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Zhang H, Ge S, Diao F, Song W, Zhang Y, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Network pharmacology integrated with experimental verification reveals the antipyretic characteristics and mechanism of Zi Xue powder. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1512-1524. [PMID: 38069658 PMCID: PMC11001279 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2287658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Zi Xue Powder (ZXP) is a traditional formula for the treatment of fever. However, the potential mechanism of action of ZXP remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study elucidates the antipyretic characteristics of ZXP and the mechanism by which ZXP alleviates fever. MATERIALS AND METHODS The key targets and underlying fever-reducing mechanisms of ZXP were predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The targets of ZXP anti-fever active ingredient were obtained by searching TCMSP, STITCH and HERB. Moreover, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ZXP (0.54, 1.08, 2.16 g/kg), and positive control (acetaminophen, 0.045 g/kg); the fever model was established by intraperitoneal LPS injection. After the fever model was established at 0.5 h, the rats were administered treatment by gavage, and the anal temperature changes of each group were observed over 10 h after treatment. After 10 h, ELISA and Western blot analysis were used to further investigate the mechanism of ZXP. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis showed that MAPK was a crucial pathway through which ZXP suppresses fever. The results showed that ZXP (2.16 g/kg) decreased PGE2, CRH, TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1β levels while increasing AVP level compared to the LPS group. Furthermore, the intervention of ZXP inhibited the activation of MAPK pathway in LPS-induced fever rats. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the mechanism by which ZXP reduces fever and provides important information and new research ideas for the discovery of antipyretic compounds from traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shining Ge
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengyin Diao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Song
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Yang D, Zheng X, Wang N, Fan S, Yang Y, Lu Y, Chen Q, Liu X, Zheng J. Kukoamine B promotes TLR4-independent lipopolysaccharide uptake in murine hepatocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57498-57513. [PMID: 27542278 PMCID: PMC5295368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is generally removed from the bloodstream through hepatic uptake via TLR4, the LPS pattern recognition receptor, but mechanisms for internalization and clearance of conjugated LPS are less clear. Kukoamine B (KB) is a novel cationic alkaloid that interferes with LPS binding to TLR4. In this study, KB accelerated blood clearance of LPS. KB also enhanced LPS distribution in the hepatic tissues of C57 BL/6 mice, along with LPS uptake in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. By contrast, KB inhibited LPS internalization in Kupffer and RAW 264.7 cells. Loss of TLR4 did not affect LPS uptake into KB-treated hepatocytes. We also detected selective upregulation of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) upon KB treatment, and ASGPR colocalized with KB in cultured hepatocytes. Molecular docking showed that KB bound to ASGPR in a manner similar to GalNAc, a known ASGPR agonist. GalNAc dose-dependently reduced KB internalization, suggesting it competes with KB for ASGPR binding, and ASGPR knockdown also impaired LPS uptake into hepatocytes. Finally, while KB enhanced LPS uptake, it was protective against LPS-induced inflammation and hepatocyte injury. Our study provides a new mechanism for conjugated LPS hepatic uptake induced by the LPS neutralizer KB and mediated by membrane ASGPR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinchuan Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijun Fan
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Garami A, Steiner AA, Romanovsky AA. Fever and hypothermia in systemic inflammation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 157:565-597. [PMID: 30459026 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64074-1.00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation-associated syndromes (e.g., sepsis and septic shock) often have high mortality and remain a challenge in emergency medicine. Systemic inflammation is usually accompanied by changes in body temperature: fever or hypothermia. In animal studies, systemic inflammation is often modeled by administering bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which triggers autonomic and behavioral thermoeffector responses and causes either fever or hypothermia, depending on the dose and ambient temperature. Fever and hypothermia are regulated changes of body temperature, which correspond to mild and severe forms of systemic inflammation, respectively. Mediators of fever and hypothermia are called endogenous pyrogens and cryogens; they are produced when the innate immune system recognizes an infectious pathogen. Upon an inflammatory challenge, hepatic and pulmonary macrophages (and later brain endothelial cells) start to release lipid mediators, of which prostaglandin (PG) E2 plays the key role, and cytokines. Blood PGE2 enters the brain and triggers fever. At later stages of fever, PGE2 synthesized within the blood-brain barrier maintains fever. In both cases, PGE2 is synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE2synthase-1. Mediators of hypothermia are not well established. Both fever and hypothermia are beneficial host defense responses. Based on evidence from studies in laboratory animals and clinical trials in humans, fever is beneficial for fighting mild infection. Based mainly on animal studies, hypothermia is beneficial in severe systemic inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Garami
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrej A Romanovsky
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Pakai E, Garami A, Nucci TB, Ivanov AI, Romanovsky AA. Hyperbilirubinemia exaggerates endotoxin-induced hypothermia. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1260-7. [PMID: 25774749 PMCID: PMC4613908 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by either fever or hypothermia (or both). To study aseptic systemic inflammation, it is often induced in rats by the intravenous administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knowing that bilirubin is a potent ROS scavenger, we compared responses to LPS between normobilirubinemic Gunn rats (heterozygous, asymptomatic; J/+) and hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats (homozygous, jaundiced; J/J) to establish whether ROS mediate fever and hypothermia in aseptic systemic inflammation. These two genotypes correspond to undisturbed versus drastically suppressed (by bilirubin) tissue accumulation of ROS, respectively. A low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg) caused a typical triphasic fever in both genotypes, without any intergenotype differences. A high dose of LPS (1,000 μg/kg) caused a complex response consisting of early hypothermia followed by late fever. The hypothermic response was markedly exaggerated, whereas the subsequent fever response was strongly attenuated in J/J rats, as compared to J/+ rats. J/J rats also tended to respond to 1,000 μg/kg with blunted surges in plasma levels of all hepatic enzymes studied (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase), thus suggesting an attenuation of hepatic damage. We propose that the reported exaggeration of LPS-induced hypothermia in J/J rats occurs via direct inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis by bilirubin and possibly via a direct vasodilatatory action of bilirubin in the skin. This hypothermia-exaggerating effect might be responsible, at least in part, for the observed tendency of J/J rats to be protected from LPS-induced hepatic damage. The attenuation of the fever response to 1,000 μg/kg could be due to either direct actions of bilirubin on thermoeffectors or the ROS-scavenging action of bilirubin. However, the experiments with 10 μg/kg strongly suggest that ROS signaling is not involved in the fever response to low doses of LPS.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- Gunn rats
- LPS
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NO, nitric oxide
- PG, prostaglandin
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Ta, ambient temperature
- Tb, body temperature
- antioxidants
- bilirubin
- fever
- hepatic damage
- lipopolysaccharides
- liver
- reactive oxygen species
- transferases
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Pakai
- a FeverLab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix , AZ USA
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Steiner AA, Romanovsky AA. Platelet-activating factor is a potent pyrogen and cryogen, but it does not mediate lipopolysaccharide fever or hypothermia. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:535-42. [PMID: 27227073 PMCID: PMC4843927 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its receptor mediate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever and hypothermia in rats. Two highly potent, structurally distinct antagonists of the PAF receptor, CV6209 and WEB2086, were used. At a neutral ambient temperature (Ta) of 30ºC, administration of LPS at a low (10 μg/kg, i.v.) or high (1,000 μg/kg, i.v.) dose resulted in fever. The response to the high dose was turned into hypothermia at a subneutral Ta of 22ºC. Neither LPS-induced fever nor hypothermia was affected by pretreatment with CV6209 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) or WEB2086 (5 mg/kg, i.v.). However, both PAF antagonists were efficacious in blocking the thermoregulatory response caused by PAF (334 pmol/kg/min, 1 h, i.v.), regardless of whether the response was a fever (at 30ºC) or hypothermia (at 22ºC). Additional experiments showed that the thermoregulatory responses to LPS and PAF are also distinct in terms of their mediation by prostaglandins. Neither PAF fever nor PAF hypothermia was affected by pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor SC236 (5 mg/kg, i.p.), which is known to abrogate LPS fever. The responses to PAF were also unaffected by pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor SC560 (5 mg/kg, i.p.), which is known to attenuate LPS hypothermia. In conclusion, PAF infusion at a picomolar dose causes fever at thermoneutrality but hypothermia in a subthermoneutral environment, both responses being dependent on the PAF receptor and independent of prostaglandins. However, the PAF receptor does not mediate LPS-induced fever or hypothermia, thus challenging the dogma that PAF is an upstream mediator of responses to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Steiner
- Feverlab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix, AZ USA; Department of Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Andrej A Romanovsky
- Feverlab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix, AZ USA
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Wanner SP, Garami A, Pakai E, Oliveira DL, Gavva NR, Coimbra CC, Romanovsky AA. Aging reverses the role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel in systemic inflammation from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:343-9. [PMID: 22214765 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.2.18772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in young rodents have shown that the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channel plays a suppressive role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) by inhibiting production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and possibly by other mechanisms. We asked whether the anti-inflammatory role of TRPV1 changes with age. First, we studied the effect of AMG517, a selective and potent TRPV1 antagonist, on aseptic, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SIRS in young (12 wk) mice. In agreement with previous studies, AMG517 increased LPS-induced mortality in the young. We then studied the effects of TRPV1 antagonism (AMG517 or genetic deletion of TRPV1) on SIRS in middle-aged (43-44 wk) mice. Both types of TRPV1 antagonism delayed and decreased LPS-induced mortality, indicating a reversal of the anti-inflammatory role of TRPV1 with aging. In addition, deletion of TRPV1 decreased the serum TNFα response to LPS, suggesting that the suppressive control of TRPV1 on TNFα production is also reversed with aging. In contrast to aseptic SIRS, polymicrobial sepsis (induced by cecal ligation and puncture) caused accelerated mortality in aged TRPV1-deficient mice as compared with wild-type littermates. The recovery of TRPV1-deficient mice from hypothermia associated with the cecal ligation and puncture procedure was delayed. Hence, the reversal of the anti-inflammatory role of TRPV1 found in the aged and their decreased systemic inflammatory response are coupled with suppressed defense against microbial infection. These results caution that TRPV1 antagonists, widely viewed as new-generation painkillers, may decrease the resistance of older patients to infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Wanner
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Fain JN, Cheema P, Madan AK, Tichansky DS. Dexamethasone and the inflammatory response in explants of human omental adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:292-8. [PMID: 19853017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid that is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. The present studies examined the changes in gene expression of 64 proteins in human omental adipose tissue explants incubated for 48h both in the absence and presence of dexamethasone as well as the release of 8 of these proteins that are putative adipokines. The proteins were chosen because they are inflammatory response proteins in other cells, are key regulatory proteins or are proteins with known functions. About 50% were significantly up-regulated while about 10% were unchanged and the remaining 40% were down-regulated. Dexamethasone significantly up-regulated the expression of about 33% of the proteins but down-regulated the expression of about 12% of the proteins. We conclude that dexamethasone is a selective anti-inflammatory agent since it inhibits only about one-fourth of the proteins up-regulated during in vitro incubation of human omental adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Fain
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Steiner AA, Romanovsky AA. Leptin: at the crossroads of energy balance and systemic inflammation. Prog Lipid Res 2006; 46:89-107. [PMID: 17275915 PMCID: PMC1976277 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in energy homeostasis, leptin is also an important player in the inflammatory response. Systemic inflammation is accompanied by fever (less severe cases) or hypothermia (more severe cases). In leptin-irresponsive mutants, the hypothermia of systemic inflammation is exaggerated, presumably due to the enhanced production and cryogenic action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Mechanisms that exaggerate hypothermia can also attenuate fever, particularly in a cool environment. Another common manifestation of systemic inflammation is behavioral depression. Along with the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, this manifestation is exaggerated in leptin-irresponsive mutants. The enhanced production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta may be due, at least in part, to insufficient activation of the anti-inflammatory hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by immune stimuli in the absence of leptin signaling. In experimental animals and humans that are responsive to leptin, suppression of leptin production under conditions of negative energy balance (e.g., fasting) can exaggerate both hypothermia and behavioral depression. Since these manifestations aid energy conservation, exaggeration of these manifestations under conditions of negative energy balance is likely to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Steiner
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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Steiner AA, Ivanov AI, Serrats J, Hosokawa H, Phayre AN, Robbins JR, Roberts JL, Kobayashi S, Matsumura K, Sawchenko PE, Romanovsky AA. Cellular and molecular bases of the initiation of fever. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e284. [PMID: 16933973 PMCID: PMC1551923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
All phases of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever are mediated by prostaglandin (PG) E2. It is known that the second febrile phase (which starts at ~1.5 h post-LPS) and subsequent phases are mediated by PGE2 that originated in endotheliocytes and perivascular cells of the brain. However, the location and phenotypes of the cells that produce PGE2 triggering the first febrile phase (which starts at ~0.5 h) remain unknown. By studying PGE2 synthesis at the enzymatic level, we found that it was activated in the lung and liver, but not in the brain, at the onset of the first phase of LPS fever in rats. This activation involved phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and transcriptional up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. The number of cells displaying COX-2 immunoreactivity surged in the lung and liver (but not in the brain) at the onset of fever, and the majority of these cells were identified as macrophages. When PGE2 synthesis in the periphery was activated, the concentration of PGE2 increased both in the venous blood (which collects PGE2 from tissues) and arterial blood (which delivers PGE2 to the brain). Most importantly, neutralization of circulating PGE2 with an anti-PGE2 antibody both delayed and attenuated LPS fever. It is concluded that fever is initiated by circulating PGE2 synthesized by macrophages of the LPS-processing organs (lung and liver) via phosphorylation of cPLA2 and transcriptional up-regulation of COX-2. Whether PGE2 produced at the level of the blood–brain barrier also contributes to the development of the first phase remains to be clarified. The authors show that peripherally-produced COX2 plays an important role in the earliest stages of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Steiner
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jordi Serrats
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Hosokawa
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Allison N Phayre
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jared R Robbins
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Roberts
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shigeo Kobayashi
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Paul E Sawchenko
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrej A Romanovsky
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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