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Investigation of the effects of tadalafil and telmisartan in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis on rats. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.780681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Arjmand MH, Zahedi-Avval F, Barneh F, Mousavi SH, Asgharzadeh F, Hashemzehi M, Soleimani A, Avan A, Fakhraie M, Nasiri SN, Mehraban S, Ferns GA, Ryzhikov M, Jafari M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Intraperitoneal Administration of Telmisartan Prevents Postsurgical Adhesion Band Formation. J Surg Res 2020; 248:171-181. [PMID: 31923833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have a potential role in reducing inflammation and fibrosis. We have integrated systems and molecular biology approaches to investigate the therapeutic potential of ARBs in preventing postsurgical adhesion band formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS we have followed the ARRIVE guidelines point by point during experimental studies. Telmisartan (1 and 9 mg/kg), valsartan (1 and 9 mg/kg), and losartan (1 and 10 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in different groups of male albino Wistar rat. After 7 d of treatment, macroscopic evidence and score of fibrotic bands based on scaling methods was performed. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis effects of telmisartan on reduction of fibrotic bands were investigated by using histopathology, ELISA, and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS Telmisartan, but not losartan or valsartan, prevented the frequency as well as the stability of adhesion bands. Telmisartan appears to elicit anti-inflammatory responses by attenuating submucosal edema, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing proinflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibiting oxidative stress at the site of peritoneal surgery. We also showed that telmisartan prevents fibrotic adhesion band formation by reducing excessive collagen deposition and suppression of profibrotic genes expression at the peritoneum adhesion tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results support the potential application of telmisartan in preventing postsurgical adhesion band formation by inhibiting key pathologic responses of inflammation and fibrosis in postsurgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi-Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Fakhraie
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Najibeh Nasiri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Mehraban
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Aly Sayed H, Mohd Rafee M, Nabil Mala N. Effects of Candesartan and Losartan on Thioacetamide Induced Low Grade Renal Dysfunction in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.1046.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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AL-Onazi AS, AL-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, AL-Rasheed NM, Ahmed RM, AL-Amin MA, Poizat C. Ruboxistaurin attenuates diabetic nephropathy via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad and GRAP pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:219-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To investigate whether ruboxistaurin (a selective PKC-β inhibitor) mediates renoprotective effect via interference with TGF-β1/Smad-GRAP cross-signalling.
Method
Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Then, the diabetic rats were treated with ruboxistaurin (10 mg/kg, p.o) for 6 weeks. Valsartan (15 mg/kg, p.o) was used as a positive control. After 6 weeks of treatment, diabetic nephropathy biomarkers were assessed. TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 mRNA and protein levels were detected using qPCR and western blot analysis.
Key findings
Data showed that serum creatinine, kidney/body weight ratio and urinary albumin excretion significantly increased in diabetic rats. These changes were significantly attenuated by treatment with ruboxistaurin. A significant up-regulation of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA expression was observed in diabetic rats, which was alleviated by administration of ruboxistaurin. Furthermore, immunoblotting showed a significant improvement in protein levels of TGF-β1 (P < 0.01), Smad2/3 (P < 0.01) and p-Smad3 (P < 0.001) in diabetic rats treated with ruboxistaurin compared to untreated. Importantly, the reduction in GRAP protein expression in diabetic kidney was prevented by treatment with ruboxistaurin.
Conclusion
These data suggest that the renoprotective effect of ruboxistaurin is possibly due to down-regulation of TGF-β1/Smad pathway and normalization of GRAP protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S AL-Onazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf M AL-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nawal M AL-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeesa M Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A AL-Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coralie Poizat
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Liu C, Mei W, Tang J, Yuan Q, Huang L, Lu M, Wu L, Peng Z, Meng J, Yang H, Shen H, Lv B, Hu G, Tao L. Mefunidone attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129283. [PMID: 26042668 PMCID: PMC4456380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has a crucial role in renal interstitial fibrosis, which is the common pathway of chronic kidney diseases. Mefunidone (MFD) is a new compound which could effectively inhibit the proliferation of renal fibroblasts in vitro. However, the overall effect of Mefunidone in renal fibrosis remains unknown. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided intro 6 groups: sham operation, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), UUO/Mefunidone (25, 50, 100mg/kg/day) and UUO/PFD (500mg/kg/day). The rats were sacrificed respectively on days 3, 7, and 14 after the operation. Tubulointerstitial injury index, interstitial collagen deposition, expression of fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type I and III collagen and the number of CD3+ and CD68+ cells were determined. The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, p-ERK, p-IκB, and p-STAT3 were measured in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells of HK-2 or macrophages. RESULTS Mefunidone treatment significantly attenuated tubulointerstitial injury, interstitial collagen deposition, expression of FN, α-SMA, type I and III collagen in the obstructive kidneys, which correlated with significantly reduced the number of T cells and macrophages in the obstructive kidneys. Mechanistically, Mefunidone significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α-) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. This effect is possibly due to the inhibition of phosphorylation of ERK, IκB, and STAT3. CONCLUSION Mefunidone treatment attenuated tubulointerstitial fibrosis in a rat model of UUO, at least in part, through inhibition of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjuan Mei
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miaomiao Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respiration, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huixiang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ben Lv
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
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Simulation of incomplete obstructive uropathy in rats by injecting an artificial calculus into the bladder. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:810-3. [PMID: 23658930 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete varying obstruction of the urinary tract was reproduced by injecting artificial stomatological material into the rat bladder. Inflammatory changes and nephrosclerosis were detected in the renal tissue on days 14 and 21 of the experiment. Urinary concentration of total protein and activity of γ-glutamylaminotransferase increased. A direct positive correlation between the volume percentage of connective tissue and activities of the renal enzymes in the urine was detected.
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Zhu B, Wang YJ, Zhu CF, Lin Y, Zhu XL, Wei S, Lu Y, Cheng XX. Triptolide inhibits extracellular matrix protein synthesis by suppressing the Smad2 but not the MAPK pathway in TGF-beta1-stimulated NRK-49F cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:3180-91. [PMID: 20466671 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptolide has been used for treating various autoimmune diseases. However, it remains unclear whether triptolide exerts effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, which plays an important role in renal fibrosis. METHODS NRK-49F cells stimulated with TGF-β1 were incubated with triptolide in various concentrations. ECM proteins, including collagen type III and fibronectin, were detected using the reverse transcription real-time PCR and ELISA methods. MAPK and Smad2/3 phosphorylation were measured with western blot. P38 and ERK 1/2 pathways were inhibited with the specific inhibitors, SB203580 and PD98059. The Smad2 signal was blocked with the siRNA method. RESULTS Triptolide inhibited ECM synthesis in TGF-β1-stimulated NRK-49F cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Triptolide enhanced TGF-β1-induced activation of the p38, ERK 1/2 signals, whereas it inhibited Smad2 activation. There was no crosstalk between the p38, ERK 1/2 and Smad2 pathways in NRK-49F cells. Inhibition of either the p38 or ERK 1/2 signals reduced ECM synthesis. Triptolide downregulated synthesis of fibronectin and collagen type III in TGF-β1-stimulated cells treated with SB203580 and/or PD98059. SB203580 and/or PD98059 significantly repressed synthesis of fibronectin and collagen type III in TGF-β1-stimulated cells treated with triptolide. Smad2 inhibition by siRNA significantly reduced ECM synthesis. However, ECM synthesis in NRK-49F cells transfected with Smad2 siRNA and treated by triptolide was increased compared with Smad2 siRNA-transfected cells. CONCLUSION The effect of triptolide to suppress ECM synthesis by inhibiting Smad2 activation may surpass its stimulating effect on ECM synthesis by activation of p38 and ERK 1/2, leading to a total inhibition of ECM synthesis in TGF-β1-stimulated NRK-49F cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Guangxing Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Kluwe J, Pradere JP, Gwak GY, Mencin A, Minicis SD, Osterreicher CH, Colmenero J, Bataller R, Schwabe RF. Modulation of hepatic fibrosis by c-Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibition. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:347-59. [PMID: 19782079 PMCID: PMC2988578 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by multiple profibrogenic mediators; JNK activation occurs during toxic, metabolic, and autoimmune liver injury. However, its role in hepatic fibrogenesis is unknown. METHODS JNK phosphorylation was detected by immunoblot analysis and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy in fibrotic livers from mice after bile duct ligation (BDL) or CCl(4) administration and in liver samples from patients with chronic hepatitis C and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Fibrogenesis was investigated in mice given the JNK inhibitor SP600125 and in JNK1- and JNK2-deficient mice following BDL or CCl(4) administration. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation was determined in primary mouse HSCs incubated with pan-JNK inhibitors SP600125 and VIII. RESULTS JNK phosphorylation was strongly increased in livers of mice following BDL or CCl(4) administration as well as in human fibrotic livers, occurring predominantly in myofibroblasts. In vitro, pan-JNK inhibitors prevented transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-, platelet-derived growth factor-, and angiotensin II-induced murine HSC activation and decreased platelet-derived growth factor and TGF-beta signaling in human HSCs. In vivo, pan-JNK inhibition did not affect liver injury but significantly reduced fibrosis after BDL or CCl(4). JNK1-deficient mice had decreased fibrosis after BDL or CCl(4), whereas JNK2-deficient mice displayed increased fibrosis after BDL but fibrosis was not changed after CCl(4). Moreover, patients with chronic hepatitis C who displayed decreased fibrosis in response to the angiotensin receptor type 1 blocker losartan showed decreased JNK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS JNK is involved in HSC activation and fibrogenesis and represents a potential target for antifibrotic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kluwe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Jean-Philippe Pradere
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Geum-Youn Gwak
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Ali Mencin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Samuele De Minicis
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | | | - Jordi Colmenero
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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Gao X, He X, Luo B, Peng L, Lin J, Zuo Z. Angiotensin II increases collagen I expression via transforming growth factor-beta1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in cardiac fibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Angiotensin II activates the Smad pathway during epithelial mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Kidney Int 2008; 74:585-95. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Töx U, Scheller I, Kociok N, Kern MA, Klanac D, Daudi SM, Laue O, Schirmacher P, Goeser T, Schulte S, Steffen HM. Expression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 is reduced in advanced rat liver fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1995-2005. [PMID: 17406843 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that the expression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) in liver tissue changes with increasing fibrosis, which would influence the antifibrotic efficacy of AGTR1 blockers. Rats were treated with candesartancilexetil (CAN) initiated 8 or 15 days after bile duct occlusion (BDO). Four weeks after BDO, AGTR1 mRNA and protein were decreased compared to those in sham-operated animals depending on the amount of fibrosis. Starting CAN early, but not late, reduced mRNA of profibrotic TGF-beta, MMP2, and Smad2. However, CAN had no significant effect on collagen I, fibrosis, or intrahepatic resistance. In conclusion, progression of liver fibrosis reduces AGTR1 expression. Therefore, in our model, antifibrotic effects of CAN are insufficient to improve fibrosis or intrahepatic resistance. However, if AGTR1 blockade is started early, a decrease in essential profibrotic molecules is achieved. Hence, early initiation of therapy with AGTR1 blockers may be crucial for the prevention of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Töx
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Eskild-Jensen A, Paulsen LF, Wogensen L, Olesen P, Pedersen L, Frøkiaer J, Nyengaard JR. AT1 receptor blockade prevents interstitial and glomerular apoptosis but not fibrosis in pigs with neonatal induced partial unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F1771-81. [PMID: 17356126 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00479.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstruction-induced fibrosis is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure in children. The pathophysiological mechanisms may involve apoptosis and the renin-angiotensin system. We studied apoptosis and fibrosis in a well-established neonatal pig model with unilateral partial ureteral obstruction (PUUO) induced during ongoing nephrogenesis in 2-day-old piglets. The role of angiotensin II (ANG II) was studied using the AT(1) receptor blocker CV-11974 (0.12 mg/h candesartan from age 23 to 30 days). At day 30 the kidneys were perfusion fixed and fibrosis, apoptosis, and tubular lengths were quantitated using stereological methods, picro Sirius red staining, and immunohistochemical techniques identifying activated caspase 3, aquaporin-2 (AQP2), and von Willebrand factor. The collagen content was assessed by hydroxyproline density. Neonatal induced PUUO increased interstitial and glomerular cell apoptosis and fibrosis. At this stage, PUUO did not increase tubular cell apoptosis or decrease tubular length and cell number. AT(1) receptor blockade prevented the PUUO-induced interstitial and glomerular cell apoptosis but did not attenuate fibrosis. In conclusion, AT(1) receptor blockade after the end of nephrogenesis may prevent interstitial and glomerular cell apoptosis but not fibrosis, suggesting that pathways not involving AT(1) receptor stimulation contribute to neonatal obstruction-induced fibrosis or that prevention of interstitial cell apoptosis counteracts a potential antifibrotic effect of AT(1) receptor blockade in this pig model of congenital obstructive nephropathy. Our results demonstrate that ANG II plays a role in PUUO-induced glomerular cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Eskild-Jensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Topcu SO, Pedersen M, Nørregaard R, Wang G, Knepper M, Djurhuus JC, Nielsen S, Jørgensen TM, Frøkiaer J. Candesartan prevents long-term impairment of renal function in response to neonatal partial unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F736-48. [PMID: 17032940 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00241.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) plays an important role in the development of obstructive nephropathy. Here, we examined the effects of the ANG II receptor type 1 (AT1R) blockade using candesartan on long-term renal molecular and functional changes in response to partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO). Newborn rats were subjected to severe PUUO or sham operation (Sham) within the first 48 h of life. Candesartan was provided in the drinking water (10 mg·kg−1·day−1) from day 21 of life until 10 wk of age. Renal blood flow (RBF) was evaluated by MRI, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured using the renal clearance of51Cr-EDTA, and the renal expression of Na-K-ATPase and the collecting duct water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) was examined by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. At 10 wk of age, PUUO significantly reduced RBF (0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 ml·min−1·100 g body wt−1; P < 0.05) and GFR (37 ± 16 vs. 448 ± 111 μl·min−1·100 g body wt−1; P < 0.05) compared with Sham. Candesartan prevented the RBF reduction (PUUO+CAN: 1.6 ± 0.2 vs. PUUO: 0.8 ± 0.1 ml·min−1·100 g body wt−1; P < 0.05) and attenuated the GFR reduction (PUUO+CAN: 265 ± 68 vs. PUUO: 37 ± 16 μl·min−1·100 g body wt−1; P < 0.05). PUUO was also associated with a significant downregulation in the expression of Na-K-ATPase (75 ± 12 vs. 100 ± 5%, P < 0.05) and AQP2 (52 ± 15 vs. 100 ± 4%, P < 0.05), which were also prevented by candesartan (Na-K-ATPase: 103 ± 8 vs. 100 ± 5% and AQP2: 74 ± 13 vs. 100 ± 4%). These findings were confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Consistent with this, candesartan treatment partly prevented the reduction in solute free water reabsorption and attenuated fractional sodium excretion in rats with PUUO. In conclusion, candesartan prevents or attenuates the reduction in RBF, GFR and dysregulation of AQP2 and Na-K-ATPase in response to congenital PUUO in rats, suggesting that AT1R blockade may protect the neonatally obstructed kidney against development of obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Oguzkan Topcu
- The Water and Salt Research Ctr., Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Jensen AM, Li C, Praetorius HA, Nørregaard R, Frische S, Knepper MA, Nielsen S, Frøkiaer J. Angiotensin II mediates downregulation of aquaporin water channels and key renal sodium transporters in response to urinary tract obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F1021-32. [PMID: 16757730 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00387.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is well known to be involved in the pathophysiological changes in renal function after obstruction of the ureter. Previously, we demonstrated that bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) is associated with dramatic changes in the expression of both renal sodium transporters and aquaporin water channels (AQPs). We now examined the effects of the AT1-receptor antagonist candesartan on the dysregulation of AQPs and key renal sodium transporters in rats subjected to 24-h BUO and followed 2 days after release of BUO (BUO-2R). Consistent with previous observations, BUO-2R resulted in a significantly decreased expression of AQP1, -2, and -3 compared with control rats. Concomitantly, the rats developed polyuria and reduced urine osmolality. Moreover, expression of the type 2 Na-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-2) and type 1 bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) was markedly reduced, consistent with postobstructive natriuresis. Candesartan treatment from the onset of obstruction attenuated the reduction in GFR (3.1 ± 0.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.3 ml·min−1·kg−1) and partially prevented the reduction in the expression of AQP2 (66 ± 21 vs. 13 ± 2%, n = 7; P < 0.05), NaPi-2 (84 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 10%, n = 7; P < 0.05), and NKCC2 (89 ± 12 vs. 46% ± 11, n = 7; P < 0.05). Consistent with this, candesartan treatment attenuated the increase in urine output (58 ± 4 vs. 97 ± 5 μl·min−1·kg−1, n = 7; P < 0.01) and the reduction in sodium reabsorption (433 ± 62 vs. 233 ± 45 μmol·min−1·kg−1, n = 7; P < 0.05) normally found in rats subjected to BUO. Moreover, candesartan treatment attenuated induction of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression in the inner medulla, suggesting that COX-2 induction in response to obstruction is regulated by ANG II. In conclusion, candesartan prevents dysregulation of AQP2, sodium transporters, and development of polyuria seen in BUO. This strongly supports the view that candesartan protects kidney function in response to urinary tract obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M Jensen
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Univ. of Aarhus, Institute of Clinical Medicine/Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Aarhus Univ. Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej, DK-8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
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15
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Chevalier RL. Obstructive nephropathy: towards biomarker discovery and gene therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:157-68. [PMID: 16932414 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive nephropathy is a major cause of renal failure, particularly in infants and children. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the progression of the tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis-processes that lead to nephron loss-have been elucidated in the past 5 years. Following urinary tract obstruction and tubular dilatation, a cascade of events results in upregulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, tubular apoptosis and macrophage infiltration of the interstitium. This is followed by accumulation of interstitial fibroblasts through proliferation of resident fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of renal tubular cells. Under the influence of cytokines, chemokines and other signaling molecules produced by tubular and interstitial cells, fibroblasts undergo transformation to myofibroblasts that induce expansion of the extracellular matrix. The cellular interactions that regulate development of interstitial inflammation, tubular apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis are complex. Changes in renal gene expression and protein production afford many potential biomarkers of disease progression and targets for therapeutic manipulation. These include signaling molecules and receptors involved in macrophage recruitment and proliferation, tubular death signals and survival factors, and modulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Targeted gene deletion and various forms of gene therapy have been used in experimental obstructive nephropathy, mostly rodent models of unilateral ureteral obstruction or cell culture techniques. Further refinement of these models is needed to develop a matrix of biomarkers with clinical predictive value, as well as molecular therapies that will prevent or reverse the renal structural and functional consequences of obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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16
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Ruiz-Ortega M, Rupérez M, Esteban V, Rodríguez-Vita J, Sánchez-López E, Carvajal G, Egido J. Angiotensin II: a key factor in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 21:16-20. [PMID: 16280370 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfi265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) participates in the pathogenesis of renal diseases, through the regulation of two key processes inflammation and fibrosis. AT1 and AT2 are the main receptors of AngII. AT1 mediates most of the actions of AngII. This receptor regulates the expression of profibrotic factors, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The Smad signalling pathway and the Rho/Rho kinase system are two novel mechanisms involved in AngII-induced matrix regulation recently described. The role of AT2 receptors in renal pathophysiological processes is not fully elucidated. Experimental data suggest that AT2 receptors through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB participate in renal inflammatory cell recruitment. Studies in animal models of kidney injury have shown that the combined blockade of both AT1 and AT2 receptors, as well as the inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway are necessary to stop the inflammatory process fully. On the whole, these data highlight the complex signalling systems activated by AngII and suggest novel potential targets to block fibrosis and inflammation in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Vascular and Renal Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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de Boer RA, Pokharel S, Flesch M, van Kampen DA, Suurmeijer AJH, Boomsma F, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ, Pinto YM. Extracellular signal regulated kinase and SMAD signaling both mediate the angiotensin II driven progression towards overt heart failure in homozygous TGR(mRen2)27. J Mol Med (Berl) 2004; 82:678-87. [PMID: 15322702 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II is a key player in left ventricular (LV) remodeling and cardiac fibrosis. Its effects are thought to be transferred at least in part by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, and the Smad pathway. In this study we sought to elucidate whether Ang II related effects on LV dysfunction and fibrosis in vivo are mediated via MAPK or rather via Smad stimulation. We treated homozygous REN2 rats (7-11 weeks) with placebo, Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker or tyrphostin A46 (TYR), an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase that blocks extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. REN2 rats had LV hypertrophy (LVH) and LV dysfunction that progressed to heart failure between 10 and 13 weeks. Blood pressure normalized over time. Renin, N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (N-ANP), and ERK were activated while p38 MAPK was not. Treatment with AT1 receptor blockade prevented LVH and right ventricular hypertrophy, normalized systolic and diastolic d P/d t, N-ANP levels, and reduced collagen apposition. Similarly, TYR reduced LVH, N-ANP levels, and collagen apposition. Myocardial ERK activation did not depend on AT1 receptor signaling as it was not affected by AT1 receptor blockade. TYR abolished myocardial ERK activity. Smad2 activation was inhibited by AT1 receptor blockade but was unaltered by TYR. Ang II induced LV remodeling and fibrosis are dependent on both ERK and Smad2 activation. This process is prevented by both AT1 receptor blockade and TYR, and therefore inhibition of either pathway is equally efficacious in restoring LV function and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A de Boer
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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