oxidase in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages and increased the intracellular level of superoxide anions. Preincubation of cells with berberine demonstrated a concentration-dependent (10–50 µmol/L) and time-dependent (6–24 h) inhibition of superoxide anion generation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Cell viability tests confirmed that berberine, at concentrations sufficient for inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion generation in macrophages, did not affect cell viability. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that addition of berberine to the culture medium was able to reduce gp91phox mRNA expression in LPS-treated cells. Berberine also restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was found to be inhibited by LPS treatment. In conclusion, results from the present study demonstrate that berberine can effectively reduce intracellular superoxide levels in LPS- stimulated macrophages. Such a restoration of cellular redox by berberine is mediated by its selective inhibition of gp91phox expression and enhancement of SOD activity. The therapeutic relevance of berberine in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K. Sarna
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Nan Wu
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Karmin O
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
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