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Farrell CE, Liu X, Yagan NO, Suda AC, Cerqueira DM, Bodnar AJ, Kashlan OB, Subramanya AR, Ho J, Butterworth MB. MicroRNA-19 is regulated by aldosterone in a sex-specific manner to alter kidney sodium transport. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C282-C293. [PMID: 38047299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00385.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A key regulator of blood pressure homeostasis is the steroid hormone aldosterone, which is released as the final signaling hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-signaling (RAAS) system. Aldosterone increases sodium (Na+) reabsorption in the kidney distal nephron to regulate blood volume. Unregulated RAAS signaling can lead to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The serum and glucocorticoid kinase (SGK1) coordinates much of the Na+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) tubular epithelial cells. We previously demonstrated that aldosterone alters the expression of microRNAs (miRs) in CCD principal cells. The aldosterone-regulated miRs can modulate Na+ transport and the cellular response to aldosterone signaling. However, the sex-specific regulation of miRs by aldosterone in the kidney distal nephron has not been explored. In this study, we report that miR-19, part of the miR-17-92 cluster, is upregulated in female mouse CCD cells in response to aldosterone activation. Mir-19 binding to the 3'-untranslated region of SGK1 was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Increasing miR-19 expression in CCD cells decreased SGK1 message and protein expression. Removal of this cluster using a nephron-specific, inducible knockout mouse model increased SGK1 expression in female mouse CCD cells. The miR-19-induced decrease in SGK1 protein expression reduced the response to aldosterone stimulation and may account for sex-specific differences in aldosterone signaling. By examining evolution of the miR-17-92 cluster, phylogenetic sequence analysis indicated that this cluster arose at the same time that other Na+-sparing and salt regulatory proteins, specifically SGK1, first emerged, indicating a conserved role for these miRs in kidney function of salt and water homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Expression of the microRNA-17-92 cluster is upregulated by aldosterone in mouse cortical collecting duct principal cells, exclusively in female mice. MiR-19 in this cluster targets the serum and glucocorticoid kinase (SGK1) to downregulate both mRNA and protein expression, resulting in a decrease in sodium transport across epithelial cells of the collecting duct. The miR-17-92 cluster is evolutionarily conserved and may act as a novel feedback regulator for aldosterone signaling in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Farrell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nejla Ozbaki Yagan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Amanda C Suda
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Debora M Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ossama B Kashlan
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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2
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, through both translational repression and mRNA destabilization. They are key regulators of kidney morphogenesis, modulating diverse biological processes in different renal cell lineages. Dysregulation of miRNA expression disrupts early kidney development and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney diseases. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of miRNA biogenesis and function and discuss in detail the role of miRNAs in kidney morphogenesis and developmental kidney diseases, including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and Wilms tumor. We conclude by discussing the utility of miRNAs as potentially novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Malta Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maliha Tayeb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yang K, Zhang Y, Mai X, Hu L, Ma C, Wei J. MIR17HG genetic variations affect the susceptibility of IgA nephropathy in Chinese Han people. Gene 2021; 800:145838. [PMID: 34274472 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease worldwide. It accounts for approximately 30 ~ 40% of glomerular diseases in China. However, the exact pathogenesis of IgAN is not well established. This study aimed to explore the association between MIR17HG polymorphisms and IgAN susceptibility. METHODS Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MIR17HG were genotyped in 417 patients with IgAN and 424 healthy controls. The association analysis was conducted by logistic regression adjusted for age and gender in multiple genetic models and different subgroups. RESULTS Our results revealed that rs72640334 and rs1428 increased the susceptibility to IgAN in total populations (p < 0.05). The stratification analysis by age indicated that rs72640334 enhanced the risk of IgAN people older than 35 years, while rs7318578 played a protective role in the development of IgAN patients aged >35 years (p < 0.05). In addition, MIR17HG-rs72640334 could facilitate the occurrence of IgAN in females (p < 0.05). In Lee's grade III-Vsubgroup, rs72640334 and rs7336610 have an increasing effect on IgAN risk, while rs7318578 has a decreasing effect on IgAN susceptibility (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that MIR17HG genetic polymorphisms were correlated with IgAN susceptibility. It provided new evidence for the potential molecular mechanism of IgAN and may serve as a new biomarker for the treatment and early diagnosis of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China; Department of Nephrology, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China; Department of Nephrology, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Xing Mai
- Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China; Department of Nephrology, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Langtao Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China; Department of Nephrology, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Chunyang Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China; Department of Nephrology, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China.
| | - Jiali Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China.
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Bantounas I, Lopes FM, Rooney KM, Woolf AS, Kimber SJ. The miR-199a/214 Cluster Controls Nephrogenesis and Vascularization in a Human Embryonic Stem Cell Model. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:134-148. [PMID: 33306987 PMCID: PMC7897558 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are gene expression regulators and they have been implicated in acquired kidney diseases and in renal development, mostly through animal studies. We hypothesized that the miR-199a/214 cluster regulates human kidney development. We detected its expression in human embryonic kidneys by in situ hybridization. To mechanistically study the cluster, we used 2D and 3D human embryonic stem cell (hESC) models of kidney development. After confirming expression in each model, we inhibited the miRNAs using lentivirally transduced miRNA sponges. This reduced the WT1+ metanephric mesenchyme domain in 2D cultures. Sponges did not prevent the formation of 3D kidney-like organoids. These organoids, however, contained dysmorphic glomeruli, downregulated WT1, aberrant proximal tubules, and increased interstitial capillaries. Thus, the miR-199a/214 cluster fine-tunes differentiation of both metanephric mesenchymal-derived nephrons and kidney endothelia. While clinical implications require further study, it is noted that patients with heterozygous deletions encompassing this miRNA locus can have malformed kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bantounas
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirsty M Rooney
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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A bird eye view on cystic fibrosis: An underestimated multifaceted chronic disorder. Life Sci 2020; 268:118959. [PMID: 33383045 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease which involves the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CF involves in the inflammatory processes and is considered as a multisystem disorder that is not confined to lungs, but it also affects other vital organs that leads to numerous co-morbidities. The respiratory disorder in the CF results in mortality and morbidity which is characterized by series of serious events involving mucus hypersecretion, microbial infections, airways obstruction, inflammation, destruction of epithelium, tissue remodeling and terminal lung diseases. Mucins are the high molecular weight glycoproteins important for the viscoelastic properties of the mucus, play a significant role in the disease mechanisms. Determining the functional association between the CFTR and mucins might help to identify the putative target for specific therapeutic approach. In fact, furin enzyme which helps in the entry of novel COVID-19 virus into the cell, is upregulated in CF and this can also serve as a potential target for CF treatment. Moreover, the use of nano-formulations for CF treatment is an area of research being widely studied as they have also demonstrated promising outcomes. The in-depth knowledge of non-coding RNAs like miRNAs and lncRNAs and their functional association with CFTR gene expression and mutation can provide a different range of opportunity to identify the promising therapeutic approaches for CF.
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Huang B, Liu Z, Vonk A, Zeng Z, Li Z. Epigenetic regulation of kidney progenitor cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:655-660. [PMID: 32163228 PMCID: PMC7214665 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interactions among the different embryonic kidney progenitor populations lay the basis for proper kidney organogenesis. During kidney development, three types of progenitor cells, including nephron progenitor cells, ureteric bud progenitor cells, and interstitial progenitor cells, generate the three major kidney structures—the nephrons, the collecting duct network, and the stroma, respectively. Epigenetic mechanisms are well recognized for playing important roles in organism development, in fine‐tuned control of physiological activities, and in responses to environment stimuli. Recently, evidence supporting the importance of epigenetic mechanisms underlying kidney organogenesis has emerged. In this perspective, we summarize the research progress and discuss the potential contribution of novel stem cell, organoid, and next‐generation sequencing tools in advancing this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhenqing Liu
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ariel Vonk
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zipeng Zeng
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhongwei Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Hemker SL, Cerqueira DM, Bodnar AJ, Cargill KR, Clugston A, Anslow MJ, Sims-Lucas S, Kostka D, Ho J. Deletion of hypoxia-responsive microRNA-210 results in a sex-specific decrease in nephron number. FASEB J 2020; 34:5782-5799. [PMID: 32141129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902767r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron number results in an increased risk of developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with a nephron deficit in humans, and is commonly caused by placental insufficiency, which results in fetal hypoxia. The underlying mechanisms by which hypoxia impacts kidney development are poorly understood. microRNA-210 is the most consistently induced microRNA in hypoxia and is known to promote cell survival in a hypoxic environment. In this study, the role of microRNA-210 in kidney development was evaluated using a global microRNA-210 knockout mouse. A male-specific 35% nephron deficit in microRNA-210 knockout mice was observed. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pathway crucial for nephron differentiation, was misregulated in male kidneys with increased expression of the canonical Wnt target lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1. This coincided with increased expression of caspase-8-associated protein 2, a known microRNA-210 target and apoptosis signal transducer. Together, these data are consistent with a sex-specific requirement for microRNA-210 in kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hemker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Débora M Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kasey R Cargill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Clugston
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa J Anslow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Modulation of polycystic kidney disease by non-coding RNAs. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109548. [PMID: 31982550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, evolutionarily conserved, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that function as inhibitors of post-transcriptional mRNA expression. They are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including many common kidney conditions. In this review, we focus on how miRNAs impact autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) progression. We also discuss the feasibility of the emerging novel antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) drug class, which includes anti-miRNA drugs, for the treatment of ADPKD. RECENT FINDINGS Aberrant miRNA expression is observed in multiple PKD murine models and human ADPKD samples. Gain and loss-of-function studies have directly linked dysregulated miRNA activity to kidney cyst growth. The most comprehensively studied miRNA in PKD is the miR-17 family, which promotes PKD progression through the rewiring of cyst metabolism and by directly inhibiting PKD1 and PKD2 expression. This discovery has led to the development of an anti-miR-17 drug for ADPKD treatment. Other miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-193, and miR-214 are also known to regulate cyst growth by modulating cyst epithelial apoptosis, proliferation, and interstitial inflammation. SUMMARY miRNAs have emerged as novel pathogenic regulators of ADPKD progression. Anti-miR-based drugs represent a new therapeutic modality to treat ADPKD patients.
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Cerqueira DM, Hemker SL, Bodnar AJ, Ortiz DM, Oladipupo FO, Mukherjee E, Gong Z, Appolonia C, Muzumdar R, Sims-Lucas S, Ho J. In utero exposure to maternal diabetes impairs nephron progenitor differentiation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1318-F1330. [PMID: 31509011 PMCID: PMC6879946 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00204.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus has significantly increased among women of childbearing age, and it has been shown that prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes increases the risk of associated congenital anomalies of the kidney. Congenital anomalies of the kidney are among the leading causes of chronic kidney disease in children. To better understand the effect of maternal diabetes on kidney development, we analyzed wild-type offspring (DM_Exp) of diabetic Ins2+/C96Y mice (Akita mice). DM_Exp mice at postnatal day 34 have a reduction of ~20% in the total nephron number compared with controls, using the gold standard physical dissector/fractionator method. At the molecular level, the expression of the nephron progenitor markers sine oculis homeobox homolog 2 and Cited1 was increased in DM_Exp kidneys at postnatal day 2. Conversely, the number of early developing nephrons was diminished in DM_Exp kidneys. This was associated with decreased expression of the intracellular domain of Notch1 and the canonical Wnt target lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1. Together, these data suggest that the diabetic intrauterine environment impairs the differentiation of nephron progenitors into nephrons, possibly by perturbing the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora M Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shelby L Hemker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniella M Ortiz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Favour O Oladipupo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elina Mukherjee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corynn Appolonia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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