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Goldsmith M, Crooks SD, Condon SF, Willie BM, Komarova SV. Bone strength and composition in spacefaring rodents: systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35418128 PMCID: PMC9008045 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the effects of space travel on bone of experimental animals provides unique advantages, including the ability to perform post-mortem analysis and mechanical testing. To synthesize the available data to assess how much and how consistently bone strength and composition parameters are affected by spaceflight, we systematically identified studies reporting bone health in spacefaring animals from Medline, Embase, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and NASA Technical reports. Previously, we reported the effect of spaceflight on bone architecture and turnover in rodents and primates. For this study, we selected 28 articles reporting bone strength and composition in 60 rats and 60 mice from 17 space missions ranging from 7 to 33 days in duration. Whole bone mechanical indices were significantly decreased in spaceflight rodents, with the percent difference between spaceflight and ground control animals for maximum load of −15.24% [Confidence interval: −22.32, −8.17]. Bone mineral density and calcium content were significantly decreased in spaceflight rodents by −3.13% [−4.96, −1.29] and −1.75% [−2.97, −0.52] respectively. Thus, large deficits in bone architecture (6% loss in cortical area identified in a previous study) as well as changes in bone mass and tissue composition likely lead to bone strength reduction in spaceflight animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Goldsmith
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sequoia D Crooks
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sean F Condon
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Genetic variability affects the skeletal response to immobilization in founder strains of the diversity outbred mouse population. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101140. [PMID: 34761080 PMCID: PMC8566767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical unloading decreases bone volume and strength. In humans and mice, bone mineral density is highly heritable, and in mice the response to changes in loading varies with genetic background. Thus, genetic variability may affect the response of bone to unloading. As a first step to identify genes involved in bones' response to unloading, we evaluated the effects of unloading in eight inbred mouse strains: C57BL/6J, PWK/PhJ, WSB/EiJ, A/J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HlLtJ, and CAST/EiJ. C57BL/6J and NOD/ShiLtJ mice had the greatest unloading-induced loss of diaphyseal cortical bone volume and strength. NZO/HlLtJ mice had the greatest metaphyseal trabecular bone loss, and C57BL/6J, WSB/EiJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, and CAST/EiJ mice had the greatest epiphyseal trabecular bone loss. Bone loss in the epiphyses displayed the highest heritability. With immobilization, mineral:matrix was reduced, and carbonate:phosphate and crystallinity were increased. A/J mice displayed the greatest unloading-induced loss of mineral:matrix. Changes in gene expression in response to unloading were greatest in NOD/ShiLtJ and CAST/EiJ mice. The most upregulated genes in response to unloading were associated with increased collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix formation. Our results demonstrate a strong differential response to unloading as a function of strain. Diversity outbred (DO) mice are a high-resolution mapping population derived from these eight inbred founder strains. These results suggest DO mice will be highly suited for examining the genetic basis of the skeletal response to unloading. Mouse strain affects bone's response to immobilization. Magnitude of bone loss from immobilization is heritable. Bone transcriptomic response to immobilization is influenced by genetic variation.
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3
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Gamboa A, Branscum AJ, Olson DA, Sattgast LH, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Effects of spaceflight on cancellous and cortical bone in proximal femur in growing rats. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100755. [PMID: 33665238 PMCID: PMC7907224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading of the skeleton during normal weight bearing plays an important role in bone accrual and turnover balance. We recently evaluated bone microarchitecture in the femoral head in 5.6-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats subjected to a 4-day spaceflight aboard STS-41. Compared to weight bearing ground controls, cancellous bone volume fraction was dramatically lower in animals subjected to microgravity. The effects of spaceflight on the rat skeleton are potentially influenced by factors such as age, duration of flight, strain and sex. To test the generalizability of our initial observation, we evaluated archived proximal femora from two additional spaceflight missions: a 10-day mission (STS-57) with 7.5-week-old male Fisher 344 rats, and a 14-day mission (STS-62) with 12-week-old ovariectomized (ovx) female Fisher 344 rats. Cancellous microarchitecture and cortical thickness were assessed using x-ray microtomography/microcomputed tomography. In male rats, cancellous bone volume fraction (bone volume/tissue volume) was lower in flight animals compared to flight controls, but differences were not significant compared to baseline. In ovx female rats, cancellous bone volume fraction was lower in flight animals compared to flight controls and baseline, indicating net bone loss. Cortical thickness did not differ among groups in either experiment. In summary, findings from three separate studies support the conclusion that spaceflight results in cancellous osteopenia in femoral head of growing rats. Spaceflight resulted in cancellous osteopenia in femoral head of growing rats. Osteopenia was observed in female ovariectomized and male Fisher 344 rats. The femoral head should be evaluated in future spaceflight experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gamboa
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Dawn A Olson
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lara H Sattgast
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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4
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Coulombe JC, Senwar B, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight-Induced Bone Tissue Changes that Affect Bone Quality and Increase Fracture Risk. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:1-12. [PMID: 31897866 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to accurately predict when any individual will fracture. This review considers how long-duration human spaceflight requires evaluation of additional bone structural and material quality measures that contribute to microgravity-induced skeletal fragility. RECENT FINDINGS In both humans and small animal models following spaceflight, bone mass is compromised via reduced bone formation and elevated resorption levels. Concurrently, bone structural quality (e.g., trabecular microarchitecture) is diminished and the quality of bone material is reduced via impaired tissue mineralization, maturation, and maintenance (e.g., mediated by osteocytes). Bone structural and material quality are both affected by microgravity and may, together, jeopardize astronaut operational readiness and lead to increased fracture risk upon return to gravitational loading. Future studies need to directly evaluate how bone quality combines with diminished bone mass to influence bone strength and toughness (e.g., resistance to fracture). Bone quality assessment promises to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coulombe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bhavya Senwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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5
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Sun Z, Li Y, Wang H, Cai M, Gao S, Liu J, Tong L, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhang L, Cao X, Zhang S, Shi F, Zhao J. miR-181c-5p mediates simulated microgravity-induced impaired osteoblast proliferation by promoting cell cycle arrested in the G 2 phase. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3302-3316. [PMID: 30761733 PMCID: PMC6484313 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired osteoblast proliferation plays fundamental roles in microgravity‐induced bone loss, and cell cycle imbalance may result in abnormal osteoblast proliferation. However, whether microgravity exerts an influence on the cell cycle in osteoblasts or what mechanisms may underlie such an effect remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, we confirmed that simulated microgravity inhibits osteoblast proliferation. Then, we investigated the effect of mechanical unloading on the osteoblast cell cycle and found that simulated microgravity arrested the osteoblast cell cycle in the G2 phase. In addition, our data showed that cell cycle arrest in osteoblasts from simulated microgravity was mainly because of decreased cyclin B1 expression. Furthermore, miR‐181c‐5p directly inhibited cyclin B1 protein translation by binding to a target site in the 3′UTR. Lastly, we demonstrated that inhibition of miR‐181c‐5p partially counteracted cell cycle arrest and decreased the osteoblast proliferation induced by simulated microgravity. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that simulated microgravity inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase in primary mouse osteoblasts partially through the miR‐181c‐5p/cyclin B1 pathway. This work may provide a novel mechanism of microgravity‐induced detrimental effects on osteoblasts and offer a new avenue to further investigate bone loss induced by mechanical unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Aviation Medicine Research Institute, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Medical Services Section, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Medical Services Section, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangcheng Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Junxie Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Responses to spaceflight of mouse mandibular bone and teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:163-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Gerbaix M, Gnyubkin V, Farlay D, Olivier C, Ammann P, Courbon G, Laroche N, Genthial R, Follet H, Peyrin F, Shenkman B, Gauquelin-Koch G, Vico L. One-month spaceflight compromises the bone microstructure, tissue-level mechanical properties, osteocyte survival and lacunae volume in mature mice skeletons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2659. [PMID: 28572612 PMCID: PMC5453937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The weightless environment during spaceflight induces site-specific bone loss. The 30-day Bion-M1 mission offered a unique opportunity to characterize the skeletal changes after spaceflight and an 8-day recovery period in mature male C57/BL6 mice. In the femur metaphysis, spaceflight decreased the trabecular bone volume (−64% vs. Habitat Control), dramatically increased the bone resorption (+140% vs. Habitat Control) and induced marrow adiposity invasion. At the diaphysis, cortical thinning associated with periosteal resorption was observed. In the Flight animal group, the osteocyte lacunae displayed a reduced volume and a more spherical shape (synchrotron radiation analyses), and empty lacunae were highly increased (+344% vs. Habitat Control). Tissue-level mechanical cortical properties (i.e., hardness and modulus) were locally decreased by spaceflight, whereas the mineral characteristics and collagen maturity were unaffected. In the vertebrae, spaceflight decreased the overall bone volume and altered the modulus in the periphery of the trabecular struts. Despite normalized osteoclastic activity and an increased osteoblast number, bone recovery was not observed 8 days after landing. In conclusion, spaceflight induces osteocyte death, which may trigger bone resorption and result in bone mass and microstructural deterioration. Moreover, osteocyte cell death, lacunae mineralization and fatty marrow, which are hallmarks of ageing, may impede tissue maintenance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Gerbaix
- French National Centre for Space Studies, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vasily Gnyubkin
- INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Delphine Farlay
- INSERM, UMR 1033, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Olivier
- University of Lyon, INSERM U1206, France and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Patrick Ammann
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Norbert Laroche
- INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Rachel Genthial
- CNRS UMR 5588, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- INSERM, UMR 1033, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- University of Lyon, INSERM U1206, France and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Boris Shenkman
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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8
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Keune JA, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Effects of Spaceflight on Bone Microarchitecture in the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton in Growing Ovariectomized Rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18671. [PMID: 26691062 PMCID: PMC4687043 DOI: 10.1038/srep18671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 14-day spaceflight on bone mass, density and microarchitecture in weight bearing (femur and humerus) and non-weight bearing (2nd lumbar vertebra and calvarium) bones in the context of ovarian hormone insufficiency. 12-week-old Fisher 344 rats were ovariectomized 2 weeks before flight and randomized into one of three groups: 1) baseline (n = 6), 2) ground control (n = 12) or 3) spaceflight (n = 12). Additional ground-based ovary-intact rats provided age-matched reference values at baseline (n = 8) and landing (n = 10). Ovariectomy resulted in bone- and bone compartment-specific deficits in cancellous bone volume fraction. Spaceflight resulted in lower cortical bone accrual in the femur but had no effect on cortical bone in the humerus or calvarium. Cancellous bone volume fraction was lower in flight animals compared to ground control animals in lumbar vertebra and distal femur metaphysis and epiphysis; significant differences were not detected in the distal humerus. Bone loss (compared to baseline controls) in the femur metaphysis was associated with lower trabecular number, whereas trabecular thickness and number were lower in the epiphysis. In summary, the effect of spaceflight on bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats was bone-and bone compartment-specific but not strictly related to weight bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Keune
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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9
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Sun Z, Cao X, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhou H, Li D, Zhang S, Xie M. Simulated microgravity inhibits L-type calcium channel currents partially by the up-regulation of miR-103 in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8077. [PMID: 25627864 PMCID: PMC4308706 DOI: 10.1038/srep08077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (LTCCs), particularly Cav1.2 LTCCs, play fundamental roles in cellular responses to mechanical stimuli in osteoblasts. Numerous studies have shown that mechanical loading promotes bone formation, whereas the removal of this stimulus under microgravity conditions results in a reduction in bone mass. However, whether microgravity exerts an influence on LTCCs in osteoblasts and whether this influence is a possible mechanism underlying the observed bone loss remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that simulated microgravity substantially inhibited LTCC currents and suppressed Cav1.2 at the protein level in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. In addition, reduced Cav1.2 protein levels decreased LTCC currents in MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, simulated microgravity increased miR-103 expression. Cav1.2 expression and LTCC current densities both significantly increased in cells that were transfected with a miR-103 inhibitor under mechanical unloading conditions. These results suggest that simulated microgravity substantially inhibits LTCC currents in osteoblasts by suppressing Cav1.2 expression. Furthermore, the down-regulation of Cav1.2 expression and the inhibition of LTCCs caused by mechanical unloading in osteoblasts are partially due to miR-103 up-regulation. Our study provides a novel mechanism for microgravity-induced detrimental effects on osteoblasts, offering a new avenue to further investigate the bone loss induced by microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianchang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongtao Li
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manjiang Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Yeni YN, Vashishth D, Fyhrie DP. Estimation of bone matrix apparent stiffness variation caused by osteocyte lacunar size and density. J Biomech Eng 2001; 123:10-7. [PMID: 11277294 DOI: 10.1115/1.1338123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of osteocyte lacunar size and density on the apparent stiffness of bone matrix was predicted using a mechanical model from the literature. Lacunar size and lacunar density for different bones from different gender and age groups were used to predict the range of matrix apparent stiffness values for human cortical and cancellous tissue. The results suggest that bone matrix apparent stiffness depends on tissue type (cortical versus cancellous), age, and gender, the magnitudes of the effects being significant but small in all cases. Males had a higher predicted matrix apparent stiffness than females for vertebral cancellous bone (p< I0(-7)) and the difference increased with age (p =0.0007). In contrast, matrix apparent stiffness was not different between males and females forfemoral cortical bone and increased with age in both males (p < 0.0001) and females (p < 0.0364). Osteocyte lacunar density and size may cause significant gender and age-related variations in bone matrix apparent stiffness. The magnitude of variations in matrix apparent stiffness was small within the physiological range of lacunar size and density for healthy bone, whereas the variations can be profound in certain pathological cases. It was proposed that the mechanical effects of osteocyte density be uncoupled from their biological effects by controlling lacunar size in normal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Yeni
- Breech Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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11
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Patterson-Buckendahl P, Rusnák M, Fukuhara K, Kvetnanský R. Repeated immobilization stress reduces rat vertebral bone growth and osteocalcin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280:R79-86. [PMID: 11124137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.1.r79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that psychological stressors alter plasma levels of osteocalcin (pOC), a bone-specific mineral binding protein, in ways that differ with the type of stressor. To determine effects of chronic stress, we examined vertebrae, pOC, and corticosterone levels from conscious rats subjected to foot-restraint immobilization (Immo) daily for 1-42 times. After 40-42 Immo, basal pOC was decreased by 25% compared with unstressed rats, and the subsequent rise in pOC during Immo was blunted. Corticosterone was elevated 10-fold during Immo. Immo for seven times did not change vertebral OC concentration, but caused a slight decrease in calcium and phosphorous concentrations in younger rats. Rats Immo for 42 times exhibited reduced body weight, vertebral weight, and vertebral OC concentration but no significant differences in vertebral mineral concentrations. Body fat content was visibly decreased. We do not know the source of or the stimulus for the initial rise in pOC. We conclude that both decreased growth and bone OC concentration are due to repeatedly elevated stress hormones.
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12
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Abstract
This review of the peer-reviewed literature focuses on the effects of spaceflight on bone. Studies performed in humans and laboratory animals have revealed abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism that suggest that long-duration spaceflight will have detrimental effects on the skeleton. However, because of large gaps in our knowledge, it is not presently possible to estimate the magnitude of the health risk, individual variations in risk, effective countermeasures, or mechanism(s) of action. Specific recommendations are made for future research to ascertain risk and develop appropriate countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Turner
- Departments of Orthopedics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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