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Yildirim D, Bender O, Karagoz ZF, Helvacioglu F, Bilgic MA, Akcay A, Ruzgaresen NB. Role of autophagy and evaluation the effects of microRNAs 214, 132, 34c and prorenin receptor in a rat model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Life Sci 2021; 280:119671. [PMID: 34087284 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the common cause of chronic renal disease worldwide. Although there are many etiologic factors which have common theme of podocyte injury conclusive etiology is not clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury, which is the key point in disease progression, and the roles of intrarenal microRNAs and the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the 5/6 nephrectomy and adriamycin nephropathy models of FSGS. MAIN METHODS For experimental FSGS model, 5/6 nephrectomy and adriamycin nephropathy models were created and characterized in adult Sprague Dawley rats. Microarray analysis was performed on FSGS and control groups that was confirmed by q-RT-PCR. Beclin1, LC3B, PRR, ATG7 and ATG5 expression were evaluated by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Also, Beclin1 and PRR expression were measured by ELISA. Glomerular podocyte isolation was performed and autophagic activity was evaluated in podocytes before and after transfection with miRNA mimic and antagonists. KEY FINDINGS Glomerular expression of Beclin1, LC3B, PRR, ATG7 and ATG5 were significantly lower in the 5/6 nephrectomy than adriamycin nephropathy group and in both groups lower when compared to control groups. Western blot results were consistent with immunohistochemical data. Electron microscopy revealed signs of impaired autophagy in FSGS. Autophagic activity decreased significantly after miR-214, miR-132 and miR-34c mimics and increased after transfection with antagonists. SIGNIFICANCE These results showed that the role of autophagic activity and decreased expression of PRR in FSGS pathogenesis and miR-34c, miR-132 and miR-214 could be a potential treatment strategy by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Yildirim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Onur Bender
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Firat Karagoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Helvacioglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Akcay
- Department of Nephrology, Koru Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Wang M, Chen D, Chen L, Cao G, Zhao H, Liu D, Vaziri ND, Guo Y, Zhao Y. Novel inhibitors of the cellular renin-angiotensin system components, poricoic acids, target Smad3 phosphorylation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway against renal fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2689-2708. [PMID: 29679507 PMCID: PMC6003649 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis is the final pathway in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to kidney failure. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in CKD progression. Hence, we determined the efficacy of novel RAS inhibitors isolated from Poria cocos against renal fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of three novel tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, poricoic acid ZC (PZC), poricoic acid ZD (PZD) and poricoic acid ZE (PZE), were investigated on TGFβ1- and angiotensin II (AngII)-treated HK-2 cells and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice. Immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR, siRNA, co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate expression of key molecules in RAS, Wnt/β-catenin and TGFβ/Smad pathways. KEY RESULTS Addition of the above compounds to culture media and their administration to UUO mice: (i) significantly attenuated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix production in TGFβ1- and AngII-treated HK-2 cells and UUO mice by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation and Smad3 phosphorylation; (ii) selectively inhibited Smad3 phosphorylation by blocking the interaction of TGFBR1 with Smad3; and (iii) specifically inhibited Smad3 activation. PZC and PZD showed a strong inhibitory effect on all RAS components, and PZE showed a strong inhibitory effect on renin. Furthermore, the secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids, PZC and PZD, showed a stronger inhibitory effect than the lanostane tetracyclic triterpenoid PZE. Therefore, compounds with secolanostance skeleton showed stronger bioactivity than those with lanostance skeleton. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids effectively blocked RAS by simultaneously targeting multiple RAS components and lanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids inhibited renin and protected against tubulo-interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
| | - Dan‐Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of PharmacyZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of MedicineUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92897USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico, Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNM87131USA
| | - Ying‐Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069China
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3
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Prorenin independently causes hypertension and renal and cardiac fibrosis in cyp1a1-prorenin transgenic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1345-1363. [PMID: 29848510 PMCID: PMC6024026 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma prorenin is commonly elevated in diabetic patients and appears to predict the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, the pathological role of prorenin is unclear. In the present study, a transgenic, inducible, hepatic prorenin-overexpressing rat model was generated and the effect of prorenin in organ injury was examined. Four groups of rats (cyp1a1 prorenin transgenic male and female rats and non-transgenic littermates) were assigned to receive a diet containing 0.3% of the transgene inducer indole-3-carbinol (I3C) for 4 weeks. Plasma prorenin concentration was increased and mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased from 80 ± 18 to 138 ± 17 (mmHg), whereas renal prorenin/renin protein expression was unchanged, in transgenic rats fed with I3C diet. The intact prorenin, not renin, in plasma and urine samples was further observed by Western blot analysis. Importantly, transgenic rats with high levels of prorenin developed albuminuria, glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis associated with increased expression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) 1 (TGFβ1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), collagen, and fibronectin (FN). These rats also exhibited cardiac hypertrophy determined by echocardiography, with elevated ratio of heart weight to body weight (HW/BW). Cardiac collagen in interstitial and perivascular regions was prominent, accompanied by the increase in mRNA contents of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), TGFβ1, PAI-1, and collagen in the heart tissue. Furthermore, renal protein levels of p-NF-κB-p65 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), NAPDH oxidases, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-isoprostane (8-IP), p-ERK, p-β-catenin, and p-Akt were dramatically increased in prorenin overexpressing rats. These results indicate that prorenin, without being converted into renin, causes hypertension, renal and cardiac fibrosis via the induction of inflammation, oxidative stress and the ERK, β-catenin, and Akt-mediated signals.
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Hjermitslev M, Grimm DG, Wehland M, Simonsen U, Krüger M. Azilsartan Medoxomil, an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:225-233. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hjermitslev
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Daniela G. Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery; Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery; Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery; Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg; Magdeburg Germany
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Zhou L, Liu Y. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and renin-angiotensin system in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2016; 25:100-6. [PMID: 26808707 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, how RAS genes are regulated in vivo was poorly understood until recently. This review focuses on recent findings of the transcriptional regulation of RAS components, as well as their implication in developing novel strategies to treat the patients with CKD. RECENT FINDINGS Bioinformatics analyses have uncovered the presence of putative binding sites for T-cell factor/β-catenin in the promoter region of all RAS genes. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies confirm that Wnt/β-catenin is the master upstream regulator that controls the expression of all RAS components tested, such as angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin converting enzyme and the angiotensin II type I receptor in the kidney. Targeted inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin, by either small molecule ICG-001 or endogenous Wnt antagonist Klotho, represses RAS activation and ameliorates proteinuria and kidney injury. Blockade of Wnt/β-catenin signaling also normalizes blood pressure in a mouse model of CKD. SUMMARY These recent studies identify Wnt/β-catenin as the master regulator that controls multiple RAS genes, and suggest that targeting this upstream signaling could be an effective strategy for the treatment of patients with hypertension and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- aState Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China bDepartment of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Fortenberry YM, Brandal SM, Carpentier G, Hemani M, Pathak AP. Intracellular Expression of PAI-1 Specific Aptamers Alters Breast Cancer Cell Migration, Invasion and Angiogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164288. [PMID: 27755560 PMCID: PMC5068744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is elevated in various cancers, where it has been shown to effect cell migration and invasion and angiogenesis. While, PAI-1 is a secreted protein, its intercellular levels are increased in cancer cells. Consequently, intracellular PAI-1 could contribute to cancer progression. While various small molecule inhibitors of PAI-1 are currently being investigated, none specifically target intracellular PAI-1. A class of inhibitors, termed aptamers, has been used effectively in several clinical applications. We previously generated RNA aptamers that target PAI-1 and demonstrated their ability to inhibit extracellular PAI-1. In the current study we explored the effect of these aptamers on intracellular PAI-1. We transiently transfected the PAI-1 specific aptamers into both MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and studied their effects on cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Aptamer expressing MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited a decrease in cell migration and invasion. Additionally, intracellular PAI-1 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) protein levels decreased, while the PAI-1/uPA complex increased. Moreover, a significant decrease in endothelial tube formation in HUVECs transfected with the aptamers was observed. In contrast, conditioned media from aptamer transfected MDA-MB-231 cells displayed a slight pro-angiogenic effect. Collectively, our study shows that expressing functional aptamers inside breast and endothelial cells is feasible and may exhibit therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda M Fortenberry
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.,Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M Brandal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gilles Carpentier
- Laboratoire CRRET, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du général De Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Malvi Hemani
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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7
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Gu C, Zhang J, Noble NA, Peng XR, Huang Y. An additive effect of anti-PAI-1 antibody to ACE inhibitor on slowing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F852-F863. [PMID: 27511457 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00564.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While angiotensin II blockade slows the progression of diabetic nephropathy, current data suggest that it alone cannot stop the disease process. New therapies or drug combinations will be required to further slow or halt disease progression. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) aimed at enhancing ECM degradation has shown therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy. Here, using a mouse model of type diabetes, the maximally therapeutic dose of the PAI-1-neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody (MEDI-579) was determined and compared with the maximally effective dose of enalapril. We then examined whether addition of MEDI-579 to enalapril would enhance the efficacy in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Untreated uninephrectomized diabetic db/db mice developed progressive albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis associated with increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, PAI-1, type IV collagen, and fibronectin from weeks 18 to 22, which were reduced by MEDI-579 at 3 mg/kg body wt, similar to enalapril given alone from weeks 12 to 22 Adding MEDI-579 to enalapril from weeks 18 to 22 resulted in further reduction in albuminuria and markers of renal fibrosis. Renal plasmin generation was dramatically reduced by 57% in diabetic mice, a decrease that was partially reversed by MEDI-579 or enalapril given alone but was further restored by these two treatments given in combination. Our results suggest that MEDI-579 is effective in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice and that the effect is additive to ACEI. While enalapril is renal protective, the add-on PAI-1 antibody may offer additional renoprotection in progressive diabetic nephropathy via enhancing ECM turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Division of Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Nancy A Noble
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparredsleden 1, Molndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
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Liu Y, Zuo S, Li X, Fan J, Cao X, Yu X, Yang Q. Interaction between V-ATPase B2 and (Pro) renin Receptors in Promoting the progression of Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25035. [PMID: 27121029 PMCID: PMC4848550 DOI: 10.1038/srep25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the levels of (Pro) renin receptor [(P) RR], α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), and vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) subunits (B2, E, and c) in rat unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models and rat proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) treated with prorenin to elucidate the role of V-ATPase in these processes by activating the (P) RR. UUO significantly upregulated (P) RR, V-ATPase subunits, α-SMA and FN expression in tubulointerstitium or tubular epithelial cells. A marked colocalization of (P) RR and the B2 subunit was also observed. Prorenin treatment upregulated α-SMA, FN, (P) RR, and V-ATPase subunits and activity in NRK52E cell in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 partially blocked prorenin-induced (P) RR, FN, and α-SMA expression. Co-immunoprecipitate and immunofluorescence results demonstrated that the V-ATPase B2 subunit bound to the (P) RR, which was upregulated after prorenin stimulation. Either siRNA-mediated (P) RR or B2 subunit knockdown partially reduced V-ATPase activity and attenuated prorenin-induced FN and α-SMA expression. From the data we can assume that activation of (P) RR and V-ATPase may play an important role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis with possible involvement of interaction of V-ATPase B2 subunit and (P)RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Sujun Zuo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinjin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqin Cao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiongqiong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Lu X, Wang F, Liu M, Yang KT, Nau A, Kohan DE, Reese V, Richardson RS, Yang T. Activation of ENaC in collecting duct cells by prorenin and its receptor PRR: involvement of Nox4-derived hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 310:F1243-50. [PMID: 26697985 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00492.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The collecting duct (CD) has been recognized as an important source of prorenin/renin, and it also expresses (pro)renin receptor (PRR). The goal of this study was to examine the hypothesis that prorenin or renin via PRR regulates epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) activity in mpkCCD cells. Transepithelial Na(+) transport was measured by using a conventional epithelial volt-ohmmeter and was expressed as the calculated equivalent current (Ieq). Amiloride-inhibitable Ieq was used as a reflection of ENaC activity. Administration of prorenin in the nanomolar range induced a significant increase in Ieq that was detectable as early as 1 min, peaked at 5 min, and gradually returned to baseline within 15 min. These changes in Ieq were completely prevented by a newly developed PRR decoy inhibitor, PRO20. Prorenin-induced Ieq was inhibitable by amiloride. Compared with prorenin, renin was less effective in stimulating Ieq Prorenin-induced Ieq was attenuated by apocynin but enhanced by tempol, the latter effect being prevented by catalase. In response to prorenin treatment, the levels of total reactive oxygen species and H2O2 were both increased, as detected by spin-trap analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Glo H2O2 assay, respectively. Both siRNA-mediated Nox4 knockdown and the dual Nox1/4 inhibitor GKT137892 attenuated prorenin-induced Ieq Overall, our results demonstrate that activation of PRR by prorenin stimulates ENaC activity in CD cells via Nox4-derived H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mi Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin T Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Adam Nau
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Van Reese
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-Sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Lumbers ER, Wang Y, Delforce SJ, Corbisier de Meaultsart C, Logan PC, Mitchell MD, Pringle KG. Decidualisation of human endometrial stromal cells is associated with increased expression and secretion of prorenin. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:129. [PMID: 26608077 PMCID: PMC4658797 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pregnancy, the decidualised endometrium expresses high levels of prorenin and other genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway. In this study we aimed to determined if the RAS was present in endometrial stromal cells and if decidualisation upregulated the expression of prorenin, the prorenin receptor ((P)RR) and associated RAS pathways. Immortalised human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) can be stimulated to decidualise by combined treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 17β-estradiol (E2) and cAMP (MPA-mix) or with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA), a global demethylating agent. METHODS HESCs were incubated for 10 days with one of the following treatments: vehicle, MPA-mix, a combination of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and estradiol-17β alone, or AZA. Messenger RNA abundance and protein levels of prorenin (REN), the (P)RR (ATP6AP2), angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA's, respectively. Promyelocytic zinc finger (PLZF) and phospho-inositol-3 kinase (PIK3R1) mRNA abundances were also measured. RESULTS HESCs expressed the prorenin receptor (ATP6AP2), REN, AGT, ACE and low levels of AGTR1. MPA-mix and AZA stimulated expression of REN. Prorenin protein secretion was increased in MPA-mix treated HESCs. E2 + MPA had no effect on any RAS genes. MPA-mix treatment was associated with increased VEGF (VEGFA) and PAI-1 (SERPINE1) mRNA and VEGF protein. CONCLUSIONS An endometrial prorenin receptor/renin angiotensin system is activated by decidualisation. Since (P)RR is abundant, the increase in prorenin secretion could have stimulated VEGF A and SERPINE1 expression via Ang II, as both ACE and AGTR1 are present, or by Ang II independent pathways. Activation of the RAS in human endometrium with decidualisation, through stimulation of VEGF expression and secretion, could be critical in establishing an adequate blood supply to the developing maternal placental vascular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia and Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 3 East, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia and Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 3 East, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia and Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 3 East, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Celine Corbisier de Meaultsart
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia and Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 3 East, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Philip C Logan
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Present address: Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Murray D Mitchell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of QLD, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia and Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 3 East, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
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11
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Carey RM. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:204-10. [PMID: 25908469 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a well-studied hormonal cascade controlling fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure through systemic actions. The classical RAS includes renin, an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin (Ang) I, followed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cleavage of Ang I to II, and activation of AT1 receptors, which are responsible for all RAS biologic actions. Recent discoveries have transformed the RAS into a far more complex system with several new pathways: the (des-aspartyl(1))-Ang II (Ang III)/AT2 receptor pathway, the ACE-2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor pathway, and the prorenin-renin/prorenin receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, among others. Although the classical RAS pathway induces Na(+) reabsorption and increases blood pressure, several new pathways constitute a natriuretic/vasodilator arm of the system, opposing detrimental actions of Ang II through Ang II type 1 receptors. Instead of a simple circulating RAS, several independently functioning tissue RASs exist, the most important of which is the intrarenal RAS. Several physiological characteristics of the intrarenal RAS differ from those of the circulating RAS, autoamplifying the activity of the intrarenal RAS and leading to hypertension. This review will update current knowledge on the RAS with particular attention to the intrarenal RAS and its role in the pathophysiology of hypertension.
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Lv LL, Liu BC. Role of non-classical renin-angiotensin system axis in renal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:117. [PMID: 25954204 PMCID: PMC4404823 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a major regulator of renal fibrosis. Besides the classical renin/Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/AT1 and AT2 axis, multiple new axes have been recently described. The new members have added new dimensions to RAS, including the ACE2/Ang(1–7)/Mas receptor axis, the prorenin/(pro)renin receptor(PRR)/intracelluar pathway axis, and the Angiotensin A (Ang A), alamandine-Mas-related G protein coupled receptor D(MrgD) axis. This review summarized recent studies regarding role of the non-classical RAS axis in renal fibrosis, and its possible implications to the intervention of progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing, China
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Narumi K, Hirose T, Sato E, Mori T, Kisu K, Ishikawa M, Totsune K, Ishii T, Ichihara A, Nguyen G, Sato H, Ito S. A functional (pro)renin receptor is expressed in human lymphocytes and monocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F487-99. [PMID: 25503726 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00206.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in inflammation. The signaling via the ANG II type 1 receptor in human lymphocytes and monocytes, which play key roles in pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis (GN), can enhance inflammation. However, the role of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a component of the RAS, in inflammatory reactions is unknown. We assessed whether (P)RR is expressed in human lymphocytes and monocytes by RT-PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, and whether (P)RR functions in inflammation. (P)RR mRNA and protein were expressed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Flow cytometric analysis revealed high expression of (P)RR on monocytes. (P)RR was present on PBMCs, infiltrating lymphocytes, and macrophages around glomeruli with a crescent in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated GN. Renin stimulation of PBMCs from healthy subjects in the presence of the ANG II type 1 receptor and ANG II type 2 receptor blockers induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and release of IL-6 and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The increases in cytokine release and COX-2 expression were inhibited in the presence of an ERK1/2 inhibitor. (P)RR knockdown by small interfering RNA in U937 cells, a human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line, significantly decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation after renin stimulation. Thus (P)RR expressed in human inflammatory cells might contribute to inflammation in ANCA-associated GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Narumi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, and CNRS UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Emiko Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan;
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kisu
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ishikawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Totsune
- Department of Social Welfare, Faculty of Synthetic Welfare, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genevieve Nguyen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, and CNRS UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Lee DY, Kim HS, Won KJ, Lee KP, Jung SH, Park ES, Choi WS, Lee HM, Kim B. DJ-1 regulates the expression of renal (pro)renin receptor via reactive oxygen species-mediated epigenetic modification. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:426-34. [PMID: 25463323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 protein plays multifunctional roles including transcriptional regulation and scavenging oxidative stress; thus, it may be associated with the development of renal disorders. We investigated whether DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly identified member of renin-angiotensin system. METHODS The levels of mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. H2O2 production was tested by using fluorescence probe. Histone modification was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The expression of PRR was significantly higher in the kidney from DJ-1 knockout mice (DJ-1-/-) compared with wild-type mice (DJ-1+/+). Histone deacetylase 1 recruitment at the PRR promoter was lower, and histone H3 acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment were higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+. Knockdown or inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 restored PRR expression in mesangial cells from DJ-1+/+. H2O2 production was greater in DJ-1-/- cells compared with DJ-1+/+ cells. These changes in PRR expression and epigenetic modification in DJ-1-/- cells were induced by H2O2 treatment and reversed completely by addition of an antioxidant reagent. Prorenin-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was greater in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and this was inhibited by a PRR-inhibitory peptide, and by AT1 and AT2 receptor inhibitors. The expression of renal fibrotic genes was higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and decreased in PRR-knockdown DJ-1-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of renal PRR through H2O2-mediated epigenetic modification. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that renal DJ-1 protein may be an important molecule in the acceleration of renal pathogenesis through PRR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youb Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Department of Herbal Cosmetic Science, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the role of the intrarenal rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the regulation of glomerular function including glomerular dynamics and filtration rate, glomerular permeability and structural alterations during chronic increases in intrarenal angiotensin (Ang) II. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have continued to delineate the complex interactions among the various RAS components that participate in regulating glomerular function. Although Ang II acting on AT1 receptors remains as the predominant influence on glomerular dynamics, some of these effects are indirectly mediated by Ang II modulating the sensitivity of the macula densa tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism as well as the more recently described feedback mechanism from the connecting tubule. Interestingly, the actions of Ang II on these systems cause opposite effects on glomerular function demonstrating the complexities associated with the influences of Ang II on glomerular function. When chronically elevated, Ang II also stimulates and/or interacts with other factors, including reactive oxygen species, cytokines and growth factors and other hormones or paracrine agents, to elicit structural alterations. SUMMARY Recent studies have provided further evidence for the presence of many components of the RAS in glomerular structures, which supports the importance of locally produced angiotensin peptides to regulate glomerular haemodynamics, filtration rate and macromolecular permeability and contribute to fibrosis and glomerular injury when inappropriately augmented.
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