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Cai H, Schnapp WI, Mann S, Miscevic M, Shcmit MB, Conteras M, Fang C. Neural circuits regulation of satiation. Appetite 2024; 200:107512. [PMID: 38801994 PMCID: PMC11227400 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Terminating a meal after achieving satiation is a critical step in maintaining a healthy energy balance. Despite the extensive collection of information over the last few decades regarding the neural mechanisms controlling overall eating, the mechanism underlying different temporal phases of eating behaviors, especially satiation, remains incompletely understood and is typically embedded in studies that measure the total amount of food intake. In this review, we summarize the neural circuits that detect and integrate satiation signals to suppress appetite, from interoceptive sensory inputs to the final motor outputs. Due to the well-established role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in regulating the satiation, we focus on the neural circuits that are involved in regulating the satiation effect caused by CCK. We also discuss several general principles of how these neural circuits control satiation, as well as the limitations of our current understanding of the circuits function. With the application of new techniques involving sophisticated cell-type-specific manipulation and mapping, as well as real-time recordings, it is now possible to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms specifically underlying satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Bio 5 Institute and Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Wesley I Schnapp
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shivani Mann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Masa Miscevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Matthew B Shcmit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Marco Conteras
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Caohui Fang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Cavani L, Parker Gaddis KL, Baldwin RL, Santos JEP, Koltes JE, Tempelman RJ, VandeHaar MJ, White HM, Peñagaricano F, Weigel KA. Consistency of dry matter intake in Holstein cows: Heritability estimates and associations with feed efficiency. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1054-1067. [PMID: 37769947 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Resilience can be defined as the capacity to maintain performance or bounce back to normal functioning after a perturbation, and studying fluctuations in daily feed intake may be an effective way to identify resilient dairy cows. Our goal was to develop new phenotypes based on daily dry matter intake (DMI) consistency in Holstein cows, estimate genetic parameters and genetic correlations with feed efficiency and milk yield consistency, and evaluate their relationships with production, longevity, health, and reproduction traits. Data consisted of 397,334 daily DMI records of 6,238 lactating Holstein cows collected from 2007 to 2022 at 6 research stations across the United States. Consistency phenotypes were calculated based on the deviations from expected daily DMI for individual cows during their respective feeding trials, which ranged from 27 to 151 d in duration. Expected values were derived from different models, including simple average, quadratic and cubic quantile regression with a 0.5 quantile, and locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) regression with span parameters 0.5 and 0.7. We then calculated the log of variance (log-Var-DMI) of daily deviations for each model as the consistency phenotype. Consistency of milk yield was also calculated, as a reference, using the same methods (log-Var-Milk). Genetic parameters were estimated using an animal model, including lactation, days in milk and cohort as fixed effects, and animal as random effect. Relationships between log-Var-DMI and traits currently considered in the US national genetic evaluation were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlations between sires' breeding values. Heritability estimates for log-Var-DMI ranged from 0.11 ± 0.02 to 0.14 ± 0.02 across models. Different methods (simple average, quantile regressions, and LOESS regressions) used to calculate log-Var-DMI yielded very similar results, with genetic correlations ranging from 0.94 to 0.99. Estimated genetic correlations between log-Var-DMI and log-Var-Milk ranged from 0.51 to 0.62. Estimated genetic correlations between log-Var-DMI and feed efficiency ranged from 0.55 to 0.60 with secreted milk energy, from 0.59 to 0.63 with metabolic body weight, and from 0.26 to 0.31 with residual feed intake (RFI). Relationships between log-Var-DMI and the traits in the national genetic evaluation were moderate and positive correlations with milk yield (0.20 to 0.21), moderate and negative correlations with female fertility (-0.07 to -0.20), no significant correlations with health and longevity, and favorable correlations with feed efficiency (-0.23 to -0.25 with feed saved and 0.21 to 0.26 with RFI). We concluded that DMI consistency is heritable and may be an indicator of resilience. Cows with lower variation in the difference between actual and expected daily DMI (more consistency) may be more effective in maintaining performance in the face of challenges or perturbations, whereas cows with greater variation in observed versus expected daily DMI (less consistency) are less feed efficient and may be less resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Cavani
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
| | | | - Ransom L Baldwin
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Robert J Tempelman
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Michael J VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kent A Weigel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Neeteson AM, Avendaño S, Koerhuis A, Duggan B, Souza E, Mason J, Ralph J, Rohlf P, Burnside T, Kranis A, Bailey R. Evolutions in Commercial Meat Poultry Breeding. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3150. [PMID: 37835756 PMCID: PMC10571742 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the history of commercial poultry breeding, from domestication to the development of science and commercial breeding structures. The development of breeding goals over time, from mainly focusing on production to broad goals, including bird welfare and health, robustness, environmental impact, biological efficiency and reproduction, is detailed. The paper outlines current breeding goals, including traits (e.g., on foot and leg health, contact dermatitis, gait, cardiovascular health, robustness and livability), recording techniques, their genetic basis and how trait these antagonisms, for example, between welfare and production, are managed. Novel areas like genomic selection and gut health research and their current and potential impact on breeding are highlighted. The environmental impact differences of various genotypes are explained. A future outlook shows that balanced, holistic breeding will continue to enable affordable lean animal protein to feed the world, with a focus on the welfare of the birds and a diversity of choice for the various preferences and cultures across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Avendaño
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Alfons Koerhuis
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
| | | | - Eduardo Souza
- Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA; (E.S.); (J.M.)
| | - James Mason
- Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA; (E.S.); (J.M.)
| | - John Ralph
- Aviagen Turkeys Ltd., Tattenhall CH3 9GA, UK;
| | - Paige Rohlf
- Aviagen Turkeys Inc., Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA;
| | - Tim Burnside
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Andreas Kranis
- Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (B.D.); or (A.K.)
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Bailey
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
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Sommer DM, Young JM, Sun X, López-Martínez G, Byrd CJ. Are infrared thermography, feeding behavior, and heart rate variability measures capable of characterizing group-housed sow social hierarchies? J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad143. [PMID: 37158284 PMCID: PMC10199786 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Group gestation housing is quickly becoming standard practice in commercial swine production. However, poor performance and welfare in group housed sows may result from the formation and maintenance of the social hierarchy within the pen. In the future, the ability to quickly characterize the social hierarchy via precision technologies could be beneficial to producers for identifying animals at risk of poor welfare outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of infrared thermography (IRT), automated electronic sow feeding systems, and heart rate monitors as potential technologies for detecting the social hierarchy within five groups of sows. Behavioral data collection occurred for 12 h after introducing five sow groups (1-5; n = 14, 12, 15, 15, and 17, respectively) to group gestation housing to determine the social hierarchy and allocate individual sows to 1 of 4 rank quartiles (RQ 1-4). Sows within RQ1 were ranked highest while RQ4 sows were ranked lowest within the hierarchy. Infrared thermal images were taken behind the neck at the base of the ear of each sow on days 3, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 of the experiment. Two electronic sow feeders tracked feeding behavior throughout the gestation period. Heart rate monitors were worn by 10 randomly selected sows per repetition for 1 h prior to and 4 h after reintroduction to group gestation housing to collect heart rate variability (HRV). No differences were found between RQ for any IRT characteristic. Sows within RQ3 and RQ4 had the greatest number of visits to the electronic sow feeders overall (P < 0.04) but spent shorter time per visit in feeders (P < 0.05) than RQ1 and RQ2 sows. There was an interaction of RQ with hour for feed offered (P = 0.0003), with differences between RQ occurring in hour 0, 1, 2, and 8. Higher-ranked sows (RQ1 and RQ2) occupied the feeder for longer during the first hour than lower ranking sows (RQ3 and RQ4; P < 0.04), while RQ3 sows occupied the feeder longer than RQ1 sows during hour 6, 7, and 8 (P < 0.02). Heart beat interval (RR) collected prior to group housing introduction differed between RQ (P < 0.02 for all), with RQ3 sows exhibiting the lowest RR, followed by RQ4, RQ1, and RQ2. Rank quartile also affected standard deviation of RR (P = 0.0043), with RQ4 sows having the lowest, followed by RQ1, RQ3, and RQ2 sows. Overall, these results indicate that feeding behavior and HRV measures may be capable of characterizing social hierarchy in a group housing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Sommer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Chen L, Zhang X, Song X, Han D, Han K, Xu W, Luo R, Cao Y, Shi Y, Liu C, Xu C, Li Z, Li Y, Li X. Peripheral Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) Acting as a Novel Modulator Involved in Hyperphagia-Induced Obesity and Associated Disorders of Metabolism in an In Vivo Female Piglet Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213956. [PMID: 36430435 PMCID: PMC9692342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from the well-established role of the gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in the regulation of the reproductive functions, much less is known about the peripheral role of the GnIH and its receptor in the metabolic processes. On account of pig being an excellent model for studies of food intake and obesity in humans, we investigated the peripheral effects of the GnIH on food intake and energy homeostasis and revealed the underlying mechanism(s) in female piglets in vivo. Compared to the vehicle-treated group, intraperitoneally injected GnIH significantly increased the food intake and altered the meal microstructure both in the fasting and ad libitum female piglet. GnIH-triggered hyperphagia induced female piglet obesity and altered islet hormone secretion in the pancreas, accompanied with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Interestingly, GnIH decreased the glucose transport capacity and glycogen synthesis, whereas it increased the gluconeogenesis in the liver, while it also induced an insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT) via inhibiting the activity of AKT-GSK3-β signaling. In terms of the lipid metabolism, GnIH reduced the oxidation of fatty acids, whereas the elevated fat synthesis ability in the liver and WAT was developed though the inhibited AMPK phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate that peripheral GnIH could trigger hyperphagia-induced obesity and an associated glycolipid metabolism disorder in female piglets, suggesting that GnIH may act as a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xingxing Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dongyang Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Rongrong Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Changlin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zixin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(07)-7132-35635
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Blonde GD, Fletcher FH, Tang T, Newsome R, Spector AC. A new apparatus to analyze meal-related ingestive behaviors in rats fed a complex multi-food diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113824. [PMID: 35472328 PMCID: PMC10544710 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of the size and timing of meals provides critical insight into the processes underlying food intake. While most work has been conducted with a single food or fluid, the availability of food choices can also influence eating and interact with these processes. The 5-Item Food Choice Monitor (FCM), a device that continuously measures eating and drinking behaviors of rats provided up to 5 foods and 2 fluids simultaneously, was designed to allow study of food choices simultaneously with meal patterns. To validate this device, adult male and female (n = 8 each) Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in the FCM. Food and fluid intake were measured continuously (22-h/day) while rats were presented water and powdered chow. Then a cafeteria diet of 5 foods varying in macronutrient content, texture, and flavors were offered along with water. Lastly, the 5 foods were offered along with 0.3 M sucrose and water. Analyses were conducted to find optimal criteria for parceling ingestive behavior into meals, and then meal patterns were quantified. Total intake, as assessed by FCM software, was in good concordance with that measured by an independent scale. A minimum meal size of 1 kcal and a meal termination criterion of 15-min accounted for >90% of total intake and produced meal dynamics that were in register with the literature. Use of the cafeteria diet allowed comparisons between meal patterns with a single food versus a multi-food diet, as well as analyses of macronutrient-related food choices across subsets of meals. The FCM proved to accurately measure food intake over a 22-h period and was able to detect differences and similarities in the meal patterns of rats as a function of sex and food choice availability. Combined with any number of experimental manipulations, the FCM holds great promise in the investigation of the physiological and neural controls of ingestive behavior in a dietary environment that allows food choices, more closely emulating human eating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger D Blonde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Fred H Fletcher
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Te Tang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Ryan Newsome
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA.
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Serra M, File B, Alceste D, Raguz I, Gero D, Thalheimer A, Widmer J, Ismaeil A, Steinert RE, Spector AC, Bueter M. Burst-pause criterion derivation for drinkometer measurements of ingestive behavior. MethodsX 2022; 9:101726. [PMID: 35620756 PMCID: PMC9127353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The drinkometer is a promising device for the study of ingestive behavior of liquid meals in humans. It can be used to investigate behavior in different target populations. However, ingestive behavior has a great variability across study participants. Therefore, a new analytical approach is required for the extraction and analysis of drinkometer-derived data that could account for this variability. We developed an optimized protocol to predict an optimal burst-pause criterion (PC) for the extraction of PC-dependent microstructural parameters of ingestive behavior. These describe the microstructure of bursts, while PC-independent parameters describe the microstructure of sucks. Therefore, a PC is required to analyze separately two physiologically different parts of behavior. To accomplish this burst-pause criterion derivation (BPCD), a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was built for estimation of two probability density functions (PDFs). These model the distribution of inter-suck intervals (ISIs) and inter-burst intervals (IBIs), respectively. The PC is defined at the intersection point of the two density functions. A Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis was performed for post-hoc verification of the fit of the predicted optimal PC to the ISI distribution. In this protocol paper, we present a walkthrough of the data analysis of drinkometer-derived data for the measurement of microstructure of ingestive behavior based on previous results published by our group [1].•Standardization of the burst-pause criterion derivation for drinkometer measurements of ingestive behavior.•All codes are publicly available in a repository.•The method can be easily adapted to studies with larger sample size or more than one study stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Serra
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bálint File
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniela Alceste
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Raguz
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gero
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thalheimer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Widmer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aiman Ismaeil
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert E. Steinert
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan C. Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Matamoros C, Bomberger RA, Harvatine KJ. Validation of an alternate method for monitoring the presence of cows at the feed bunk in a Calan Broadbent Feeding System using a 3-axis, data-logging accelerometer. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:26-31. [PMID: 35757156 PMCID: PMC9231682 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Daily dry matter intake is a key observation in dairy nutrition, and observation of feeding behavior provides insight into the physiological control of hunger and satiety that regulate intake. The objective of the study was to develop and validate an alternative method to observe feeding behavior, including meal length and frequency, in a Calan Broadbent Feeding System (American Calan) using a 3-axis accelerometer (Hobo Pendant G, Onset Computer Corp.). Sensors were mounted between the door and the feed divider using commonly available materials without making permanent modifications to the feeding system. Forty-eight sensors were deployed with a recording frequency of 30 s for the last 7 d of each period in a crossover experiment with 24 multiparous and 24 primiparous animals housed in a freestall barn. The tilt angle on the Z-axis was used to determine when the door was open to indicate feeding activity. The sensor system was in very high agreement with 6 h of visual observation (Cohen’s κ = 0.92 ± 0.014; estimate ± 95% confidence interval). The minimum intermeal interval is the time between 2 feeding bouts that is still considered one meal. This essential criterion to characterize meals was calculated by determining the intersection of a mixture of Gaussian distributions fitted to the log-transformed between-feeding intervals. The best fitting mixture of Gaussian distributions was determined with the distribution module of JMP Pro 14.3.0 (SAS Institute Inc.). The minimum intermeal interval was 31.3 min using the best fitting model, a mixture of 3 Gaussian distributions. Using the determined minimum intermeal interval, meal length averaged 37.3 min/meal and meal frequency averaged 7.3 meals/d. In conclusion, data-logging 3-axis accelerometers are adequate to monitor presence of cows in the feed gate in the Calan Broadbent Feeding System, and this approach allows for reasonable estimation of meal length and frequency. A method was developed using a 3-axis accelerometer to detect cow presence at the bunk in a Calan Broadbent feeding system to characterize feeding behavior. The sensor was at 0° when the door was closed and near 60° when the door was open, allowing clear distinction of the presence of a cow at the feed bunk, in very high agreement with visual observations. In conclusion, accelerometers provided robust monitoring of the presence of cows in the feed gate in the Calan Broadbent Feeding System, and this approach allows for economical and reasonable observation of feeding behavior.
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Gomes BCK, Andretta I, Valk M, Pomar C, Hauschild L, Fraga AZ, Kipper M, Trevizan L, Remus A. Prandial Correlations and Structure of the Ingestive Behavior of Pigs in Precision Feeding Programs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102998. [PMID: 34680017 PMCID: PMC8532788 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A better understanding of pig feeding behavior can provide critical information for improving feeding strategies, productivity, and animal well-being. However, the availability of information is very limited in this research field. Data collected using electronic feeders were used in this study to generate information on pig feeding behavior, such as the time, size, and duration of each visit and meal. Later, data were used to calculate prandial correlations that could be interpreted as hunger or satiety-regulating mechanisms. The results indicated that the hunger-regulating mechanisms were slightly stronger than the satiety-regulation mechanisms in the studied animals. A decrease in both regulating mechanisms was observed during animal growth. Feeding programs showed little influence on the feeding regulating mechanisms, with conventional feeding systems (a group of animals fed diets adjusted by phase) slightly differing from precision feeding programs (animals receiving diets adjusted daily to meet the individual nutritional requirements). The use of electronic feeders in research and field conditions is increasing, as well the variety of sensors available in the market. Thus, more studies focusing on pig feeding behavior must be developed in the coming years to further understand such a complex and interesting animal. Abstract The feeding behavior of growing-finishing pigs was analyzed to study prandial correlations and the probability of starting a new feeding event. The data were collected in real-time based on 157,632 visits by a group of 70 growing-finishing pigs (from 30.4 to 115.5 kg body weight, BW) to automatic feeders. The data were collected over 84 days, during which period the pigs were kept in conventional (by phase and by group) or precision (with daily and individual adjustments) feeding programs. A criterion to delimit each meal was then defined based on the probability of an animal starting a new feeding event within the next minute since the last visit. Prandial correlations were established between meal size and interval before meal (pre-prandial) or interval after meal (post-prandial) using Pearson correlation analysis. Post-prandial correlations (which can be interpreted as hunger-regulating mechanisms) were slightly stronger than pre-prandial correlations (which can be interpreted as satiety regulation mechanisms). Both correlations decreased as the animals’ age increased but were little influenced by the feeding programs. The information generated in this study allows a better understanding of pigs’ feeding behavior regulation mechanisms and could be used in the future to improve precision feeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C. K. Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (B.C.K.G.); (M.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Ines Andretta
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (B.C.K.G.); (M.K.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-51-33087432
| | - Marcio Valk
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Candido Pomar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; (C.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Luciano Hauschild
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.H.); (A.Z.F.)
| | - Alícia Z. Fraga
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.H.); (A.Z.F.)
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - Marcos Kipper
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (B.C.K.G.); (M.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Luciano Trevizan
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (B.C.K.G.); (M.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Aline Remus
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; (C.P.); (A.R.)
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Andersson B, Tan EP, McGreal SR, Apte U, Hanover JA, Slawson C, Lagerlöf O. O-GlcNAc cycling mediates energy balance by regulating caloric memory. Appetite 2021; 165:105320. [PMID: 34029673 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caloric need has long been thought a major driver of appetite. However, it is unclear whether caloric need regulates appetite in environments offered by many societies today where there is no shortage of food. Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. While the size of a meal affected subsequent intake, there was no compensation for earlier under- or over-consumption. To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. Meal size was affected at least in part due to faster eating speed. Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. Across days, energy balance was improved upon increased O-GlcNAc levels and impaired upon removal of O-GlcNAcylation. Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Andersson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ee Phie Tan
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Steven R McGreal
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University, 66160, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University, 66160, KS, USA
| | - John A Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Chad Slawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas University, 66160, KS, USA
| | - Olof Lagerlöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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11
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Sheep in Species-Rich Temperate Grassland: Combining Behavioral Observations with Vegetation Characterization. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091471. [PMID: 32825696 PMCID: PMC7552235 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Grasslands cover much of the world, and numerous people depend on the livestock that graze them for their livelihoods. These areas must be properly managed as they are often ecologically fragile. Therefore, how the foraging animal interacts with its environment needs to be understood. These interactions have mostly been studied in highly productive intensively managed and improved grasslands, which typically have only a limited number of commercially developed plant varieties. Little is known about how animals interact with less intensively managed, species-rich grasslands which are often of conservation significance because of their biodiversity. In this preliminary study, we have used video technology to investigate responses of sheep to the vegetation of unimproved grassland in Estonia. We classified the vegetation with a methodology that is standard in plant ecology but which has not been extensively applied in animal behavior. We also demonstrate the use of a novel procedure for quantifying foraging behavior. This combination of methodologies will enable the characterization of individual animal variations in these important behaviors, which could provide a basis for the rational design of sustainable grassland management systems. Abstract Foraging behavior of livestock in species-rich, less intensively managed grassland communities will require different methodologies from those appropriate in floristically simple environments. In this pilot study on sheep in species-rich grassland in northern Estonia, foraging behavior and the plant species of the immediate area grazed by the sheep were registered by continually-recording Go-Pro cameras. From three days of observation of five sheep (706 animal-minutes), foraging behavior was documented. Five hundred and thirty-six still images were sampled, and a plant species list was compiled for each. Each plant species was assigned a score indicating its location, in the ecophysiological sense, on the main environmental gradient. The scores of the plant species present were averaged for each image. Thus, the fine structure of foraging behavior could be studied in parallel with the vegetation of the precise area being grazed. As expected, there was considerable individual variation, and we characterized foraging behavior by quantifying the patterns of interspersion of grazing and non-grazing behaviors. This combination of behavior recording and vegetation classification could enable a numerical analysis of the responses of grazing livestock to vegetation conditions.
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Islam MZ, Sawatari Y, Kojima S, Kiyama Y, Nakamura M, Sasaki K, Otsuka M, Obi T, Shiraishi M, Miyamoto A. Vasomotor effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, angiotensin II, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and bradykinin on the cerebral artery of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1456-1463. [PMID: 32814751 PMCID: PMC7653325 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary aspect, dolphins share a very close phylogenetic relationship with
pigs. Previously, we characterized porcine cerebral artery responsiveness to intrinsic
vasoactive substances. Therefore, here, we investigated dolphin (Tursiops
truncatus) cerebral artery responsiveness to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
histamine (His), angiotensin (Ang) II, acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), and
bradykinin (BK) to characterize their related receptor subtypes. We also compared dolphin
cerebral artery responsiveness with porcine cerebral artery responsiveness. We found that
5-HT and His induced concentration-dependent contraction of the dolphin cerebral artery.
Ketanserin (a 5-HT2 antagonist) and methiothepin (a 5-HT1 and
5-HT2 antagonist) shifted the concentration-response curve for 5-HT to the
right. Although diphenhydramine (an H1 antagonist) shifted the
concentration-response curve for His to the right, cimetidine (an H2
antagonist) had no such effect. Ang II and ACh did not produce any vasomotor actions. NA
induced concentration-dependent relaxation. Propranolol (a β antagonist) shifted the
concentration-response curve for NA to the right, whereas phentolamine (an α antagonist)
had no significant effect. BK induced relaxation followed by contraction in pre-contracted
arteries with intact endothelium. HOE140 (a B2 antagonist) shifted the
concentration-response curve for BK to the right, whereas
des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK (a B1 antagonist) had no significant
effect. These results suggest that 5-HT1, 5-HT2, and H1
receptor subtypes are important in arterial contraction and that β and B2
receptor subtypes modify these contractions to relaxations. The responsiveness of the
dolphin cerebral artery is very similar to that of porcine cerebral artery, supporting
their evolutionary linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahorul Islam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yuji Sawatari
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shusuke Kojima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kiyama
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Moe Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyouko Sasaki
- Kagoshima Prefecture Meet Hygiene Inspection Center, 10-1 Kamoike-Shinmachi, Kagoshima 890-8577, Japan
| | - Mika Otsuka
- Kagoshima City Aquarium, 3-1 Honkou-Shinmachi, Kagoshima 892-0814, Japan
| | - Takeshi Obi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyamoto
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Brito LF, Oliveira HR, McConn BR, Schinckel AP, Arrazola A, Marchant-Forde JN, Johnson JS. Large-Scale Phenotyping of Livestock Welfare in Commercial Production Systems: A New Frontier in Animal Breeding. Front Genet 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32849798 PMCID: PMC7411239 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic breeding programs have been paramount in improving the rates of genetic progress of productive efficiency traits in livestock. Such improvement has been accompanied by the intensification of production systems, use of a wider range of precision technologies in routine management practices, and high-throughput phenotyping. Simultaneously, a greater public awareness of animal welfare has influenced livestock producers to place more emphasis on welfare relative to production traits. Therefore, management practices and breeding technologies in livestock have been developed in recent years to enhance animal welfare. In particular, genomic selection can be used to improve livestock social behavior, resilience to disease and other stress factors, and ease habituation to production system changes. The main requirements for including novel behavioral and welfare traits in genomic breeding schemes are: (1) to identify traits that represent the biological mechanisms of the industry breeding goals; (2) the availability of individual phenotypic records measured on a large number of animals (ideally with genomic information); (3) the derived traits are heritable, biologically meaningful, repeatable, and (ideally) not highly correlated with other traits already included in the selection indexes; and (4) genomic information is available for a large number of individuals (or genetically close individuals) with phenotypic records. In this review, we (1) describe a potential route for development of novel welfare indicator traits (using ideal phenotypes) for both genetic and genomic selection schemes; (2) summarize key indicator variables of livestock behavior and welfare, including a detailed assessment of thermal stress in livestock; (3) describe the primary statistical and bioinformatic methods available for large-scale data analyses of animal welfare; and (4) identify major advancements, challenges, and opportunities to generate high-throughput and large-scale datasets to enable genetic and genomic selection for improved welfare in livestock. A wide variety of novel welfare indicator traits can be derived from information captured by modern technology such as sensors, automatic feeding systems, milking robots, activity monitors, video cameras, and indirect biomarkers at the cellular and physiological levels. The development of novel traits coupled with genomic selection schemes for improved welfare in livestock can be feasible and optimized based on recently developed (or developing) technologies. Efficient implementation of genetic and genomic selection for improved animal welfare also requires the integration of a multitude of scientific fields such as cell and molecular biology, neuroscience, immunology, stress physiology, computer science, engineering, quantitative genomics, and bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F. Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Hinayah R. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Betty R. McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Allan P. Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Aitor Arrazola
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Jay S. Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Gero D. Challenges in the interpretation and therapeutic manipulation of human ingestive microstructure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R886-R893. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This minireview focuses on the interpretative value of ingestive microstructure by summarizing observations from both rodent and human studies. Preliminary data on the therapeutic manipulation of distinct microstructural components of eating are also outlined. In rodents, the interpretative framework of ingestive microstructure mainly concentrates on deprivation state, palatability, satiation, and the role of learning from previous experiences. In humans, however, the control of eating is further influenced by genetic, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors, which add complexity and challenges to the interpretation of the microstructure of meal intake. Nevertheless, the presented findings stress the importance of microstructural analyses of ingestion, as a method to investigate specific behavioral variables that underlie the regulation of appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gero
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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McGrath TM, Spreckley E, Rodriguez AF, Viscomi C, Alamshah A, Akalestou E, Murphy KG, Jones NS. The homeostatic dynamics of feeding behaviour identify novel mechanisms of anorectic agents. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000482. [PMID: 31805040 PMCID: PMC6894749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding of feeding behaviour will be vital in reducing obesity and metabolic syndrome, but we lack a standard model that captures the complexity of feeding behaviour. We construct an accurate stochastic model of rodent feeding at the bout level in order to perform quantitative behavioural analysis. Analysing the different effects on feeding behaviour of peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), lithium chloride, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and leptin shows the precise behavioural changes caused by each anorectic agent. Our analysis demonstrates that the changes in feeding behaviour evoked by the anorectic agents investigated do not mimic the behaviour of well-fed animals and that the intermeal interval is influenced by fullness. We show how robust homeostatic control of feeding thwarts attempts to reduce food intake and how this might be overcome. In silico experiments suggest that introducing a minimum intermeal interval or modulating upper gut emptying can be as effective as anorectic drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. McGrath
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Centre for the Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Spreckley
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aina Fernandez Rodriguez
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Alamshah
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elina Akalestou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin G. Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick S. Jones
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Centre for the Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Assessing the effect of rate and extent of starch digestion in broiler and laying hen feeding behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gero D, File B, Justiz J, Steinert RE, Frick L, Spector AC, Bueter M. Drinking microstructure in humans: A proof of concept study of a novel drinkometer in healthy adults. Appetite 2019; 133:47-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Feeding behaviour and pre-prandial status affect post-prandial plasma energy metabolites and insulin kinetics in growing pigs fed diets differing in fibre concentration. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:625-636. [PMID: 30567621 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Variations in feeding behaviour between animals result from individual variations in their metabolism as affected by diet composition. The study aimed to link the within-day dynamics of voluntary feed intake and those of blood metabolites and insulin in growing pigs having ad libitum access to feed and receiving diets differing in dietary fibre levels and aleurone supplementation. A total of forty pigs (body weight: 35 kg) had access to diets provided ad libitum, which differed by fibre content (13 or 18 % neutral-detergent fibre) and aleurone supplementation (0, 2 or 4 g/kg). Feeding behaviour was individually recorded for 1 week. The kinetic of plasma metabolites and insulin was followed for 1 h after a voluntary test meal. Dietary fibre level did not affect the daily feed intake but increased meal size and meal duration. Aleurone supplementation (4 g/kg) decreased the daily feed intake and number of meals. Dietary fibre level only decreased insulin concentration measured 15 min after meal beginning. Aleurone supplementation (4 g/kg) decreased glycaemia in the first hour after the meal and insulinaemia 15 min after the meal. Free access to feed led to high variability in pre-prandial metabolites and insulin concentrations, resulting in different test meal size irrespective of diet composition. Animals were then spread over different profiles combining feeding behaviour and fasted status to explain different profiles of regulation of feed intake. Plasma metabolites and insulin kinetics were affected by diet composition but also by animal characteristics. Individual variability should be considered when diet composition is used to modulate feeding behaviour.
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Rusakovica J, Kremer VD, Plötz T, Rohlf P, Kyriazakis I. The genetic basis of novel water utilisation and drinking behaviour traits and their relationship with biological performance in turkeys. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:72. [PMID: 28962553 PMCID: PMC5622510 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing interest in the definition, measurement and use of traits associated with water use and drinking behaviour, mainly because water is a finite resource and its intake is an important part of animal health and well-being. Analysis of such traits has received little attention, due in part to the lack of appropriate technology to measure drinking behaviour. We exploited novel equipment to collect water intake data in two lines of turkey (A: 27,415 and B: 12,956 birds). The equipment allowed continuous recording of individual visits to the water station in a group environment. Our aim was to identify drinking behaviour traits of biological relevance, to estimate their genetic parameters and their genetic relationships with performance traits, and to identify drinking behaviour strategies among individuals. Results Visits to the drinkers were clustered into bouts, i.e. time intervals spent in drinking-related activity. Based on this, biologically relevant traits were defined: (1) number of visits per bout, (2) water intake per bout, (3) drinking time per bout, (4) drinking rate, (5) daily bout frequency, (6) daily bout duration, (7) daily drinking time and (8) daily water intake. Heritability estimates for most drinking behaviour traits were moderate to high and the most highly heritable traits were drinking rate (0.49 and 0.50) and daily drinking time (0.35 and 0.46 in lines A and B, respectively). Genetic correlations between drinking behaviour and performance traits were low except for moderate correlations between daily water intake and weight gain (0.46 and 0.47 in lines A and B, respectively). High estimates of breeding values for weight gain were found across the whole range of estimated breeding values for daily water intake, daily drinking time and water intake per bout. Conclusions We show for the first time that drinking behaviour traits are moderately to highly heritable. Low genetic and phenotypic correlations with performance traits suggest that current breeding goals have not and will not affect normal water drinking behaviour. Birds express a wide range of different drinking behaviour strategies, which can be suitable to a wide range of environments and production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Rusakovica
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | - Thomas Plötz
- Open Lab, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paige Rohlf
- Aviagen Turkeys Ltd, Tattenhall, Cheshire, CH3 9GA, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Rusakovica J, Plötz T, Kremer VD, Rohlf P, Kyriazakis I. Satiety splits drinking behavior into bouts: Organization of drinking in turkeys. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1009-1022. [PMID: 28380536 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the drinking behavior of animals is usually overlooked, and the traits associated with it are not well defined. We used a unique data set of measurements of individual drinking behavior in turkeys 1) to validate the system of data generation, 2) to develop a methodology to allow clustering of drinking events and splitting behavior into bouts, and 3) to develop traits related to drinking behavior and its regulation and investigate how these traits may be affected by bird genotype. Visits to drinkers were generated by an electronic, custom-made equipment that automatically measures the individual drinking behavior of a large number of turkeys from 3 different genetic lines. The overall reliability of the electronic system was estimated from video observations and resulted in a predictability of 98.8% and sensitivity of 98.6%. A novel method based on mixture distribution models allowed clustering of drinking events and splitting behavior into bouts by estimating the shortest interval between visits to the drinker that was considered to be part of a bout (bout criterion). The method predicted that after the end of a given bout the probability of the bird initiating the next bout was low but increased with time since the last bout. As a result, drinking bouts were not randomly distributed but were predicated on the physiological principle of satiety, suggesting that they constitute biologically appropriate units for expressing drinking behavior. The applied method resulted in bout criteria estimates of 665, 672, and 602 s for genetic lines A, B, and C, respectively. On the basis of this methodology, a number of drinking behavior traits, such as bout duration and frequency, and water intake per bout were identified that revealed differences ( < 0.01) in the drinking behavior between the turkey genetic lines. Similarly, time accumulation patterns of drinking behavior traits within a day differed ( < 0.01) within and between genetic lines, suggesting that variation in drinking behavior exists and birds use different behavioral strategies to meet their water intake requirements. Development of drinking behavior over time was similar between the lines, suggesting conservation of this behavioral organization. As well as providing ideas about the regulation of drinking behavior, the developed behavioral traits may be of practical relevance because water utilization, along with feed efficiency, is part of overall biological efficiency.
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Kok A, van Hoeij RJ, Tolkamp BJ, Haskell MJ, van Knegsel AT, de Boer IJ, Bokkers EA. Behavioural adaptation to a short or no dry period with associated management in dairy cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Matthews SG, Miller AL, Clapp J, Plötz T, Kyriazakis I. Early detection of health and welfare compromises through automated detection of behavioural changes in pigs. Vet J 2016; 217:43-51. [PMID: 27810210 PMCID: PMC5110645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of health and welfare compromises in commercial piggeries is essential for timely intervention to enhance treatment success, reduce impact on welfare, and promote sustainable pig production. Behavioural changes that precede or accompany subclinical and clinical signs may have diagnostic value. Often referred to as sickness behaviour, this encompasses changes in feeding, drinking, and elimination behaviours, social behaviours, and locomotion and posture. Such subtle changes in behaviour are not easy to quantify and require lengthy observation input by staff, which is impractical on a commercial scale. Automated early-warning systems may provide an alternative by objectively measuring behaviour with sensors to automatically monitor and detect behavioural changes. This paper aims to: (1) review the quantifiable changes in behaviours with potential diagnostic value; (2) subsequently identify available sensors for measuring behaviours; and (3) describe the progress towards automating monitoring and detection, which may allow such behavioural changes to be captured, measured, and interpreted and thus lead to automation in commercial, housed piggeries. Multiple sensor modalities are available for automatic measurement and monitoring of behaviour, which require humans to actively identify behavioural changes. This has been demonstrated for the detection of small deviations in diurnal drinking, deviations in feeding behaviour, monitoring coughs and vocalisation, and monitoring thermal comfort, but not social behaviour. However, current progress is in the early stages of developing fully automated detection systems that do not require humans to identify behavioural changes; e.g., through automated alerts sent to mobile phones. Challenges for achieving automation are multifaceted and trade-offs are considered between health, welfare, and costs, between analysis of individuals and groups, and between generic and compromise-specific behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Matthews
- Open Lab, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Amy L Miller
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - James Clapp
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thomas Plötz
- Open Lab, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Rottman L, Ying Y, Zhou K, Bartell P, Harvatine K. The effects of feeding rations that differ in neutral detergent fiber and starch concentration within a day on production, feeding behavior, total-tract digestibility, and plasma metabolites and hormones in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4673-84. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ying Y, Rottman LW, Crawford C, Bartell PA, Harvatine KJ. The effects of feeding rations that differ in neutral detergent fiber and starch concentration within a day on rumen digesta nutrient concentration, pH, and fermentation products in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4685-97. [PMID: 25935245 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a daily pattern of feed intake in the dairy cow, and feeding a single total mixed ration results in variation in the amount of fermentable substrate entering the rumen over the day. The object of this study was to determine if feeding multiple rations over the day that complement the pattern of feed intake would stabilize rumen pool sizes and fermentation. Nine ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3×3 Latin square design with 23-d periods. Diets were a control diet [33.3% neutral detergent fiber (NDF)], a low-fiber diet (LF; 29.6% NDF), and a high-fiber diet (HF; 34.8% NDF). The LF and HF diets were balanced to provide the same nutrient composition as the control diet when cows were fed 3 parts of LF and 7 parts of HF. Cows on the control treatment (CON) were fed at 0900h, cows on the high/low treatment (H/L) were fed HF at 70% of daily offering at 0900h and LF at 30% of daily offering at 2200h, and cows on the low/high (L/H) treatment were fed LF at 30% of daily offering at 0900h and HF at 70% of daily offering at 1300h. All treatments were fed at 110% of daily intake. Preplanned contrasts compared CON with H/L and H/L with L/H. Feeding the LF diet in the evening resulted in a large increase in the amount of feed consumed immediately after feed delivery at that feeding. Rumen digesta starch concentration increased and NDF concentration decreased following feeding of the LF diet in both the L/H and H/L treatments. Starch pool size also increased following feeding of the LF diet in the evening and tended to increase after feeding the LF diet in the morning. Rumen ammonia concentration was increased following feeding of the HF diet in the morning and the LF diet in the evening in the H/L treatment. Additionally, cis-9 C18:1 and cis-9,cis-12 18:2 are higher in concentrate feeds and were increased after feeding the LF diet in both treatments. Trans fatty acid isomers of the normal and alternate biohydrogenation pathways followed a daily pattern, and the H/L treatment increased isomers of the alternate pathway during the overnight period following the evening feeding of the LF diet. Additionally, C17:0 decreased during the overnight period in the H/L treatment. Feeding multiple rations over the day changed feeding behavior, and the combined effect of diet composition and feeding pattern resulted in a change in rumen nutrient pool sizes and fermentation products. Feeding the low-fiber diet in the evening resulted in a large increase in feed intake after feed delivery and did not increase starch intake during the overnight period. The H/L treatment failed to stabilize rumen fermentation because of the shift in the feeding pattern. Feeding strategies that feed multiple diets over the day must integrate diet composition and feeding behavior to achieve the desired effect on rumen nutrient pools and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ying
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - L W Rottman
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - C Crawford
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - P A Bartell
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
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Maselyne J, Saeys W, Van Nuffel A. Review: Quantifying animal feeding behaviour with a focus on pigs. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:37-51. [PMID: 25447478 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of animal feeding behaviour is of interest to understand feeding, to investigate the effect of treatments and conditions or to predict illness. This paper reviews the different steps to undertake when studying animal feeding behaviour, with illustrations for group-housed pigs. First, one must be aware of the mechanisms that control feeding and the various influences that can change feeding behaviour. Satiety is shown to largely influence free feeding (ad libitum and without an operant condition) in animals, but 'free' feeding seems a very fragile process, given the many factors that can influence feeding behaviour. Second, a measurement method must be chosen that is compatible with the goal of the research. Several measurement methods exist, which lead to different experimental set-ups and measurement data. Sensors are available for lab conditions, for research on group-housed pigs and also for on-farm use. Most of these methods result in a record of feeding visits. However, these feeding visits are often found to be clustered into meals. Thus, the third step is to choose which unit of feeding behaviour to use for analysis. Depending on the situation, either meals, feeding visits, other raw data, or a combination thereof can be suitable. Meals are more appropriate for analysing short-term feeding behaviour, but this may not be true for disease detection. Further research is therefore needed. To cluster visits into meals, an appropriate analysis method has to be selected. The last part of this paper provides a review and discussion of the existing methods for meal determination. A variety of methods exist, with the most recent methods based on the influence of satiety on feeding. More thorough validation of the recent methods, including validation from a behavioural point of view and uniformity in the applied methods is therefore necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarissa Maselyne
- Division Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 bus 2456, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Technology and Food Science Unit - Agricultural Engineering research area, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Saeys
- Division Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 bus 2456, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Annelies Van Nuffel
- Technology and Food Science Unit - Agricultural Engineering research area, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Jung K, Jang H, Kralik JD, Jeong J. Bursts and heavy tails in temporal and sequential dynamics of foraging decisions. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003759. [PMID: 25122498 PMCID: PMC4133158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of behavior requires predicting when and what an individual will choose. However, the actual temporal and sequential dynamics of successive choices made among multiple alternatives remain unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that there is a general bursting property in both the timing and sequential patterns of foraging decisions. We conducted a foraging experiment in which rats chose among four different foods over a continuous two-week time period. Regarding when choices were made, we found bursts of rapidly occurring actions, separated by time-varying inactive periods, partially based on a circadian rhythm. Regarding what was chosen, we found sequential dynamics in affective choices characterized by two key features: (a) a highly biased choice distribution; and (b) preferential attachment, in which the animals were more likely to choose what they had previously chosen. To capture the temporal dynamics, we propose a dual-state model consisting of active and inactive states. We also introduce a satiation-attainment process for bursty activity, and a non-homogeneous Poisson process for longer inactivity between bursts. For the sequential dynamics, we propose a dual-control model consisting of goal-directed and habit systems, based on outcome valuation and choice history, respectively. This study provides insights into how the bursty nature of behavior emerges from the interaction of different underlying systems, leading to heavy tails in the distribution of behavior over time and choices. To understand spontaneous animal behavior, two key elements must be explained: when an action is made and what is chosen. Here, we conducted a foraging experiment in which rats chose among four different foods over a continuous two-week time period. With respect to when, we found bursts of rapidly occurring responses separated by long inactive periods. With respect to what, we found biased choice behavior toward the favorite items as well as repetitive behavior, reflecting goal-directed and habitual responding, respectively. We account for the when and what components with two distinct computational mechanisms, each composed of two processes: (a) active and inactive states for the temporal dynamics, and (b) goal-directed and habitual control for the sequential dynamics. This study provides behavioral and computational insights into the dynamical properties of decision-making that determine both when an animal will act and what the animal will choose. Our findings provide an integrated framework for describing the temporal and sequential structure of everyday choices among, for example, food, music, books, brands, web-browsing and social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghoon Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Hyeran Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jerald D. Kralik
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jaeseung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Ochoa M, Malbert CH, Lallès JP, Bobillier E, Val-Laillet D. Effects of chronic intake of starch-, glucose- and fructose-containing diets on eating behaviour in adult minipigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mattes R. Energy intake and obesity: Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size. Physiol Behav 2014; 134:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
A consequence of increasing litter size in sheep is that a portion of the lambs have to be reared artificially. Detailed information about the pattern of milk consumption of artificially reared lambs would help improve their management. The purpose of this study is to describe the individual and group feeding behaviour of 94 Romane artificially reared lambs from 5 to 28 days of age using an electronic automatic lamb feeder. Animals were located in four pens of 8 to 15 lambs of similar age with one teat per pen. They were fed ad libitum. In our experimental situation (group rearing, continuous lightning) on average a lamb made 1.4±0.7 visits to the teat per meal and 9.5±3 meals per day. Mean meal duration was 247±158 s and the mean daily time spent feeding was 38±25 min. The mean quantity of milk intake was 176±132 ml per meal and 1.68±0.8 l per day. With age, the number of daily meals and their duration decreased while the quantity of milk consumed per meal and per day increased. Females tended to make more visits to the teat per meal and perform more meals per day but their milk consumption per meal was lower. The feed conversion ratio was 1.36±0.2. Synchrony in feeding (group meal) was estimated as the percentage of lambs that wanted to access the teat within the same short period (relative group meal size). On average 65% of lambs in the pen wanted to access the teat within the same period, but for 35% of group meals the relative group meal size was >90%. There was no consistency in the order in which lambs accessed the teat during a group meal. Our evaluation suggested that electronic automatic lamb feeders are tools that can provide, on a large scale, data describing the feeding behaviour of artificially reared lambs. It is then possible to study factors influencing these traits in order to improve the outcome of artificially reared lambs.
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Szyszka O, Kyriazakis I. What is the relationship between level of infection and ‘sickness behaviour’ in cattle? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dunn IC, Meddle SL, Wilson PW, Wardle CA, Law AS, Bishop VR, Hindar C, Robertson GW, Burt DW, Ellison SJH, Morrice DM, Hocking PM. Decreased expression of the satiety signal receptor CCKAR is responsible for increased growth and body weight during the domestication of chickens. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E909-21. [PMID: 23443924 PMCID: PMC3651647 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00580.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Animal domestication has resulted in changes in growth and size. It has been suggested that this may have involved selection for differences in appetite. Divergent growth between chickens selected for egg laying or meat production is one such example. The neurons expressing AGRP and POMC in the basal hypothalamus are important components of appetite regulation, as are the satiety feedback pathways that carry information from the intestine, including CCK and its receptor CCKAR (CCK1 receptor). Using 16 generations of a cross between a fast and a relatively slow growing strain of chicken has identified a region on chromosome 4 downstream of the CCKAR gene, which is responsible for up to a 19% difference in body weight at 12 wk of age. Animals possessing the high-growth haplotype at the locus have lower expression of mRNA and immunoreactive CCKAR in the brain, intestine, and exocrine organs, which is correlated with increased levels of orexigenic AGRP in the hypothalamus. Animals with the high-growth haplotype are resistant to the anorectic effect of exogenously administered CCK, suggesting that their satiety set point has been altered. Comparison with traditional breeds shows that the high-growth haplotype has been present in the founders of modern meat-type strains and may have been selected early in domestication. This is the first dissection of the physiological consequences of a genetic locus for a quantitative trait that alters appetite and gives us an insight into the domestication of animals. This will allow elucidation of how differences in appetite occur in birds and also mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Dunn
- University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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Do the changes in the behaviours of cattle during parasitism with Ostertagia ostertagi have a potential diagnostic value? Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Derno M, Nürnberg G, Schön P, Schwarm A, Röntgen M, Hammon H, Metges C, Bruckmaier R, Kuhla B. Short-term feed intake is regulated by macronutrient oxidation in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:971-80. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rowland NE. Order and disorder: temporal organization of eating. Behav Brain Res 2011; 231:272-8. [PMID: 22138508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Feeding behavior is described from an evolutionary perspective, and implications for modern neurobiological studies are suggested. In particular, it is argued that meals may have evolved more for sociocultural reasons than physiological imperatives, and that biological approaches to the study of feeding episodes should adopt a more flexible model that is founded in economic or cost-benefit considerations. Specific examples of flexibility in mouse feeding behavior are given. It is further argued that the modern human food environment is so immoderate that physiological manipulations designed to restrain eating have little hope of achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Rowland
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA.
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