1
|
Liu HC, Yang YB, Zhang P, Zhang JX, Pei ZS, Chen BW, Liu GQ, Li H. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous electrocoagulation haemostasis in the treatment of grade IV haemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: a retrospective analysis. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:62. [PMID: 37277881 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic electrocoagulation haemostasis via a percutaneous transhepatic approach for the treatment of grade IV haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in children. METHODS The clinical data of 14 children with severe HC, who were admitted to Hebei Yanda Hospital between July 2017 and January 2020, were analysed retrospectively. There were nine males and five females, with an average age of 8.6 years (range: 3 to 13 years). After an average of 39.6 (7 to 96) days of conservative treatment in the hospital's haematology department, the bladders of all patients were filled with blood clots. A small 2-cm incision was made in the suprapubic area to enter the bladder and quickly clear the blood clots, and a percutaneous transhepatic approach to electrocoagulation and haemostasis was performed. RESULTS In the 14 children, a total of 16 operations were performed, with an average operation time of 97.1 (31 to 150) min, an average blood clot of 128.1 (80 to 460) mL and an average intraoperative blood loss of 31.9 (20 to 50) mL. There were three cases of postoperative bladder spasm remission after conservative treatment. During the follow-up period of 1 to 31 months, one patient improved after one operation, 11 patients were cured after one operation, and two patients were cured after recurrent haemostasis by secondary electrocoagulation, four of whom died of postoperative non-surgical blood-related diseases and severe lung infections. CONCLUSION Percutaneous electrocoagulation haemostasis can quickly remove blood clots in the bladders of children after allo-HSCT with grade IV HC. It is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Liu
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China
| | - Yun-Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Pei
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China
| | - Bo-Wen Chen
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China
| | - Gui-Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, 065201, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Schistosomes are long lived, intravascular parasitic platyhelminths that infect >200 million people globally. The molecular mechanisms used by these blood flukes to dampen host immune responses are described in this review. Adult worms express a collection of host-interactive tegumental ectoenzymes that can cleave host signaling molecules such as the "alarmin" ATP (cleaved by SmATPDase1), the platelet activator ADP (SmATPDase1, SmNPP5), and can convert AMP into the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine (SmAP). SmAP can additionally cleave the lipid immunomodulator sphingosine-1-phosphate and the proinflammatory anionic polymer, polyP. In addition, the worms release a barrage of proteins (e.g., SmCB1, SjHSP70, cyclophilin A) that can impinge on immune cell function. Parasite eggs also release their own immunoregulatory proteins (e.g., IPSE/α1, omega1, SmCKBP) as do invasive cercariae (e.g., Sm16, Sj16). Some schistosome glycans (e.g., LNFPIII, LNnT) and lipids (e.g., Lyso-PS, LPC), produced by several life stages, likewise affect immune cell responses. The parasites not only produce eicosanoids (e.g., PGE2, PGD2-that can be anti-inflammatory) but can also induce host cells to release these metabolites. Finally, the worms release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs, and these too have been shown to skew host cell metabolism. Thus, schistosomes employ an array of biomolecules-protein, lipid, glycan, nucleic acid, and more, to bend host biochemistry to their liking. Many of the listed molecules have been individually shown capable of inducing aspects of the polarized Th2 response seen following infection (with the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) and anti-inflammatory, alternatively activated (M2) macrophages). Precisely how host cells integrate the impact of these myriad parasite products following natural infection is not known. Several of the schistosome immunomodulators described here are in development as novel therapeutics against autoimmune, inflammatory, and other, nonparasitic, diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreemoyee Acharya
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akram A. Da’dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ishida K, Mbanefo EC, Le L, Lamanna O, Pennington LF, Finkel JC, Jardetzky TS, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, a parasite-derived, host immunomodulatory infiltrin protein, alleviates resiniferatoxin-induced bladder pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920970099. [PMID: 33342372 PMCID: PMC7756320 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920970099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)
receptor is an important mediator of nociception and its expression is enriched
in nociceptive neurons. TRPV1 signaling has been implicated in bladder pain and
is a potential analgesic target. Resiniferatoxin is the most potent known
agonist of TRPV1. Acute exposure of the rat bladder to resiniferatoxin has been
demonstrated to result in pain-related freezing and licking behaviors that are
alleviated by virally encoded IL-4. The interleukin-4-inducing principle of
Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE) is a powerful inducer of
IL-4 secretion, and is also known to alter host cell transcription through a
nuclear localization sequence-based mechanism. We previously reported that IPSE
ameliorates ifosfamide-induced bladder pain in an IL-4- and nuclear localization
sequence-dependent manner. We hypothesized that pre-administration of IPSE to
resiniferatoxin-challenged mice would dampen pain-related behaviors. IPSE indeed
lessened resiniferatoxin-triggered freezing behaviors in mice. This was a
nuclear localization sequence-dependent phenomenon, since administration of a
nuclear localization sequence mutant version of IPSE abrogated IPSE’s analgesic
effect. In contrast, IPSE’s analgesic effect did not seem IL-4-dependent, since
use of anti-IL-4 antibody in mice given both IPSE and resiniferatoxin did not
significantly affect freezing behaviors. RNA-Seq analysis of resiniferatoxin-
and IPSE-exposed bladders revealed differential expression of TNF/NF-κb-related
signaling pathway genes. In vitro testing of IPSE uptake by
urothelial cells and TRPV1-expressing neuronal cells showed uptake by both cell
types. Thus, IPSE’s nuclear localization sequence-dependent therapeutic effects
on TRPV1-mediated bladder pain may act on TRPV1-expressing neurons and/or may
rely upon urothelial mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ishida
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evaristus C Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Loc Le
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Lamanna
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia C Finkel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mu Y, McManus DP, Hou N, Cai P. Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619776. [PMID: 33692793 PMCID: PMC7937812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths, comprising the flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) and nematodes (roundworms), have plagued humans persistently over a considerable period of time. It is now known that the degree of exposure to these and other pathogens inversely correlates with the incidence of both T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated autoimmunity and Th2-mediated allergy. Accordingly, there has been recent increased interest in utilizing active helminth worm infections and helminth-derived products for the treatment of human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and to alleviate disease severity. Indeed, there is an accumulating list of novel helminth derived molecules, including proteins, peptides, and microRNAs, that have been shown to exhibit therapeutic potential in a variety of disease models. Here we consider the blood-dwelling schistosome flukes, which have evolved subtle immune regulatory mechanisms that promote parasite survival but at the same time minimize host tissue immunopathology. We review and discuss the recent advances in using schistosome infection and schistosome-derived products as therapeutics to treat or mitigate human immune-related disorders, including allergic asthma, arthritis, colitis, diabetes, sepsis, cystitis, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mu
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nan Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mbanefo EC, Le L, Pennington LF, Hsieh YJ, Odegaard JI, Lapira K, Jardetzky TS, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecule, suppresses bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide gene expression in bacterial urinary tract infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:615. [PMID: 33298153 PMCID: PMC7724859 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections can increase susceptibility to bacterial co-infections. This may be true for urogenital schistosomiasis and bacterial urinary tract co-infections (UTI). We previously reported that this co-infection is facilitated by S. haematobium eggs triggering interleukin-4 (IL-4) production and sought to dissect the underlying mechanisms. The interleukin-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE) is one of the most abundant schistosome egg-secreted proteins and binds to IgE on the surface of basophils and mast cells to trigger IL-4 release. IPSE can also translocate into host nuclei using a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to modulate host transcription. We hypothesized that IPSE is the factor responsible for the ability of S. haematobium eggs to worsen UTI pathogenesis. METHODS Mice were intravenously administered a single 25 μg dose of recombinant S. haematobium-derived IPSE, an NLS mutant of IPSE or PBS. Following IPSE exposure, mice were serially weighed and organs analyzed by histology to assess for toxicity. Twenty-four hours after IPSE administration, mice were challenged with the uropathogenic E. coli strain UTI89 by urethral catheterization. Bacterial CFU were measured using urine. Bladders were examined histologically for UTI-triggered pathogenesis and by PCR for antimicrobial peptide and pattern recognition receptor expression. RESULTS Unexpectedly, IPSE administration did not result in significant differences in urine bacterial CFU. However, IPSE administration did lead to a significant reduction in UTI-induced bladder pathogenesis and the expression of anti-microbial peptides in the bladder. Despite the profound effect of IPSE on UTI-triggered bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide production, mice did not demonstrate systemic ill effects from IPSE exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that IPSE may play a major role in S. haematobium-associated urinary tract co-infection, albeit in an unexpected fashion. These findings also indicate that IPSE either works in concert with other IL-4-inducing factors to increase susceptibility of S. haematobium-infected hosts to bacterial co-infection or does not contribute to enhancing vulnerability to this co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus C. Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
- Present Address: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Loc Le
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD USA
- Present Address: A-TEK, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Yi- Ju Hsieh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD USA
- Present Address: Fountain Biopharma, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mbanefo EC, Agbo CT, Zhao Y, Lamanna OK, Thai KH, Karinshak SE, Khan MA, Fu CL, Odegaard JI, Saltikova IV, Smout MJ, Pennington LF, Nicolls MR, Jardetzky TS, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, an abundant egg-secreted protein of the carcinogenic helminth Schistosoma haematobium, promotes proliferation of bladder cancer cells and angiogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33101456 PMCID: PMC7578584 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma haematobium, the helminth causing urogenital schistosomiasis, is a known bladder carcinogen. Despite the causal link between S. haematobium and bladder cancer, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. S. haematobium oviposition in the bladder is associated with angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. These changes may be pre-carcinogenic events in the bladder. We hypothesized that the Interleukin-4-inducing principle of Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE), an S. haematobium egg-secreted "infiltrin" protein that enters host cell nuclei to alter cellular activity, is sufficient to induce angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. Methods: Mouse bladders injected with S. haematobium eggs were analyzed via microscopy for angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. Endothelial and urothelial cell lines were incubated with recombinant IPSE protein or an IPSE mutant protein that lacks the native nuclear localization sequence (NLS-) and proliferation measured using CFSE staining and real-time monitoring of cell growth. IPSE's effects on urothelial cell cycle status was assayed through propidium iodide staining. Endothelial and urothelial cell uptake of fluorophore-labeled IPSE was measured. Findings: Injection of S. haematobium eggs into the bladder triggers angiogenesis, enhances leakiness of bladder blood vessels, and drives urothelial hyperplasia. Wild type IPSE, but not NLS-, increases proliferation of endothelial and urothelial cells and skews urothelial cells towards S phase. Finally, IPSE is internalized by both endothelial and urothelial cells. Interpretation: IPSE drives endothelial and urothelial proliferation, which may depend on internalization of the molecule. The urothelial effects of IPSE depend upon its NLS. Thus, IPSE is a candidate pro-carcinogenic molecule of S. haematobium. SUMMARY Schistosoma haematobium acts as a bladder carcinogen through unclear mechanisms. The S. haematobium homolog of IPSE, a secreted schistosome egg immunomodulatory molecule, enhances angiogenesis and urothelial proliferation, hallmarks of pre-carcinogenesis, suggesting IPSE is a key pro-oncogenic molecule of S. haematobium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus C. Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | | | | | - Olivia K. Lamanna
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Kim H. Thai
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX USA
| | - Shannon E. Karinshak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Mohammad Afzal Khan
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Irina V. Saltikova
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA USA
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Alex Loukas
- James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00754-19. [PMID: 32341115 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00754-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasites and eggs of helminths, including schistosomes, are associated with factors that can modulate the nature and outcomes of host immune responses, particularly enhancing type 2 immunity and impairing the effects of type 1 and type 17 immunity. The main species of schistosomes that cause infection in humans are capable of generating a microenvironment that allows survival of the parasite by evasion of the immune response. Schistosome infections are associated with beneficial effects on chronic immune disorders, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, and alloimmune responses. Recently, there has been increasing research interest in the role of schistosomes in immunoregulation during human infection, and the mechanisms underlying these roles continue to be investigated. Further studies may identify potential opportunities to develop new treatments for immune disease. In this review, we provide an update on the advances in our understanding of schistosome-associated modulation of the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems as well as the potential role of schistosome-associated factors as therapeutic modulators of immune disorders, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, and transplant immunopathology. We also discuss potential opportunities for targeting schistosome-induced immunoregulation for future translation to the clinical setting.
Collapse
|