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Tobin MD, Timpson NJ, Wain LV, Ring S, Jones LR, Emmett PM, Palmer TM, Ness AR, Samani NJ, Smith GD, Burton PR. Common Variation in the
WNK1
Gene and Blood Pressure in Childhood. Hypertension 2008; 52:974-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.118414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WNK1
gene variants have been associated with adult blood pressure. We aimed to investigate relationships between
WNK1
variants and blood pressure, as well as blood pressure change with age, in a longitudinal childhood study. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in
WNK1
and blood pressure and the rate of blood pressure change between 7 and 11 years were examined in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parent and Children Study (n=5326 for systolic blood pressure at 11 years). We observed associations (
P
<0.05) with diastolic blood pressure gradient with age for 33 of 82 typed and imputed polymorphisms, including polymorphisms in exons 4, 10, and 11 (rs10774466, rs1012729, and rs9804992). The minor allele (G) of rs1012729 (frequency: 25.6%) was associated with a gender-adjusted change in a diastolic blood pressure gradient of −0.11 mm Hg/y (95% CI: −0.20 to −0.03 mm Hg/y;
P
=0.0054). No associations were shown with the systolic blood pressure gradient. At age 11 years, 30 polymorphisms showed association (
P
<0.05) with systolic blood pressure, including variants in exons 4 and 10 (rs10774466 and rs1012729). Only 3 polymorphisms were associated with diastolic blood pressure at 11 years. In exploration of polymorphism-dietary cation interactions on systolic blood pressure at 11 years, 59 reached significance (
P
<0.05; 12.3 expected by chance), mostly (n=33) related to dietary calcium. The findings show that common intronic and exonic
WNK1
variants are associated with diastolic blood pressure gradient from 7 to 11 years and with systolic blood pressure at 11 years. Our study suggests that previously reported effects of
WNK1
variants on blood pressure are mediated via effects on the gradient of blood pressure change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Tobin
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise V. Wain
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Ring
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise R. Jones
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Palmer
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Burton
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Flatman PW. Cotransporters, WNKs and hypertension: important leads from the study of monogenetic disorders of blood pressure regulation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:203-16. [PMID: 17223794 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Major advances are being made in identifying the structure and behaviour of regulatory cascades that control the activity of cation-Cl(-) cotransporters and certain Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) channels. These transporters play key roles in regulating arterial blood pressure as they are not only responsible for NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb and distal tubule of the kidney, but are also involved in regulating smooth muscle Ca(2+) levels. It is now apparent that defects in these transporters, and particularly in the regulatory cascades, cause some monogenetic forms of hypertension and may contribute to essential hypertension and problems with K(+) homoeostasis. Two families of kinases are prominent in these processes: the Ste-20-related kinases [OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) and SPAK (Ste20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase)] and the WNKs [with no lysine kinases]. These kinases affect the behaviour of their targets through both phosphorylation and by acting as scaffolding proteins, bringing together regulatory complexes. This review analyses how these kinases affect transport by activating or inhibiting individual transporters at the cell surface, or by changing the surface density of transporters by altering the rate of insertion or removal of transporters from the cell surface, and perhaps through controlling the rate of transporter degradation. This new knowledge should not only help us target antihypertensive therapy more appropriately, but could also provide the basis for developing new therapeutic approaches to essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Flatman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, U.K.
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