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Fujikawa T, Ito T, Okada R, Sawada M, Mohri K, Tateishi Y, Takahashi R, Asakage T, Tsutsumi T. Combined genetic polymorphisms of the GSTT1 and NRF2 genes increase susceptibility to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: A preliminary study. Hear Res 2024; 445:108995. [PMID: 38518393 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genotype-phenotype relationship in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity remains unclear. By assessing early shifts in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels after initial cisplatin administration, we aimed to discriminate patients' susceptibility to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and elucidate their genetic background. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary referral hospital in Japan. PATIENTS Twenty-six patients with head and neck cancer were undergoing chemoradiotherapy with three cycles of 100 mg/m2 cisplatin. INTERVENTIONS Repetitive pure-tone audiometry and DPOAE measurements, and blood sampling for DNA extraction were performed. Patients were grouped into early ototoxicity presence or absence based on whether DPOAE level shifts exceeded the corresponding reference limits of the 21-day test interval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hearing thresholds after each cisplatin cycle, severity of other adverse events, and polymorphisms in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity-associated genes were compared. RESULTS Early ototoxicity was present in 14 and absent in 12 patients. Ototoxicity presence on DPOAEs was associated with greater progression of hearing loss in frequencies ≥2 kHz throughout therapy and with higher ototoxicity grades compared with ototoxicity absence. Ototoxicity was further associated with grade ≥2 nausea. Ototoxicity presence was genetically associated with the GSTT1 null genotype and G-allele of NFE2L2 rs6721961, whereas ototoxicity absence was associated with the GSTM1 null genotype. Dose-dependent progression of hearing loss was the greatest in the combined genotype pattern of GSTT1 null and the T/G or G/G variants of rs6721961. CONCLUSION Early DPOAE changes reflected genetic vulnerability to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Hereditary insufficiency of the antioxidant defense system causes severe cisplatin-induced hearing loss and nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Fujikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
| | - Taku Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sawada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Kaori Mohri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yumiko Tateishi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsutsumi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Phelps KR. The pathogenesis of albuminuria in cadmium nephropathy. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 6:100140. [PMID: 38116328 PMCID: PMC10726218 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary cadmium excretion (ECd) rises with renal tissue content of the metal. Whereas glomerulopathies are sometimes associated with massive albuminuria, tubular accumulation of Cd typically causes modest albuminuria. Since β2-microglobulinuria (Eβ2M) is an established marker of proximal tubular dysfunction, we hypothesized that a comparison of albuminuria (Ealb) to Eβ2M in Cd-exposed subjects would provide evidence of similar mishandling of both proteins. Methods To depict excretion rates per functional nephron, ECd, Ealb, and Eβ2M were normalized to creatinine clearance (Ccr), a surrogate for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Estimation of GFR itself (eGFR) was accomplished with CKD-EPI formulas (2009). Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to relate Ealb/Ccr, Eβ2M/Ccr, and eGFR to several independent variables. Simple linear regressions of eGFR, Ealb/Ccr, and Eβ2M/Ccr on ECd/Ccr were examined before and after adjustment of dependent variables for age. All regressions were performed after log-transformation of ratios and standardization of all variables. Increments in Ealb/Ccr and Eβ2M/Ccr and decrements in eGFR were quantified through four quartiles of ECd/Ccr. Results As age or ECd/Ccr rose, Ealb/Ccr and Eβ2M/Ccr also rose, and eGFR fell. In linear regressions, slopes relating Ealb/Ccr and Eβ2M/Ccr to ECd/Ccr were similar. After adjustment of dependent variables for age, coefficients of determination (R2) for all regressions rose by a multiple, and slopes approached unity. Ealb/Ccr and Eβ2M/Ccr were similarly associated with each other. Mean Ealb/Ccr and Eβ2M/Ccr rose and mean eGFR fell in stepwise fashion through quartiles of ECd/Ccr. Whereas Eβ2M/Ccr did not vary with blood pressure, Ealb/Ccr rose in association with hypertension in two of the four quartiles. Conclusions Our data indicate that Cd in renal tissue affected tubular reabsorption of albumin and β2M similarly in a large cohort of exposed subjects. The results suggest that Cd reduced receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent lysosomal degradation of each protein by a shared mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Kidney and Transplant Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for CKD QLD, UQ Health Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth R. Phelps
- Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Thévenod F, Herbrechter R, Schlabs C, Pethe A, Lee WK, Wolff NA, Roussa E. Role of the SLC22A17/lipocalin-2 receptor in renal endocytosis of proteins/metalloproteins: a focus on iron- and cadmium-binding proteins. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F564-F577. [PMID: 37589051 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00020.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein SLC22A17 [or the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/lipocalin-2 (LCN2)/24p3 receptor] is an atypical member of the SLC22 family of organic anion and cation transporters: it does not carry typical substrates of SLC22 transporters but mediates receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) of LCN2. One important task of the kidney is the prevention of urinary loss of proteins filtered by the glomerulus by bulk reabsorption of multiple ligands via megalin:cubilin:amnionless-mediated endocytosis in the proximal tubule (PT). Accordingly, overflow, glomerular, or PT damage, as in Fanconi syndrome, results in proteinuria. Strikingly, up to 20% of filtered proteins escape the PT under physiological conditions and are reabsorbed by the distal nephron. The renal distal tubule and collecting duct express SLC22A17, which mediates RME of filtered proteins that evade the PT but with limited capacity to prevent proteinuria under pathological conditions. The kidney also prevents excretion of filtered essential and nonessential transition metals, such as iron or cadmium, respectively, that are largely bound to proteins with high affinity, e.g., LCN2, transferrin, or metallothionein, or low affinity, e.g., microglobulins or albumin. Hence, increased uptake of transition metals may cause nephrotoxicity. Here, we assess the literature on SLC22A17 structure, topology, tissue distribution, regulation, and assumed functions, emphasizing renal SLC22A17, which has relevance for physiology, pathology, and nephrotoxicity due to the accumulation of proteins complexed with transition metals, e.g., cadmium or iron. Other putative renal functions of SLC22A17, such as its contribution to osmotic stress adaptation, protection against urinary tract infection, or renal carcinogenesis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thévenod
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Robin Herbrechter
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Carolin Schlabs
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Abhishek Pethe
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Natascha A Wolff
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Acharya P, Saha R, Quadri JA, Sarwar S, Khan MA, Sati HC, Gauniyal N, Shariff A, Swaroop S, Pathak P, Shalimar. Quantitative plasma proteomics identifies metallothioneins as a marker of acute-on-chronic liver failure associated acute kidney injury. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1041230. [PMID: 36776389 PMCID: PMC9909472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) considerably increases the risk of short-term mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) but predicting AKI is not possible with existing tools. Our study aimed at de novo discovery of AKI biomarkers in ACLF. Methods This observational study had two phases- (A) Discovery phase in which quantitative proteomics was carried-out with day-of-admission plasma from ACLF patients who initially had no-AKI but either progressed to AKI (n=10) or did not (n=9) within 7 days of admission and, (B) Validation phase in which selected biomarkers from the discovery phase were validated by ELISA in a larger set of ACLF plasma samples (n=93) followed by sub-group analyses. Results Plasma proteomics revealed 56 differentially expressed proteins in ACLF patients who progressed to AKI vs those who did not. The metallothionein protein-family was upregulated in patients who progressed to AKI and was validated by ELISA as significantly elevated in both- (i) ACLF-AKI vs no-AKI (p-value ≤ 0.0001) and (ii) progression to AKI vs no-progression to AKI (p-value ≤ 0.001). AUROC for AKI vs no-AKI was 0.786 (p-value ≤0.001) and for progression to AKI vs no-progression to AKI was 0.7888 (p-value ≤0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that ACLF patients with plasma MT concentration >5.83 ng/mL had a high probability of developing AKI by day 7 (p-value ≤0.0001). High expression of metallothionein genes was found in post-mortem liver biopsies of ACLF patients. Conclusion Day-of-admission measurements of plasma metallothionein can act as predictive biomarkers of AKI in ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Pragyan Acharya,
| | - Rohini Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ahsan Quadri
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saba Sarwar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Maroof Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hem Chandra Sati
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Gauniyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ahmadullah Shariff
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shekhar Swaroop
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Piyush Pathak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted α-Radionuclide Therapy with 225Ac Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Renal Cell Carcinoma Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050570. [PMID: 35631396 PMCID: PMC9142961 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the tumor-targeting properties, therapeutic efficacy, and tolerability of the humanized anti-CAIX antibody (hG250) labeled with either the α-emitter actinium-225 (225Ac) or the β--emitter lutetium-177 (177Lu) in mice. BALB/c nude mice were grafted with human renal cell carcinoma SK-RC-52 cells and intravenously injected with 30 µg [225Ac] Ac-DOTA-hG250 (225Ac-hG250) or 30 µg [177Lu] Lu-DOTA-hG250 (177Lu-hG250), followed by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in mice receiving 5, 15, and 25 kBq of 225Ac-hG250; 13 MBq of 177Lu-hG250; or no treatment. Tolerability was evaluated in non-tumor-bearing animals. High tumor uptake of both radioimmunoconjugates was observed and increased up to day 7 (212.8 ± 50.2 %IA/g vs. 101.0 ± 18.4 %IA/g for 225Ac-hG250 and 177Lu-hG250, respectively). Survival was significantly prolonged in mice treated with 15 kBq 225Ac-hG250, 25 kBq 225Ac-hG250, and 13 MBq 177Lu-hG250 compared to untreated control (p < 0.05). Non-tumor-bearing mice that received single-dose treatment with 15 or 25 kBq 225Ac-hG250 showed weight loss at the end of the experiment (day 126), and immunohistochemical analysis suggested radiation-induced nephrotoxicity. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CAIX-targeted α-therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Future studies are required to find an optimal balance between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.
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Hernández-Cruz EY, Amador-Martínez I, Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Pedraza Chaverri J. Renal damage induced by cadmium and its possible therapy by mitochondrial transplantation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yiwen W, Xiaohan T, Chunfeng Z, Xiaoyu Y, Yaodong M, Huanhuan Q. Genetics of metallothioneins in Drosophilamelanogaster. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132562. [PMID: 34653491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous metal-chelating proteins involved in cellular metal homeostasis. MTs were found to be related with almost all the biological processes and their malfunctioning is responsible for a lot of important human diseases. Invertebrate MTs were also used broadly as biomarkers of metal contamination due to their inducible expression by metal exposure. MT system plays a significant role in maintaining human health and ecological stability. Drosophila melanogaster, the vinegar fly, is a perfect model for studying insect MT systems. Six MTs were identified in D. melanogaster, and were designated MtnA to F. All the MTs are considered as Cu-thioneins except for MtnF, which is putatively a Zn-thionein. Expression of all the MTs are regulated by MTF-1/MRE system, thus being able to be induced by heavy metal exposure. The expression pattern and function of separated MTs are partially overlapped and partially distinct. In this work, we made a summary of all the studies on D. melanogaster MTs. From this review, we noted that, compared with studies on mammalian MTs, the understanding of the MT system of D. melanogaster and other invertebrates, especially the regulation mechanism for MT expression and protein-protein interaction with them, is still in a low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yiwen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian Xiaohan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhu Chunfeng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Xiaoyu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Yaodong
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300250, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiao Huanhuan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China.
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Kwak SY, Jang WI, Park S, Cho SS, Lee SB, Kim MJ, Park S, Shim S, Jang H. Metallothionein 2 activation by pravastatin reinforces epithelial integrity and ameliorates radiation-induced enteropathy. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103641. [PMID: 34688032 PMCID: PMC8546423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy or accidental exposure to ionizing radiation causes severe damage of healthy intestinal tissues. Intestinal barrier function is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation, and loss of epithelial integrity results in mucosal inflammation, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia. Few studies have of epithelial integrity as a therapeutic target to treat radiation toxicity. Here, we examined the effects of pravastatin (PS) and the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial integrity on radiation-induced enteropathy. Methods The radio-mitigative effects of PS were evaluated in a minipig model by quantifying clinical symptoms, and performing histological and serological analyses and mRNA sequencing in intestinal tissues. To evaluate the role of intercellular junctions on radiation damage, we used tight junction regulator and metallothionein 2 (MT2) as treatments in a mouse model of radiation-induced enteropathy. Caco-2 monolayers were used to examine functional epithelial integrityand intercellular junction expression. Finding Using a minipig model of pharmaceutical oral bioavailability, we found that PS mitigated acute radiation-induced enteropathy. PS-treated irradiated minipigs had mild clinical symptoms, lower intestinal inflammation and endotoxin levels, and improved gastrointestinal integrity, compared with control group animals. The results of mRNA sequencing analysis indicated that PS treatment markedly influenced intercellular junctions by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling in the irradiated intestinal epithelium. The PS-regulated gene MT2 improved the epithelial barrier via enhancement of intercellular junctions in radiation-induced enteropathy. Interpretation PS regulated epithelial integrity by modulating MT2 in radiation-damaged epithelial cells. These findings suggested that maintenance of epithelial integrity is a novel therapeutic target for treatment of radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage. Funding As stated in the Acknowledgments
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Kwak
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Park
- Comprehensive Radiation Irradiation Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sik Cho
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea.
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Zavala-Guevara IP, Ortega-Romero MS, Narváez-Morales J, Jacobo-Estrada TL, Lee WK, Arreola-Mendoza L, Thévenod F, Barbier OC. Increased Endocytosis of Cadmium-Metallothionein through the 24p3 Receptor in an In Vivo Model with Reduced Proximal Tubular Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7262. [PMID: 34298880 PMCID: PMC8303618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proximal tubule (PT) is the major target of cadmium (Cd2+) nephrotoxicity. Current dogma postulates that Cd2+ complexed to metallothionein (MT) (CdMT) is taken up through receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) via the PT receptor megalin:cubilin, which is the predominant pathway for reuptake of filtered proteins in the kidney. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the distal parts of the nephron are also sensitive to damage induced by Cd2+. In rodent kidneys, another receptor for protein endocytosis, the 24p3 receptor (24p3R), is exclusively expressed in the apical membranes of distal tubules (DT) and collecting ducts (CD). Cell culture studies have demonstrated that RME and toxicity of CdMT and other (metal ion)-protein complexes in DT and CD cells is mediated by 24p3R. In this study, we evaluated the uptake of labeled CdMT complex through 24p3R after acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by gentamicin (GM) administration that disrupts PT function. Subcutaneous administration of GM at 10 mg/kg/day for seven days did not alter the structural and functional integrity of the kidney's filtration barrier. However, because of PT injury, the concentration of the renal biomarker Kim-1 increased. When CdMT complex coupled to FITC was administered intravenously, both uptake of the CdMT complex and 24p3R expression in DT increased and also colocalized after PT injury induced by GM. Although megalin decreased in PT after GM administration, urinary protein excretion was not changed, which suggests that the increased levels of 24p3R in the distal nephron could be acting as a compensatory mechanism for protein uptake. Altogether, these results suggest that PT damage increases the uptake of the CdMT complex through 24p3R in DT (and possibly CD) and compensate for protein losses associated with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Pamela Zavala-Guevara
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico; (I.P.Z.-G.); (M.S.O.-R.); (J.N.-M.)
| | - Manolo Sibael Ortega-Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico; (I.P.Z.-G.); (M.S.O.-R.); (J.N.-M.)
| | - Juana Narváez-Morales
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico; (I.P.Z.-G.); (M.S.O.-R.); (J.N.-M.)
| | - Tania Libertad Jacobo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 30 de Junio de 1520 s/n, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México CP 07340, Mexico;
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology and ZBAF (Center for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health-School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany; (W.-K.L.); (F.T.)
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Laura Arreola-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 30 de Junio de 1520 s/n, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México CP 07340, Mexico;
| | - Frank Thévenod
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology and ZBAF (Center for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health-School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany; (W.-K.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Olivier Christophe Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico; (I.P.Z.-G.); (M.S.O.-R.); (J.N.-M.)
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Zhang SN, Gu Y, Zhu ZL, Hu SH, Kopittke PM, Zhao FJ, Wang P. Stable isotope fractionation of cadmium in the soil-rice-human continuum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143262. [PMID: 33218811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of rice (Oryza sativa) grain is a major pathway by which humans are exposed to Cd, especially in non-smoking Asian populations. Although the stable isotope signatures of Cd offer a potential tool for tracing its sources, little is known about the isotopic fractionation of Cd across the entire soil-rice-human continuum. Cadmium isotope ratios were determined in field soils, rice grain, and human urine collected from two Cd-contaminated regions in southern China. Additionally, Cd isotopic fractionation in rice plants was investigated using two transgenic plants differing in Cd uptake and accumulation. Analysis of isotope ratios revealed a preferential enrichment of the heavy Cd isotopes from soil to rice grain (δ114/110Cdgrain-soil = +0.40‰) and from grain to urine (δ114/110Cdurine-grain = +0.40‰) in both regions. The first increase was mainly caused by partitioning between the soil solid phase and the soil solution, with heavier Cd preferentially enriching in the soil solution. Within the rice plant, we identified multiple processes that alter the isotope ratio, but the net effect throughout the plant was comparatively small. Cd fractionation in humans is presumably due to the preferential enrichment of heavier Cd isotopes by metal transporters DMT1 and ZIP8 (responsible for the absorption of Cd into body from the foods). These findings provide important insights into the Cd isotopic fractionation through the soil-rice-human continuum and are helpful for tracing the sources of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Gu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen-Li Zhu
- China University of Geosciences, School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Hu
- China University of Geosciences, School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Emerging Roles of Metallothioneins in Beta Cell Pathophysiology: Beyond and Above Metal Homeostasis and Antioxidant Response. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030176. [PMID: 33652748 PMCID: PMC7996892 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Defective insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells is key for the development of type 2 diabetes but the precise mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Metallothioneins are metal binding proteins whose precise biological roles have not been fully characterized. Available evidence indicated that Metallothioneins are protective cellular effectors involved in heavy metal detoxification, metal ion homeostasis and antioxidant defense. This concept has however been challenged by emerging evidence in different medical research fields revealing novel negative roles of Metallothioneins, including in the context of diabetes. In this review, we gather and analyze the available knowledge regarding the complex roles of Metallothioneins in pancreatic beta cell biology and insulin secretion. We comprehensively analyze the evidence showing positive effects of Metallothioneins on beta cell function and survival as well as the emerging evidence revealing negative effects and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms. We expose in parallel findings from other medical research fields and underscore unsettled questions. Then, we propose some future research directions to improve knowledge in the field. Abstract Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins whose precise biological roles have not been fully characterized. Existing evidence implicated MTs in heavy metal detoxification, metal ion homeostasis and antioxidant defense. MTs were thus categorized as protective effectors that contribute to cellular homeostasis and survival. This view has, however, been challenged by emerging evidence in different medical fields revealing novel pathophysiological roles of MTs, including inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegenerative disorders, carcinogenesis and diabetes. In the present focused review, we discuss the evidence for the role of MTs in pancreatic beta-cell biology and insulin secretion. We highlight the pattern of specific isoforms of MT gene expression in rodents and human beta-cells. We then discuss the mechanisms involved in the regulation of MTs in islets under physiological and pathological conditions, particularly type 2 diabetes, and analyze the evidence revealing adaptive and negative roles of MTs in beta-cells and the potential mechanisms involved. Finally, we underscore the unsettled questions in the field and propose some future research directions.
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Álvarez-Barrios A, Álvarez L, García M, Artime E, Pereiro R, González-Iglesias H. Antioxidant Defenses in the Human Eye: A Focus on Metallothioneins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:89. [PMID: 33440661 PMCID: PMC7826537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye with special emphasis on the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, which are considered natural barriers of antioxidant protection, contributing to the onset and/or progression of eye diseases. These ocular structures contain a complex antioxidant defense system slightly different along the eye depending on cell tissue. In addition to widely studied enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. This family of cysteine rich and low molecular mass proteins captures and neutralizes free radicals in a redox-dependent mechanism involving zinc binding and release. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date, the Zn-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system, and the antioxidant activity of Zn-MTs in the ocular surface, lens, retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, dependent on the number of occupied zinc-binding sites, will be comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
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Molecular Mechanism of Cellular Oxidative Stress Sensing by Keap1. Cell Rep 2020; 28:746-758.e4. [PMID: 31315052 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 system plays a central role in the oxidative stress response; however, the identity of the reactive oxygen species sensor within Keap1 remains poorly understood. Here, we show that a Keap1 mutant lacking 11 cysteine residues retains the ability to target Nrf2 for degradation, but it is unable to respond to cysteine-reactive Nrf2 inducers. Of the 11 mutated cysteine residues, we find that 4 (Cys226/613/622/624) are important for sensing hydrogen peroxide. Our analyses of multiple mutant mice lines, complemented by MEFs expressing a series of Keap1 mutants, reveal that Keap1 uses the cysteine residues redundantly to set up an elaborate fail-safe mechanism in which specific combinations of these four cysteine residues can form a disulfide bond to sense hydrogen peroxide. This sensing mechanism is distinct from that used for electrophilic Nrf2 inducers, demonstrating that Keap1 is equipped with multiple cysteine-based sensors to detect various endogenous and exogenous stresses.
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14
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Comes G, Fernandez-Gayol O, Molinero A, Giralt M, Capdevila M, Atrian S, Hidalgo J. Mouse metallothionein-1 and metallothionein-2 are not biologically interchangeable in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, EAE. Metallomics 2020; 11:327-337. [PMID: 30543238 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse metallothionein-1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) are often considered physiologically equivalent, because they are normally regulated coordinately by a wide range of stimuli, and it is assumed that in vivo they will be normally fully loaded with zinc(ii) (Zn7-MT1/2), although other metal ions, such as copper(i), may be eventually found as well. However, mouse MT2, in contrast to MT1, exhibits a preference for Zn(ii) coordination in comparison to that for Cu(i), which might underlie putatively different biological functions for these two mammalian isoforms. We have characterized the effects of exogenously administered mouse MT1 and MT2, and of transgenic Mt1 overexpression, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by active immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. Mice treated daily with MT2 showed a significant amelioration of the clinical course, with decreased peak and cumulative scores and delayed onset of EAE. In contrast, treatment with MT1 or its transgenic overexpression only caused a non-significant trend. MT2 treatment preserved better the myelin of the spinal cord, and the pattern of leukocyte infiltrates and gene expression are compatible with an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation. Splenocytes from these animals in culture responded adequately to MOG35-55 peptide, but a bias for a Th2 profile seemed to be present in the MT2-treated mice. Interestingly, MT1 but not MT2 decreased the number of cytokines in the serum. The present results indicate that mouse MT1 and MT2 are not biologically interchangeable in the EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Comes
- Animal Physiology Unit, C/Vall Moronta s/n, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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In vitro Evaluation of The Effects of Cadmium on Endocytic Uptakes of Proteins into Cultured Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020024. [PMID: 32244724 PMCID: PMC7356949 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant known to cause dysfunctions of the tubular reabsorption of biomolecules in the kidney. Elevated levels of urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) have been used as an indicator of Cd-induced renal tubular dysfunctions. However, very few studies have examined the direct effects of Cd on the reabsorption efficiency of proteins using cultured renal cells. Here, we developed an in vitro assay system for quantifying the endocytic uptakes of fluorescent-labeled proteins by flow cytometry in S1 and S2 cells derived from mouse kidney proximal tubules. Endocytic uptakes of fluorescent-labeled albumin, transferrin, β2-MG, and metallothionein into S1 cells were confirmed by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. The exposure of S1 and S2 cells to Cd at 1 and 3 µM for 3 days resulted in significant decreases in the uptakes of β2-MG and metallothionein but not in those of albumin or transferrin. These results suggest that Cd affects the tubular reabsorption of low-molecular-weight proteins even at nonlethal concentrations. The in vitro assay system developed in this study to evaluate the endocytic uptakes of proteins may serve as a useful tool for detecting toxicants that cause renal tubular dysfunctions.
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16
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Merlos Rodrigo MA, Jimenez Jimemez AM, Haddad Y, Bodoor K, Adam P, Krizkova S, Heger Z, Adam V. Metallothionein isoforms as double agents - Their roles in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 52:100691. [PMID: 32615524 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich intracellular proteins with four major isoforms identified in mammals, designated MT-1 through MT-4. The best known biological functions of MTs are their ability to bind and sequester metal ions as well as their active role in redox homeostasis. Despite these protective roles, numerous studies have demonstrated that changes in MT expression could be associated with the process of carcinogenesis and participation in cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Hence, MTs have the role of double agents, i.e., working with and against cancer. In view of their rich biochemical properties, it is not surprising that MTs participate in the emergence of chemoresistance in tumor cells. Many studies have demonstrated that MT overexpression is involved in the acquisition of resistance to anticancer drugs including cisplatin, anthracyclines, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mitomycin. The evidence is gradually increasing for a cellular switch in MT functions, showing that they indeed have two faces: protector and saboteur. Initially, MTs display anti-oncogenic and protective roles; however, once the oncogenic process was launched, MTs are utilized by cancer cells for progression, survival, and contribution to chemoresistance. The duality of MTs can serve as a potential prognostic/diagnostic biomarker and can therefore pave the way towards the development of new cancer treatment strategies. Herein, we review and discuss MTs as tumor disease markers and describe their role in chemoresistance to distinct anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ana Maria Jimenez Jimemez
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yazan Haddad
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Khaldon Bodoor
- Department of Applied Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Pavlina Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Yuan AT, Korkola NC, Wong DL, Stillman MJ. Metallothionein Cd4S11cluster formation dominates in the protection of carbonic anhydrase. Metallomics 2020; 12:767-783. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results from ESI-MS and stopped flow kinetics show that apo-MT protects from toxic metalation of apo-CA with Cd2+due to the protein–protein interactions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia T. Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | | | - Daisy L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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18
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Fels J, Scharner B, Zarbock R, Zavala Guevara IP, Lee WK, Barbier OC, Thévenod F. Cadmium Complexed with β2-Microglubulin, Albumin and Lipocalin-2 rather than Metallothionein Cause Megalin:Cubilin Dependent Toxicity of the Renal Proximal Tubule. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102379. [PMID: 31091675 PMCID: PMC6566203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd2+) in the environment is a significant health hazard. Chronic low Cd2+ exposure mainly results from food and tobacco smoking and causes kidney damage, predominantly in the proximal tubule. Blood Cd2+ binds to thiol-containing high (e.g., albumin, transferrin) and low molecular weight proteins (e.g., the high-affinity metal-binding protein metallothionein, β2-microglobulin, α1-microglobulin and lipocalin-2). These plasma proteins reach the glomerular filtrate and are endocytosed at the proximal tubule via the multiligand receptor complex megalin:cubilin. The current dogma of chronic Cd2+ nephrotoxicity claims that Cd2+-metallothionein endocytosed via megalin:cubilin causes renal damage. However, a thorough study of the literature strongly argues for revision of this model for various reasons, mainly: (i) It relied on studies with unusually high Cd2+-metallothionein concentrations; (ii) the KD of megalin for metallothionein is ~105-times higher than (Cd2+)-metallothionein plasma concentrations. Here we investigated the uptake and toxicity of ultrafiltrated Cd2+-binding protein ligands that are endocytosed via megalin:cubilin in the proximal tubule. Metallothionein, β2-microglobulin, α1-microglobulin, lipocalin-2, albumin and transferrin were investigated, both as apo- and Cd2+-protein complexes, in a rat proximal tubule cell line (WKPT-0293 Cl.2) expressing megalin:cubilin at low passage, but is lost at high passage. Uptake was determined by fluorescence microscopy and toxicity by MTT cell viability assay. Apo-proteins in low and high passage cells as well as Cd2+-protein complexes in megalin:cubilin deficient high passage cells did not affect cell viability. The data prove Cd2+-metallothionein is not toxic, even at >100-fold physiological metallothionein concentrations in the primary filtrate. Rather, Cd2+-β2-microglobulin, Cd2+-albumin and Cd2+-lipocalin-2 at concentrations present in the primary filtrate are taken up by low passage proximal tubule cells and cause toxicity. They are therefore likely candidates of Cd2+-protein complexes damaging the proximal tubule via megalin:cubilin at concentrations found in the ultrafiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fels
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, D-58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Bettina Scharner
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, D-58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zarbock
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, D-58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Itzel Pamela Zavala Guevara
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico 07360, México.
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, D-58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Olivier C Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico 07360, México.
| | - Frank Thévenod
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, D-58453 Witten, Germany.
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Shen Z, Lin J, Teng J, Zhuang Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhang Y, Ding X, Zhang X. Association of urinary ionomic profiles and acute kidney injury and mortality in patients after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 159:918-926.e5. [PMID: 31351778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rarity of sensitive biomarkers for acute kidney injury (AKI) has impeded the timely therapy of AKI. Emerging evidence suggests that ion homeostasis may play pertinent roles in AKI. We aimed to screen out representative urinary ions and build a cardiac surgery-associated AKI indication model. METHODS We performed urinary ionomic analysis from patients undergoing cardiac surgeries in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (N = 261). By bioinformatics analysis, we identified differentially changed elements and established the AKI indication model we named the urinary ion index (UII). Follow-ups were performed to evaluate 30-day survival. RESULTS The concentrations of most ions dynamically changed whether a patient developed AKI or not. A significant number of differentially changed elements between AKI and non-AKI groups were detected, especially at 2 hours after cardiac surgery, based on which we generated UII, with the area under the curve of 0.815 ± 0.006 and a cut-off value of 1.24. UII was associated with need for renal replacement therapy, with an area under the curve of 0.83 at a cutoff value of 1.62. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods, as well as Cox proportional hazards model, reflected that patients in the UII > 1.24 group had significantly higher risk of mortality within 30 days after surgery (hazard ratio, 5.15; P = .0097 and hazard ratio, 3.56; P = .033) than the UII ≤ 1.24 group. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that UII appears to be a novel and valid index of early cardiac surgery-associated AKI. UII > 1.24 at 2 hours after surgery indicates high risk of AKI and less 30-day survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Shen
- Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Teng
- Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yamin Zhuang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences & Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Medical Center for Kidney Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Channels, transporters and receptors for cadmium and cadmium complexes in eukaryotic cells: myths and facts. Biometals 2019; 32:469-489. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Li Q, Lei F, Tang Y, Pan JSC, Tong Q, Sun Y, Sheikh-Hamad D. Megalin mediates plasma membrane to mitochondria cross-talk and regulates mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4021-4040. [PMID: 29916093 PMCID: PMC11105752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial intracrines are extracellular signaling proteins, targeted to the mitochondria. The pathway for mitochondrial targeting of mitochondrial intracrines and actions in the mitochondria remains unknown. Megalin/LRP2 mediates the uptake of vitamins and proteins, and is critical for clearance of amyloid-β protein from the brain. Megalin mutations underlie the pathogenesis of Donnai-Barrow and Lowe syndromes, characterized by brain defects and kidney dysfunction; megalin was not previously known to reside in the mitochondria. Here, we show megalin is present in the mitochondria and associates with mitochondrial anti-oxidant proteins SIRT3 and stanniocalcin-1 (STC1). Megalin shuttles extracellularly-applied STC1, angiotensin II and TGF-β to the mitochondria through the retrograde early endosome-to-Golgi transport pathway and Rab32. Megalin knockout in cultured cells impairs glycolytic and respiratory capacities. Thus, megalin is critical for mitochondrial biology; mitochondrial intracrine signaling is a continuum of the retrograde early endosome-to-Golgi-Rab32 pathway and defects in this pathway may underlie disease processes in many systems.
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MESH Headings
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/genetics
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/metabolism
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/genetics
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/pathology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/genetics
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/metabolism
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/genetics
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Myopia/genetics
- Myopia/metabolism
- Myopia/pathology
- Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome/genetics
- Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome/metabolism
- Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome/pathology
- Proteinuria/genetics
- Proteinuria/metabolism
- Proteinuria/pathology
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 3/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- rab GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rab GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
| | - Fan Lei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
- West China Medical Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jenny Szu-Chin Pan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
| | - Qiang Tong
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science (NFSC), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David Sheikh-Hamad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA.
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22
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Satarug S. Dietary Cadmium Intake and Its Effects on Kidneys. TOXICS 2018; 6:E15. [PMID: 29534455 PMCID: PMC5874788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake impacts many organ systems, the kidney has long been considered to be a critical target of its toxicity. This review addresses how measurements of Cd intake levels and its effects on kidneys have traditionally been made. These measurements underpin the derivation of our current toxicity threshold limit and tolerable intake levels for Cd. The metal transporters that mediate absorption of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized together with glomerular filtration of Cd and its sequestration by the kidneys. The contribution of age differences, gender, and smoking status to Cd accumulation in lungs, liver, and kidneys are highlighted. The basis for use of urinary Cd excretion to reflect body burden is discussed together with the use of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels to quantify its toxicity. The associations of Cd with the development of chronic kidney disease and hypertension, reduced weight gain, and zinc reabsorption are highlighted. In addition, the review addresses how urinary Cd threshold levels have been derived from human population data and their utility as a warning sign of impending kidney malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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23
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Sheth S, Mukherjea D, Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity and Otoprotection. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:338. [PMID: 29163050 PMCID: PMC5663723 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of significant hearing loss during the early days of use of cisplatin as a chemotherapeutic agent in cancer patients has stimulated research into the causes and treatment of this side effect. It has generally been accepted that hearing loss is produced by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell of the cochlea, which led to the development of various antioxidants as otoprotective agents. Later studies show that ROS could stimulate cochlear inflammation, suggesting the use of anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of hearing loss. In this respect, G-protein coupled receptors, such as adenosine A1 receptor and cannabinoid 2 receptors, have shown efficacy in the treatment of hearing loss in experimental animals by increasing ROS scavenging, suppressing ROS generation, or by decreasing inflammation. Inflammation could be triggered by activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in the cochlea and possibly other TRP channels. Targeting TRPV1 for knockdown has also been shown to be a useful strategy for ensuring otoprotection. Cisplatin entry into cochlear hair cells is mediated by various transporters, inhibitors of which have been shown to be effective for treating hearing loss. Finally, cisplatin-induced DNA damage and activation of the apoptotic process could be targeted for cisplatin-induced hearing loss. This review focuses on recent development in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced hearing loss and provides examples of how drug therapies have been formulated based on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sheth
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Debashree Mukherjea
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Leonard P Rybak
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States.,Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Vickram Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
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24
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Jacobo-Estrada T, Santoyo-Sánchez M, Thévenod F, Barbier O. Cadmium Handling, Toxicity and Molecular Targets Involved during Pregnancy: Lessons from Experimental Models. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071590. [PMID: 28737682 PMCID: PMC5536077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even decades after the discovery of Cadmium (Cd) toxicity, research on this heavy metal is still a hot topic in scientific literature: as we wrote this review, more than 1440 scientific articles had been published and listed by the PubMed.gov website during 2017. Cadmium is one of the most common and harmful heavy metals present in our environment. Since pregnancy is a very particular physiological condition that could impact and modify essential pathways involved in the handling of Cd, the prenatal life is a critical stage for exposure to this non-essential element. To give the reader an overview of the possible mechanisms involved in the multiple organ toxic effects in fetuses after the exposure to Cd during pregnancy, we decided to compile some of the most relevant experimental studies performed in experimental models and to summarize the advances in this field such as the Cd distribution and the factors that could alter it (diet, binding-proteins and membrane transporters), the Cd-induced toxicity in dams (preeclampsia, fertility, kidney injury, alteration in essential element homeostasis and bone mineralization), in placenta and in fetus (teratogenicity, central nervous system, liver and kidney).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Jacobo-Estrada
- Departamento de Sociedad y Política Ambiental, CIIEMAD, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 30 de Junio de 1520 s/n, La Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico.
| | - Mitzi Santoyo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Frank Thévenod
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health-School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str 12 (Thyssenhaus), D 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
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25
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Xenobiotic transporters and kidney injury. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:73-91. [PMID: 28111348 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal proximal tubules are targets for toxicity due in part to the expression of transporters that mediate the secretion and reabsorption of xenobiotics. Alterations in transporter expression and/or function can enhance the accumulation of toxicants and sensitize the kidneys to injury. This can be observed when xenobiotic uptake by carrier proteins is increased or efflux of toxicants and their metabolites is reduced. Nephrotoxic chemicals include environmental contaminants (halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, the herbicide paraquat, the fungal toxin ochratoxin, and heavy metals) as well as pharmaceuticals (certain beta-lactam antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and chemotherapeutic drugs). This review explores the mechanisms by which transporters mediate the entry and exit of toxicants from renal tubule cells and influence the degree of kidney injury. Delineating how transport proteins regulate the renal accumulation of toxicants is critical for understanding the likelihood of nephrotoxicity resulting from competition for excretion or genetic polymorphisms that affect transporter function.
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26
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Bhandari S, Melchiorre C, Dostie K, Laukens D, Devisscher L, Louwrier A, Thees A, Lynes MA. Detection and Manipulation of the Stress Response Protein Metallothionein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 71:17.19.1-17.19.28. [PMID: 28146278 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small molecular weight stress response proteins that play a central role as reservoir of essential divalent heavy metal cations such as zinc and copper, and also can diminish the effects of toxic heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium. Historically, MT has been considered to be an intracellular protein with roles to play in the management of heavy metals, as a regulator of cellular redox potential, and as a buffer of free radicals. Our recent studies have highlighted immunomodulatory role of MT in inflammatory diseases and also in the progression of metastatic cell movement. Hence, manipulation and detection of MT is essential for its possible use as a diagnostic and in therapeutic interventions of chronic inflammation. This review describes procedures used to detect MT using techniques such as western immunoblot, competition ELISA, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, it also describes the use of a colorimetric cell proliferation assay (CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution/MTS) to study the proliferative effect of MT. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadikshya Bhandari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Clare Melchiorre
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Kristen Dostie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Debby Laukens
- Department of Internal Medicine, De Pintelaan, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Ariel Louwrier
- StressMarq Biosciences, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Thees
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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27
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. Kidney Cadmium Toxicity, Diabetes and High Blood Pressure: The Perfect Storm. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 241:65-87. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
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28
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Duarte AC, Hrynchak MV, Gonçalves I, Quintela T, Santos CRA. Sex Hormone Decline and Amyloid β Synthesis, Transport and Clearance in the Brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27632792 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones (SH) are essential regulators of the central nervous system. The decline in SH levels along with ageing may contribute to compromised neuroprotection and set the grounds for neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. In Alzheimer's disease, besides other pathological features, there is an imbalance between amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, leading to its accumulation in the brain of older subjects. Aβ accumulation is a primary cause for brain inflammation and degeneration, as well as concomitant cognitive decline. There is mounting evidence that SH modulate Aβ production, transport and clearance. Importantly, SH regulate most of the molecules involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, their transport across brain barriers for elimination, and their degradation in the brain interstitial fluid. This review brings together data on the regulation of Aβ production, metabolism, degradation and clearance by SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Duarte
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M V Hrynchak
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Quintela
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C R A Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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29
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Thévenod F, Wolff NA. Iron transport in the kidney: implications for physiology and cadmium nephrotoxicity. Metallomics 2016; 8:17-42. [PMID: 26485516 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kidney has recently emerged as an organ with a significant role in systemic iron (Fe) homeostasis. Substantial amounts of Fe are filtered by the kidney, which have to be reabsorbed to prevent Fe deficiency. Accordingly Fe transporters and receptors for protein-bound Fe are expressed in the nephron that may also function as entry pathways for toxic metals, such as cadmium (Cd), by way of "ionic and molecular mimicry". Similarities, but also differences in handling of Cd by these transport routes offer rationales for the propensity of the kidney to develop Cd toxicity. This critical review provides a comprehensive update on Fe transport by the kidney and its relevance for physiology and Cd nephrotoxicity. Based on quantitative considerations, we have also estimated the in vivo relevance of the described transport pathways for physiology and toxicology. Under physiological conditions all segments of the kidney tubules are likely to utilize Fe for cellular Fe requiring processes for metabolic purposes and also to contribute to reabsorption of free and bound forms of Fe into the circulation. But Cd entering tubule cells disrupts metabolic pathways and is unable to exit. Furthermore, our quantitative analyses contest established models linking chronic Cd nephrotoxicity to proximal tubular uptake of metallothionein-bound Cd. Hence, Fe transport by the kidney may be beneficial by preventing losses from the body. But increased uptake of Fe or Cd that cannot exit tubule cells may lead to kidney injury, and Fe deficiency may facilitate renal Cd uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thévenod
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Training and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Str. 12, 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Natascha A Wolff
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Training and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Str. 12, 58453 Witten, Germany.
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30
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Malaiyandi LM, Sharthiya H, Dineley KE. Fluorescence detection of intracellular cadmium with Leadmium Green. Biometals 2016; 29:625-35. [PMID: 27260023 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leadmium Green is a commercially available, small molecule, fluorescent probe advertised as a detector of free intracellular cadmium (Cd(2+)) and lead (Pb(2+)). Leadmium Green has been used in various paradigms, such as tracking Cd(2+) sequestration in plant cells, heavy metal export in protozoa, and Pb(2+) absorption by vascular endothelial cells. However very little information is available regarding its affinity and selectivity for Cd(2+), Pb(2+), and other metals. We evaluated the in vitro selectivity of Leadmium Green using spectrofluorimetry. Consistent with manufacturer's claims, Leadmium Green was sensitive to Cd(2+) (KD ~600 nM) and also Pb(2+) (KD ~9.0 nM) in a concentration-dependent manner, and furthermore proved insensitive to Ca(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+) and Ni(2+). Leadmium Green also responded to Zn(2+) with a KD of ~82 nM. Using fluorescence microscopy, we evaluated Leadmium Green in live mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. We demonstrated that Leadmium Green detected ionophore-mediated acute elevations of Cd(2+) or Zn(2+) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the maximum fluorescence produced by ionophore-delivered Zn(2+) was much less than that produced by Cd(2+). When tested in a model of oxidant-induced liberation of endogenous Zn(2+), Leadmium Green responded weakly. We conclude that Leadmium Green is an effective probe for monitoring intracellular Cd(2+), particularly in models where Cd(2+) accumulates rapidly, and when concomitant fluctuations of intracellular Zn(2+) are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha M Malaiyandi
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Kirk E Dineley
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
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31
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Sun X, Jia Y, Wei Y, Liu S, Yue B. Gene expression profiling of NB4 cells following knockdown of nucleostemin using DNA microarrays. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:175-83. [PMID: 27374947 PMCID: PMC4918620 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is mainly expressed in stem and tumor cells, and is necessary for the maintenance of their self-renewal and proliferation. Originally, NS was thought to exert its effects through inhibiting p53, while recent studies have revealed that NS is also able to function independently of p53. The present study performed a gene expression profiling analysis of p53‑mutant NB4 leukeima cells following knockdown of NS in order to elucidate the p53‑independent NS pathway. NS expression was silenced using lentivirus‑mediated RNA interference technology, and gene expression profiling of NB4 cells was performed by DNA microarray analysis. A total of 1,953 genes were identified to be differentially expressed (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5) following knockdown of NS expression. Furthermore, reverse‑transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect the expression of certain candidate genes, and the results were in agreement with the micaroarray data. Pathway analysis indicated that aberrant genes were enhanced in endoplasmic, c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase and mineral absorption pathways. The present study shed light on the mechanisms of the p54‑independent NS pathway in NB4 cells and provided a foundation for the discovery of promising targets for the treatment of p53-mutant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyu Wei
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Baohong Yue
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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32
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Krizkova S, Kepinska M, Emri G, Rodrigo MAM, Tmejova K, Nerudova D, Kizek R, Adam V. Microarray analysis of metallothioneins in human diseases—A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:464-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Prozialeck WC, VanDreel A, Ackerman CD, Stock I, Papaeliou A, Yasmine C, Wilson K, Lamar PC, Sears VL, Gasiorowski JZ, DiNovo KM, Vaidya VS, Edwards JR. Evaluation of cystatin C as an early biomarker of cadmium nephrotoxicity in the rat. Biometals 2015; 29:131-46. [PMID: 26715107 PMCID: PMC4735246 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a nephrotoxic environmental pollutant that causes insidious injury to the proximal tubule that results in severe polyuria and proteinuria. Cystatin C is a low molecular weight protein that is being evaluated as a serum and urinary biomarker for various types of ischemic and nephrotoxic renal injury. The objective of the present study was to determine if cystatin C might be a useful early biomarker of Cd nephrotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily injections of Cd for up to 12 weeks. At 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks, urine samples were analyzed for cystatin C, protein, creatinine, β2 microglobulin and kidney injury molecule-1. The results showed that Cd caused a significant increase in the urinary excretion of cystatin C that occurred 3-4 weeks before the onset of polyuria and proteinuria. Serum levels of cystatin C were not altered by Cd. Immunolabeling studies showed that Cd caused the relocalization of cystatin C from the cytoplasm to the apical surface of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. The Cd-induced changes in cystatin C labelling paralleled those of the brush border transport protein, megalin, which has been implicated as a mediator of cystatin C uptake in the proximal tubule. These results indicate that Cd increases the urinary excretion of cystatin C, and they suggest that this effect may involve disruption of megalin-mediated uptake of cystatin C by epithelial cells of the proximal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Prozialeck
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Aaron VanDreel
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Christopher D Ackerman
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Ian Stock
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Alexander Papaeliou
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Christian Yasmine
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Kristen Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Peter C Lamar
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Victoria L Sears
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Joshua Z Gasiorowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Karyn M DiNovo
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Renal Division, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joshua R Edwards
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
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Jing L, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao J, Sun Z, Peng S. Zinc-induced metallothionein overexpression prevents doxorubicin toxicity in cardiomyocytes by regulating the peroxiredoxins. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:715-25. [PMID: 26599915 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Cardiotoxicity is an important factor that limits the clinical use of doxorubicin (Dox). Metallothionein (MT) can antagonize the Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Using a proteomics approach we have detected that major peroxiredoxins (Prxs) may be involved in this process. In the present study, we further investigate the mechanisms of the MT effects against Dox-induced cytotoxicity and the interactions between MT and Prxs. 2. We have established a primary cardiomyocyte culture system from MT-I/II null (MT(-/-)) and corresponding wild type (MT(+/+)) neonatal mice, and pretreated the MT(+/+) cardiomyocytes with ZnCl2 to establish the MT overexpression cardiomyocyte model. 3. Based on the results, in MT(+/+) cardiomyocytes, ZnCl2 pretreatment significantly increased the cardiomyocytes MT levels and inhibited the cardiotoxicity of Dox; it can resist LDH leakage, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, DNA damage, ROS accumulation and inhibit the decrease in activity of antioxidant enzymes induced by Dox. Moreover, ZnCl2 enhanced the expression of Prx-2, -3, -5 and -6, it can inhibit the expression of Prxs decrease in MT(+/+) cardiomyocytes induced by Dox, but had no effect in MT(-/-) cardiomyocytes. 4. Therefore, the present study suggests that ZnCl2 can protect the cardiomyocytes from the Dox-induced oxidative injury and can inhibit the changes in Prxs expression through induced MT overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jing
- a School of Public Health , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China and
| | - Lizhong Li
- b Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- b Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- b Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- a School of Public Health , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China and
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- b Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , PR China
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Davies JA. Self-organized Kidney Rudiments: Prospects for Better in vitro Nephrotoxicity Assays. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:117-23. [PMID: 26244008 PMCID: PMC4507472 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are essential to life but vulnerable to a range of toxicants, including therapeutic drugs and their metabolites. Indeed, nephrotoxicity is often a limiting factor in both drug use and drug development. Most toxicants damage kidneys by one of four mechanisms: damage to the membrane and its junctions, oxidative stress and free radical generation, activation of inflammatory processes, and interference with vascular regulation. Traditionally, animal models were used in preclinical screening for nephrotoxicity, but these can be poorly predictive of human reactions. Animal screens have been joined by simple single-cell–type in vitro assays using primary or immortalized human cells, particularly proximal tubule cells as these are especially vulnerable to toxicants. Recent research, aimed mainly at engineering new kidneys for transplant purposes, has resulted in a method for constructing anatomically realistic mini-kidneys from renogenic stem cells. So far, this has been done only using renogenic stem cells obtained directly from mouse embryos but, in principle, it should be possible to make them from renogenically directed human-induced pluripotent cells. If this can be done, the resulting human-based mini-kidneys would be a promising system for detecting some types of nephrotoxicity and for developing nephroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Rezk NA, Zidan HE, Riad M, Mansy W, Mohamad SA. Metallothionein 2A expression and its relation to different clinical stages and grades of breast cancer in Egyptian patients. Gene 2015; 571:17-22. [PMID: 26093198 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relation of blood MT-2A expression, serum zinc, copper, Cu/Zn ratio, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidant status index (OSI) with benign and malignant breast tumors, also, their relation to different clinical stages and grades of breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Unrelated 199 female patients with breast tumor and 120 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Metallothionein-2A (MT-2A) expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum MT-2A levels were measured by ELISA. Serum copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum TOS and TAS levels were measured colorimetrically. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that blood metallothionein-2A mRNA level, serum MT-2A, copper, Cu/Zn ratio, total oxidant status and oxidant status index were significantly increased, while, serum zinc level and total antioxidant status were significantly decreased in patients with breast cancer and benign breast disease as compared to controls and in breast cancer group as compared to the benign one. CONCLUSIONS Blood metallothionein-2A expression and serum MT-2A levels could be important prognostic indices of less differentiated, more aggressive breast cancer phenotype. Disturbance of copper, zinc and oxidative stress status might contribute to the pathogenesis of breast tumor and could be useful biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring such disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Rezk
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Haidy E Zidan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Riad
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael Mansy
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samya A Mohamad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Harmaza YM, Slobozhanina EI. Zinc essentiality and toxicity. Biophysical aspects. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zalewska M, Trefon J, Milnerowicz H. The role of metallothionein interactions with other proteins. Proteomics 2014; 14:1343-56. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zalewska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Pharmacy; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Jagoda Trefon
- Students Scientific Association; Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Pharmacy; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Pharmacy; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
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Cesani M, Cavalca E, Macco R, Leoncini G, Terreni MR, Lorioli L, Furlan R, Comi G, Doglioni C, Zacchetti D, Sessa M, Scherzer CR, Biffi A. Metallothioneins as dynamic markers for brain disease in lysosomal disorders. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:127-37. [PMID: 24242821 PMCID: PMC4237725 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To facilitate development of novel disease-modifying therapies for lysosomal storage disorder (LSDs) characterized by nervous system involvement such as metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), molecular markers for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response are needed. To this end, we sought to identify blood transcripts associated with the progression of MLD. METHODS Genome-wide expression analysis was performed in primary T lymphocytes of 24 patients with MLD compared to 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genes associated with MLD were identified, confirmed on a quantitative polymerase chain reaction platform, and replicated in an independent patient cohort. mRNA and protein expression of the prioritized gene family of metallothioneins was evaluated in postmortem patient brains and in mouse models representing 6 other LSDs. Metallothionein expression during disease progression and in response to specific treatment was evaluated in 1 of the tested LSD mouse models. Finally, a set of in vitro studies was planned to dissect the biological functions exerted by this class of molecules. RESULTS Metallothionein genes were significantly overexpressed in T lymphocytes and brain of patients with MLD and generally marked nervous tissue damage in the LSDs here evaluated. Overexpression of metallothioneins correlated with measures of disease progression in mice and patients, whereas their levels decreased in mice upon therapeutic treatment. In vitro studies indicated that metallothionein expression is regulated in response to oxidative stress and inflammation, which are biochemical hallmarks of lysosomal storage diseases. INTERPRETATION Metallothioneins are potential markers of neurologic disease processes and treatment response in LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cesani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurogenomics Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Differential transcytosis and toxicity of the hNGAL receptor ligands cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium-phytochelatin in colon-like Caco-2 cells: Implications for in vivo cadmium toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Spiering R, Wagenaar-Hilbers J, Huijgen V, van der Zee R, van Kooten PJS, van Eden W, Broere F. Membrane-Bound Metallothionein 1 of Murine Dendritic Cells Promotes the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2013; 138:69-75. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Mahadevappa R, Nielsen R, Christensen EI, Birn H. Megalin in acute kidney injury: foe and friend. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F147-54. [PMID: 24197071 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00378.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney proximal tubule is a key target in many forms of acute kidney injury (AKI). The multiligand receptor megalin is responsible for the normal proximal tubule uptake of filtered molecules, including nephrotoxins, cytokines, and markers of AKI. By mediating the uptake of nephrotoxins, megalin plays an essential role in the development of some types of AKI. However, megalin also mediates the tubular uptake of molecules implicated in the protection against AKI, and changes in megalin expression have been demonstrated in AKI in animal models. Thus, modulation of megalin expression in response to AKI may be an important part of the tubule cell adaption to cellular protection and regeneration and should be further investigated as a potential target of intervention. This review explores current evidence linking megalin expression and function to the development, diagnosis, and progression of AKI as well as renal protection against AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikiran Mahadevappa
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus Univ., Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Bldg. 1234, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.
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Kandasamy N, Ashokkumar N. Myricetin modulates streptozotocin–cadmium induced oxidative stress in long term experimental diabetic nephrotoxic rats. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Murakami K, Miyamoto K, Hosoi Y, Murata K, Kayama F. Age-relevant renal effects of cadmium exposure through consumption of home-harvested rice in female Japanese farmers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 56:1-9. [PMID: 23542681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There are cadmium-polluted areas in Japan, where farmers may be at risk of renal dysfunction due to cadmium exposure through consumption of home-harvested rice. The aims of this study were to investigate levels of cadmium exposure and accumulation and their renal effects in female farmers residing in cadmium-polluted areas, and to consider the relevance of age to the effects of cadmium. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1200 women (40-79years old) without symptomatic disorders in two cadmium-polluted areas and one unpolluted area as a control. Rice, blood, and urine samples were collected to measure the cadmium levels, together with urinary levels of α1-microglobulin and β2-microglobulin for renal tubular function. Cadmium levels in rice were significantly higher in the polluted areas than control area. Blood and urinary cadmium levels, along with urinary protein levels, were also significantly higher in the polluted areas, especially among the elder subjects. There was one case of cadmium nephropathy in the polluted areas. Age- and urinary cadmium-specific analysis for all the subjects showed a mild linear dose-response relationship between urinary cadmium and proteins in the younger women, and a steep progress of renal dysfunction over the threshold of urinary cadmium (10μg/g creatinine) in the older women. In conclusion, the aged women in the polluted areas showed high accumulation of cadmium and deterioration of renal function through consumption of rice. Also, the aging process itself appeared to contribute to the different renal effects of cadmium observed in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyogo Horiguchi
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Tight junction proteins and oxidative stress in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:730789. [PMID: 23710457 PMCID: PMC3654622 DOI: 10.1155/2013/730789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney is a target organ for heavy metals. They accumulate in several segments of the nephron and cause profound alterations in morphology and function. Acute intoxication frequently causes acute renal failure. The effects of chronic exposure have not been fully disclosed. In recent years increasing awareness of the consequences of their presence in the kidney has evolved. In this review we focus on the alterations induced by heavy metals on the intercellular junctions of the kidney. We describe that in addition to the proximal tubule, which has been recognized as the main site of accumulation and injury, other segments of the nephron, such as glomeruli, vessels, and distal nephron, show also deleterious effects. We also emphasize the participation of oxidative stress as a relevant component of the renal damage induced by heavy metals and the beneficial effect that some antioxidant drugs, such as vitamin A (all-trans-retinoic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol), depict on the morphological and functional alterations induced by heavy metals.
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Abstract
Cadmium is known for its toxicity in animals and man as it is not used in these species. Its only role in biology is as a zinc replacement at the catalytic site of a particular class of carbonic anhydrases in some marine diatoms. The toxicity of cadmium continues to be a significant public health concern as cadmium enters the food chain and it is taken up by tobacco smokers. The biochemical basis for its toxicity has been the objective of research for over 50 years. Cadmium damages the kidneys, the lungs upon inhalation, and interferes with bone metabolism. Evidence is accumulating that it affects the cardiovascular system. Cadmium is classified as a human carcinogen. It generates oxidative stress. This chapter discusses the chemistry and biochemistry of cadmium(II) ions, the only important state of cadmium in biology. This background is needed to interpret the countless effects of cadmium in laboratory experiments with cultured cells or with animals with regard to their significance for human health. Evaluation of the risks of cadmium exposure and the risk factors that affect cadmium's biological effects in tissues is an on-going process. It appears that the more we learn about the biochemistry of cadmium and the more sensitive assays we develop for determining exposure, the lower we need to set the upper limits for exposure to protect those at risk. But proper control of cadmium's presence and interactions with living species and the environment still needs to be based on improved knowledge about the mechanisms of cadmium toxicity; the gaps in our knowledge in this area are discussed herein.
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Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Hrabeta J, Adam V, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Metallothioneins and zinc in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:287-301. [PMID: 23050852 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.725414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are involved in protection against oxidative stress (OS) and toxic metals and they participate in zinc metabolism and its homeostasis. Disturbing of zinc homeostasis can lead to formation of reactive oxygen species, which can result in OS causing alterations in immunity, aging, and civilization diseases, but also in cancer development. It is not surprising that altered zinc metabolism and expression of MTs are of great interest in the case of studying of oncogenesis and cancer prognosis. The role of MTs and zinc in cancer development is tightly connected, and the structure and function of MTs are strongly dependent on Zn²⁺ redox state and its binding to proteins. Antiapoptic effects of MTs and their interactions with proteins nuclear factor kappa B, protein kinase C, esophageal cancer-related gene, and p53 as well as the role of MTs in their proliferation, immunomodulation, enzyme activation, and interaction with nitric oxide are reviewed. Utilization of MTs in cancer diagnosis and therapy is summarized and their importance for chemoresistance is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang D, Gao J, Zhang K, Liu X, Li J. Effects of chronic cadmium poisoning on Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, and metallothionein in liver and kidney of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:57-63. [PMID: 22457021 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to invest effects of chronic cadmium poisoning on Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, and metallothionein gene expression and protein synthesis in liver and kidney in rats. Forty rats, 6 weeks old, were randomly allocated into two groups. A group was given CdCl(2) (1 mg/KgCd(2+)) by intraperitoneal injection once a day. The other group was treated with normal saline in the same way. Liver and kidney were collected for analysis at the end of the third week. Results showed that Cd exposure increased Cd (P<0.01) and Zn (P<0.01) content both in liver and kidney. Fe and Ca concentration had a considerable increase in kidney (P<0.01), while both had different degree reduction in liver. Discrepancies between MT mRNA and protein were observed in liver and kidney. In liver, both MT mRNA and protein had a significant increase (P<0.01), while in kidney, only MT gene increase was checked. Meanwhile, the expression levels of MT-1 mRNA and MT-2 mRNA were distinct between liver and kidney. The present study indicated that changes in tissue Cd and Zn levels tended to reflect MT mRNA expression, but bear no clear relationship with MT protein. There did not have a strict dose-dependent relationship among Cd content, MT gene expression, and MT protein synthesis. What is more, changes of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ca had a certain interaction with both MT mRNA and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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