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Zhao XF, Huang J, Li W, Wang SY, Liang LQ, Zhang LM, Liew HJ, Chang YM. Rh proteins and H + transporters involved in ammonia excretion in Amur Ide (Leuciscus waleckii) under high alkali exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116160. [PMID: 38432157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
High alkaline environment can lead to respiratory alkalosis and ammonia toxification to freshwater fish. However, the Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii), which inhabits an extremely alkaline lake in China with titratable alkalinity up to 53.57 mM (pH 9.6) has developed special physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt to such an environment. Nevertheless, how the Amur ide can maintain acid-base balance and perform ammonia detoxification effectively remains unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to study the ammonia excretion rate (Tamm), total nitrogen accumulation in blood and tissues, including identification, expression, and localization of ammonia-related transporters in gills of both the alkali and freshwater forms of the Amur ide. The results showed that the freshwater form Amur ide does not have a perfect ammonia excretion mechanism exposed to high-alkaline condition. Nevertheless, the alkali form of Amur ide was able to excrete ammonia better than freshwater from Amur ide, which was facilitated by the ionocytes transporters (Rhbg, Rhcg1, Na+/H+ exchanger 2 (NHE2), and V-type H+ ATPase (VHA)) in the gills. Converting ammonia into urea served as an ammonia detoxication strategy to reduced endogenous ammonia accumulation under high-alkaline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fei Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Wen Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 2000, China
| | - Shuang Yi Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Li Qun Liang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Li Min Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Yu Mei Chang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
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Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Fehsenfeld S, Marini AM, Wilson JM, Nash MT, Sachs M, Towle DW, Weihrauch D. Branchial CO 2 and ammonia excretion in crustaceans: Involvement of an apical Rhesus-like glycoprotein. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14078. [PMID: 38205922 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the crustacean Rh1 protein functions as a dual CO2 /ammonia transporter and investigate its role in branchial ammonia excretion and acid-base regulation. METHODS Sequence analysis of decapod Rh1 proteins was used to determine the conservation of amino acid residues putatively involved in ammonia transport and CO2 binding in human and bacterial Rh proteins. Using the Carcinus maenas Rh1 protein (CmRh1) as a representative of decapod Rh1 proteins, we test the ammonia and CO2 transport capabilities of CmRh1 through heterologous expression in yeast and Xenopus oocytes coupled with site-directed mutagenesis. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the distribution of CmRh1 mRNA in various tissues. Western blotting was used to assess CmRh1 protein expression changes in response to high environmental ammonia and CO2 . Further, immunohistochemistry was used to assess sub-cellular localization of CmRh1 and a membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase (CmCAg). RESULTS Sequence analysis of decapod Rh proteins revealed high conservation of several amino acid residues putatively involved in conducting ammonia transport and CO2 binding. Expression of CmRh1 in Xenopus oocytes enhanced both ammonia and CO2 transport which was nullified in CmRh1 D180N mutant oocytes. Transport of the ammonia analog methylamine by CmRh1 is dependent on both ionized and un-ionized ammonia/methylamine species. CmRh1 was co-localized with CmCAg to the apical membrane of the crustacean gill and only experienced decreased protein expression in the anterior gills when exposed to high environmental ammonia. CONCLUSION CmRh1 is the first identified apical transporter-mediated route for ammonia and CO2 excretion in the crustacean gill. Our findings shed further light on the potential universality of dual ammonia and CO2 transport capacity of Rhesus glycoproteins in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Quijada-Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Fehsenfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Marini
- Biology of Membrane Transport Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- WELBIO, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikyla T Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria Sachs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David W Towle
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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3
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Huang M, Shang ZH, Wu MX, Zhang LJ, Zhang YL. Regulation of Rhesus glycoprotein-related genes in large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus during ammonia loading. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114077. [PMID: 36108439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne ammonia is one of the crucial issues that limited production and animal health in aquaculture. Ammonia-tolerant varieties are highly desired in intensive fish farming. Screening for the key regulatory genes of ammonia tolerance is essential for variety breeding. According to the previous hypothesis, Rh glycoproteins play an important role in ammonia excretion in teleosts. However, the ammonia defensive mechanisms are not well described at present for large-scale loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus), a typical air-breathing and commercially important fish in East Asia. Here we show that the transcription of Rh glycoprotein-related genes was significantly affected by ammonia exposure in this species. Probit analysis showed that 96 h-LC50 of NH4Cl at 23 ℃ and pH 7.2 was 92.64 mmol/L. A significant increase of Rhcg expression in gills was observed after 48 h of 60 mmol/L and 36 h of 80 mmol/L NH4Cl exposure, suggesting that Rhcg present on the apical side of the branchial epithelium facilitates NH3 excretion out of gills. A high concentration of acute ammonia exposure induced elevated Rhbg transcript in the gills of large-scale loaches, while a slight change in Rhbg expression was observed in response to lower ammonia, suggesting that transcriptions of Rhbg genes are activated by a considerably high level of ambient ammonia to eliminate excessive endogenous nitrogen. The Rhag mRNA level in gills of large-scale loaches increased markedly with the prolonging of exposure time from 0 to 36 h of ammonia loading, suggesting Rhag localized in gills may be primarily associated with ammonia handling. During 7-21 days of ammonia exposure, the expression of most Rh glycoproteins-related genes in the gills decreased, indicating that the functional role of Rh glycoproteins is not primarily associated with ammonia defense over a long period (more than 7 days). Although a significant transcript of Rhbg was found in the skin of a large-scale loach, the lack of Rhcg and down-regulation of Rhag may indicate that the skin is not an essential location of ammonia excretion, at least when submerged to high levels of ammonia in the environment. In conclusion, Rh glycoproteins localized in gills as ammonia transporters play a momentous role in ammonia detoxification in this species during acute ammonia loading. However, it does not show a positive function during long-term ammonia exposure. Furthermore, the physiological function of Rh glycoproteins localized in the skin is still unclear and deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Ze-Hao Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Meng-Xiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Lin-Jiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
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4
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Clifford AM, Wilkie MP, Edwards SL, Tresguerres M, Goss GG. Dining on the dead in the deep: Active NH 4 + excretion via Na + /H + (NH 4 + ) exchange in the highly ammonia tolerant Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13845. [PMID: 35620804 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Pacific hagfish are exceptionally tolerant to high environmental ammonia (HEA). Here, we elucidated a cellular mechanism that enables hagfish to actively excrete ammonia against steep ammonia gradients expected to be found inside a decomposing whale carcass. METHODS Hagfish were exposed to varying concentrations of HEA in the presence or absence of environmental Na+ , while plasma ammonia levels were tracked. 14 C-methylammonium was used as a proxy for NH4 + to measure efflux in whole animals and in isolated gill pouches; the latter allowed us to assess the effects of amiloride specifically on Na+ /H+ exchangers (NHEs) in gill cells. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were utilized to evaluate the abundance and sub-cellular localization of Rhesus glycoprotein (Rh) channels in the response to HEA. RESULTS Hagfish actively excreted NH4 + against steep inwardly directed ENH4 + (ΔENH4 + ~ 35 mV) and pNH3 (ΔpNH3 ~ 2000 μtorr) gradients. Active NH4 + excretion and plasma ammonia hypo-regulation were contingent on the presence of environmental Na+ , indicating a Na+ /NH4 + exchange mechanism. Active NH4 + excretion across isolated gill pouches was amiloride-sensitive. Exposure to HEA resulted in decreased abundance of Rh channels in the apical membrane of gill ionocytes. CONCLUSIONS During HEA exposure, hagfish can actively excrete ammonia against a steep concentration gradient using apical NHEs energized by Na+ -K+ -ATPase in gill ionocytes. Additionally, apical Rh channels are removed from the apical membrane, presumably to reduce ammonia loading from the environment. We suggest that this mechanism allows hagfish to maintain tolerable ammonia levels while feeding inside decomposing carrion, allowing them to exploit nutrient-rich food-falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Clifford
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan L Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Birceanu O, Ferreira P, Neal J, Sunga J, Anthony S, Davidson S, Edwards SL, Wilson JM, Youson JH, Vijayan MM, Wilkie MP. Divergent pathways of ammonia and urea production and excretion during the life cycle of the sea lamprey. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:551-567. [DOI: 10.1086/721606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Shang ZH, Huang M, Wu MX, Mi D, You K, Zhang YL. Transcriptomic analyses of the acute aerial and ammonia stress response in the gill and liver of large-scale loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109185. [PMID: 34500090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) is one of the most commercially important cultured species. Ammonia nitrogen accumulation is one of the key issue which limited production and animal health in aquaculture, but few of information is available on the molecular mechanisms of ammonia detoxification. We performed transcriptomic analyses of the gill and liver of large-scale loach subjected to 48 h of aerial and ammonia exposure. We obtained 47,473,424 to 56,791,496 clean reads from the aerial exposure, ammonia exposure and control groups, assembled and clustered a total of 92,658 unigenes with an average length of 909 bp and N50 of 1787 bp. Totals of 489/145 and 424/140 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in gill/liver of large-scale loach after aerial and ammonia exposure through comparative transcriptome analyses, respectively. In addition, totals of 43 gene ontology (GO) terms and 266 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were identified. After aerial and ammonia exposure, amino acid metabolism pathways in liver of large-scale loach were significantly enriched, suggesting that large-scale loach responded to high exogenous and endogenous ammonia stress by enhancing amino acid metabolism. Besides, the expression of several ammonia transporters (i.e., Rhesus glycoproteins and Aquaporins) in gill of large-scale loach were markedly changed after 48 h of aerial exposure, suggesting that large-scale loach responded to high endogenous ammonia stress by regulating the expression of Rh glycoproteins and Aqps related genes in gill. The results provide valuable information on the molecular mechanism of ammonia detoxification of large-scale loach to endogenous and environmental ammonia loading, will facilitate the molecular assisted breeding of ammonia resistant varieties, and will offer beneficial efforts for establishing an environmental-friendly and sustainable aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hao Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mei Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Di Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kun You
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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7
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Thalib YA, Razali RS, Mohamad S, Zainuddin R'A, Rahmah S, Ghaffar MA, Nhan HT, Liew HJ. Environmental changes affecting physiological responses and growth of hybrid grouper - The interactive impact of low pH and temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116375. [PMID: 33422747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising of temperature in conjunction with acidification due to the anthropogenic climates has tremendously affected all aquatic life. Small changes in the surrounding environment could lead to physiological constraint in the individual. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of warm water temperature (32 °C) and low pH (pH 6) on physiological responses and growth of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles for 25 days. Growth performance was significantly affected under warm water temperature and low-pH conditions. Surprisingly, the positive effect on growth was observed under the interactive effects of warm water and low pH exposure. Hybrid grouper exposed to the interactive stressor of warm temperature and low pH exhibited higher living cost, where HSI content was greatly depleted to about 2.3-folds than in normal circumstances. Overall, challenge to warm temperature and low pH induced protein mobilization as an energy source followed by glycogen and lipid to support basal metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusnita A Thalib
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ros Suhaida Razali
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Suhaini Mohamad
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rabi'atul 'Adawiyyah Zainuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Rahmah
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Abd Ghaffar
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hua Thai Nhan
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 232 Hesong St, Daoli District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150070, China.
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8
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Eom J, Giacomin M, Clifford AM, Goss GG, Wood CM. Ventilatory sensitivity to ammonia in the Pacific hagfish ( Eptatretus stoutii), a representative of the oldest extant connection to the ancestral vertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.199794. [PMID: 31221739 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.199794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ventilatory sensitivity to ammonia occurs in teleosts, elasmobranchs and mammals. Here, we investigated whether the response is also present in hagfish. Ventilatory parameters (nostril flow, pressure amplitude, velar frequency and ventilatory index, the last representing the product of pressure amplitude and frequency), together with blood and water chemistry, were measured in hagfish exposed to either high environmental ammonia (HEA) in the external sea water or internal ammonia loading by intra-vascular injection. HEA exposure (10 mmol l-1 NH4HCO3 or 10 mmol l-1 NH4Cl) caused a persistent hyperventilation by 3 h, but further detailed analysis of the NH4HCO3 response showed that initially (within 5 min) there was a marked decrease in ventilation (80% reduction in ventilatory index and nostril flow), followed by a later 3-fold increase, by which time plasma total ammonia concentration had increased 11-fold. Thus, hyperventilation in HEA appeared to be an indirect response to internal ammonia elevation, rather than a direct response to external ammonia. HEA-mediated increases in oxygen consumption also occurred. Responses to NH4HCO3 were greater than those to NH4Cl, reflecting greater increases over time in water pH and P NH3 in the former. Hagfish also exhibited hyperventilation in response to direct injection of isotonic NH4HCO3 or NH4Cl solutions into the caudal sinus. In all cases where hyperventilation occurred, plasma total ammonia and P NH3 levels increased significantly, while blood acid-base status remained unchanged, indicating specific responses to internal ammonia elevation. The sensitivity of breathing to ammonia arose very early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Eom
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0 .,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Marina Giacomin
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Alexander M Clifford
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Greg G Goss
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Chris M Wood
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, Canada V0R 1B0.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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9
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Zhang YL, Wang GY, Zhang ZH, Xie YY, Jin H, Dong ZR. Partial Amino Acid Metabolism and Glutamine Synthesis as the Ammonia Defensive Strategies During Aerial Exposure in Chinese Loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Front Physiol 2019; 10:14. [PMID: 30761010 PMCID: PMC6362400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paramisgurnus dabryanus was exposed to air to assess the changes in plasma, liver and muscle free amino acid (FAA) contents. The FAA concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle of P. dabryanus were significantly affected by aerial exposure (P < 0.05). After 12 h of aerial exposure, the plasma glutamate contents increased significantly (P < 0.05) and reached peak value at 24 h of air exposure. With increasing air exposure time, the plasma alanine contents increased significantly and more dramatically than the control values (P < 0.05). From 24 to 48 h of aerial exposure, the liver free glutamate contents increased significantly and reached the peak value at 48 h of air exposure (P < 0.05). The liver free alanine contents in air exposure group were markedly higher than these values in the control group (P < 0.05). After 72 h of air exposure, the muscle free glutamate contents increased markedly (P < 0.05) and were significantly higher than the control values (P < 0.05). The muscle free alanine contents remained at constant values during the first 12 h of aerial exposure (P > 0.05), thereafter, these concentrations increased significantly until the end of experiment (P < 0.05). Our results showed that glutamate and NH4+ could be used to synthesize glutamine via glutamine synthetase to convert internal ammonia into non-toxic glutamine in P. dabryanus during air exposure. Furthermore, the P. dabryanus could catabolize several certain amino acids, leading alanine form to reduce endogenous ammonia production. The decrease in tissue free glutamate, arginine and proline in P. dabryanus indicated that these certain amino acids should be the starting substrate to be converted to alanine and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guang-Yi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zi-Han Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yun-Yi Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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10
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Giacomin M, Eom J, Schulte PM, Wood CM. Acute temperature effects on metabolic rate, ventilation, diffusive water exchange, osmoregulation, and acid–base status in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii). J Comp Physiol B 2018; 189:17-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Clifford AM, Weinrauch AM, Edwards SL, Wilkie MP, Goss GG. Flexible ammonia handling strategies using both cutaneous and branchial epithelia in the highly ammonia-tolerant Pacific hagfish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R78-R90. [PMID: 28515081 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00351.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hagfish consume carrion, potentially exposing them to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and high environmental ammonia (HEA). We investigated branchial and cutaneous ammonia handling strategies by which Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) tolerate and recover from high ammonia loading. Hagfish were exposed to HEA (20 mmol/l) for 48 h to elevate plasma total ammonia (TAmm) levels before placement into divided chambers for a 4-h recovery period in ammonia-free seawater where ammonia excretion (JAmm) was measured independently in the anterior and posterior compartments. Localized HEA exposures were also conducted by subjecting hagfish to HEA in either the anterior or posterior compartments. During recovery, HEA-exposed animals increased JAmm in both compartments, with the posterior compartment comprising ~20% of the total JAmm compared with ~11% in non-HEA-exposed fish. Plasma TAmm increased substantially when whole hagfish and the posterior regions were exposed to HEA. Alternatively, plasma TAmm did not elevate after anterior localized HEA exposure. JAmm was concentration dependent (0.05-5 mmol/l) across excised skin patches at up to eightfold greater rates than in skin sections that were excised from HEA-exposed hagfish. Skin excised from more posterior regions displayed greater JAmm than those from more anterior regions. Immunohistochemistry with hagfish-specific anti-rhesus glycoprotein type c (α-hRhcg; ammonia transporter) antibody was characterized by staining on the basal aspect of hagfish epidermis while Western blotting demonstrated greater expression of Rhcg in more posterior skin sections. We conclude that cutaneous Rhcg proteins are involved in cutaneous ammonia excretion by Pacific hagfish and that this mechanism could be particularly important during feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Clifford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; .,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susan L Edwards
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina; and
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
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Blair S, Wilkie M, Edwards S. Rh glycoprotein immunoreactivity in the skin and its role in extrabranchial ammonia excretion by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in fresh water. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms employ various strategies to excrete ammonia across the gills, skin, and (or) renal routes. During three different stages of their life cycle, we hypothesized that the basal vertebrate sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) used the skin as a route for ammonia excretion. Measurements of ammonia excretion using divided flux chambers revealed that extrabranchial sites (skin plus renal) of ammonia excretion were quantitatively more important in larval sea lampreys, but following metamorphosis, the gills became the dominant route of excretion in juvenile sea lampreys. Despite the greater relative importance of the skin in the larval stage, Rh glycoprotein isoforms Rhbg, Rhcg1, and Rhcg2 were detected in the skin in all three sea lamprey life stages examined, but the patterns of expression were dependent on the life stage. We conclude that, during the relatively sedentary filter-feeding larval stage, extrabranchial routes play an equally important role as the gill in facilitating ammonia excretion. However, the gills by virtue of their extensive branchial vasculature become the dominant route of ammonia excretion following metamorphosis because of the need to offload greater amounts of ammonia arising from higher rates of basal ammonia production and the potential to excrete higher amounts of ammonia following ingestion of protein-rich blood in the parasitic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. Blair
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M.P. Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - S.L. Edwards
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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Suzuki A, Komata H, Iwashita S, Seto S, Ikeya H, Tabata M, Kitano T. Evolution of the RH gene family in vertebrates revealed by brown hagfish (Eptatretus atami) genome sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 107:1-9. [PMID: 27746317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, there are four major genes in the RH (Rhesus) gene family, RH, RHAG, RHBG, and RHCG. These genes are thought to have been formed by the two rounds of whole-genome duplication (2R-WGD) in the common ancestor of all vertebrates. In our previous work, where we analyzed details of the gene duplications process of this gene family, three nucleotide sequences belonging to this family were identified in Far Eastern brook lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri), and the phylogenetic positions of the genes were determined. Lampreys, along with hagfishes, are cyclostomata (jawless fishes), which is a sister group of gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates). Although those results suggested that one gene was orthologous to the gnathostome RHCG genes, we did not identify clear orthologues for other genes. In this study, therefore, we identified three novel cDNA sequences that belong to the RH gene family using de novo transcriptome analysis of another cyclostome: the brown hagfish (Eptatretus atami). We also determined the nucleotide sequences for the RHBG and RHCG genes in a red stingray (Dasyatis akajei), which belongs to the cartilaginous fishes. The phylogenetic tree showed that two brown hagfish genes, which were probably duplicated in the cyclostome lineage, formed a cluster with the gnathostome RHAG genes, whereas another brown hagfish gene formed a cluster with the gnathostome RHCG genes. We estimated that the RH genes had a higher evolutionary rate than the RHAG, RHBG, and RHCG genes. Interestingly, in the RHBG genes, only the bird lineage showed a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions. It is likely that this higher rate was caused by a state of relaxed functional constraints rather than positive selection nor by pseudogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Suzuki
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Hidero Komata
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Shogo Iwashita
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Shotaro Seto
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ikeya
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tabata
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitano
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan.
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Glover CN, Blewett TA, Wood CM. Determining the functional role of waterborne amino acid uptake in hagfish nutrition: a constitutive pathway when fasting or a supplementary pathway when feeding? J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:843-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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