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Kühl F, Brand K, Lichtinghagen R, Huber R. GSK3-Driven Modulation of Inflammation and Tissue Integrity in the Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8263. [PMID: 39125833 PMCID: PMC11312333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, GSK3 is accepted as an enzyme strongly involved in the regulation of inflammation by balancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of cells and organisms, thus influencing the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammatory processes at multiple levels. Disturbances within its broad functional scope, either intrinsically or extrinsically induced, harbor the risk of profound disruptions to the regular course of the immune response, including the formation of severe inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, this review aims at summarizing and contextualizing the current knowledge derived from animal models to further shape our understanding of GSK3α and β and their roles in the inflammatory process and the occurrence of tissue/organ damage. Following a short recapitulation of structure, function, and regulation of GSK3, we will focus on the lessons learned from GSK3α/β knock-out and knock-in/overexpression models, both conventional and conditional, as well as a variety of (predominantly rodent) disease models reflecting defined pathologic conditions with a significant proportion of inflammation and inflammation-related tissue injury. In summary, the literature suggests that GSK3 acts as a crucial switch driving pro-inflammatory and destructive processes and thus contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.); (K.B.); (R.L.)
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Jang HJ, Park E, Jung HJ, Kwon TH. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 affects vasopressin-mediated AQP2 expression in collecting duct cells of the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F69-F85. [PMID: 37855039 PMCID: PMC11194055 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00144.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), as a posttranslational modification mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyzing the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ molecules to acceptor proteins, involves a number of cellular processes. As mice lacking the PARP-1 gene (Parp1) produce more urine, we investigated the role of PARP-1, the most prevalent member of the PARP family, in the vasopressin-responsive expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2). In biotin-conjugated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (biotin-NAD+) pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays of poly(ADP)-ribose in mpkCCDc14 cells, immunoblots demonstrated that 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) induced the PARylation of total proteins, associated with an increase in the cleavage of PARP-1 and cleaved caspase-3 expression. By inhibiting PARP-1 with siRNA, the abundance of dDAVP-induced AQP2 mRNA and protein was significantly diminished. In contrast, despite a substantial decrease in PARylation, the PARP-1 inhibitor (PJ34) had no effect on the dDAVP-induced regulation of AQP2 expression. The findings suggest that PARP-1 protein expression itself, and not PARP-1-mediated PARylation, is necessary for dDAVP-regulated AQP2 expression. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that 408 proteins interact with PARP-1 in the collecting duct (CD) cells of the kidney. Among them, the signaling pathway of the vasopressin V2 receptor was identified for 49 proteins. In particular, β-catenin, which is phosphorylated at Ser552 by dDAVP, was identified as the PARP-1-interacting protein. A significant decrease of β-catenin phosphorylation (Ser552) in response to dDAVP was associated with siRNA-mediated PARP-1 knockdown. Taken together, PARP-1 is likely to play a role in vasopressin-induced AQP2 expression by interacting with β-catenin in renal CD cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation), which is one of the posttranslational modifications of largely undetermined physiological significance. This study investigated the role of PARP-1, the most prevalent member of the PARP family, in the vasopressin-responsive expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2). The results demonstrated that PARP-1 protein expression itself, and not PARP-1-mediated PARylation, is necessary for dDAVP-regulated AQP2 expression. β-Catenin, which is phosphorylated at Ser552 by dDAVP, was identified as the PARP-1-interacting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ju Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
| | - Euijung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
- Epithelial Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Hyun Jun Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Tae-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
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3
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Dwivedi N, Jamadar A, Mathew S, Fields TA, Rao R. Myofibroblast depletion reduces kidney cyst growth and fibrosis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2023; 103:144-155. [PMID: 36273656 PMCID: PMC9822873 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) involves the development and persistent growth of fluid filled kidney cysts. In a recent study, we showed that ADPKD kidney cyst epithelial cells can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of peri-cystic myofibroblasts. Although dense myofibroblast populations are often found surrounding kidney cysts, their role in cyst enlargement or fibrosis in ADPKD is unclear. To clarify this, we examined the effect of myofibroblast depletion in the Pkd1RC/RC (RC/RC) mouse model of ADPKD. RC/RC;αSMAtk mice that use the ganciclovir-thymidine kinase system to selectively deplete α-smooth muscle actin expressing myofibroblasts were generated. Ganciclovir treatment for four weeks depleted myofibroblasts, reduced kidney fibrosis and preserved kidney function in these mice. Importantly, myofibroblast depletion significantly reduced cyst growth and cyst epithelial cell proliferation in RC/RC;αSMAtk mouse kidneys. Similar ganciclovir treatment did not alter cyst growth or fibrosis in wild-type or RC/RC littermates. In vitro, co-culture with myofibroblasts from the kidneys of patients with ADPKD increased 3D microcyst growth of human ADPKD cyst epithelial cells. Treatment with conditioned culture media from ADPKD kidney myofibroblasts increased microcyst growth and cell proliferation of ADPKD cyst epithelial cells. Further examination of ADPKD myofibroblast conditioned media showed high levels of protease inhibitors including PAI1, TIMP1 and 2, NGAL and TFPI-2, and treatment with recombinant PAI1 and TIMP1 increased ADPKD cyst epithelial cell proliferation in vitro. Thus, our findings show that myofibroblasts directly promote cyst epithelial cell proliferation, cyst growth and fibrosis in ADPKD kidneys, and their targeting could be a novel therapeutic strategy to treat PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Dwivedi
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Abeda Jamadar
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Timothy A Fields
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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Jamadar A, Dwivedi N, Mathew S, Calvet JP, Thomas SM, Rao R. Vasopressin Receptor Type-2 Mediated Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma Stimulates Stromal Fibroblast Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7601. [PMID: 35886951 PMCID: PMC9325308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin type-2 receptor (V2R) is ectopically expressed and plays a pathogenic role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumor cells. Here we examined how V2R signaling within human ccRCC tumor cells (Caki1 cells) stimulates stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We found that cell culture conditioned media from Caki1 cells increased activation, migration, and proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro, which was inhibited by V2R gene silencing in Caki1 cells. Analysis of the conditioned media and mRNA of the V2R gene silenced and control Caki1 cells showed that V2R regulates the production of CAF-activating factors. Some of these factors were also found to be regulated by YAP in these Caki1 cells. YAP expression colocalized and correlated with V2R expression in ccRCC tumor tissue. V2R gene silencing or V2R antagonist significantly reduced YAP in Caki1 cells. Moreover, the V2R antagonist reduced YAP expression and myofibroblasts in mouse xenograft tumors. These results suggest that V2R plays an important role in secreting pro-fibrotic factors that stimulate fibroblast activation by a YAP-dependent mechanism in ccRCC tumors. Our results demonstrate a novel role for the V2R-YAP axis in the regulation of myofibroblasts in ccRCC and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeda Jamadar
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (A.J.); (N.D.); (J.P.C.)
| | - Nidhi Dwivedi
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (A.J.); (N.D.); (J.P.C.)
| | - Sijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA;
| | - James P. Calvet
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (A.J.); (N.D.); (J.P.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sufi M. Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Reena Rao
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (A.J.); (N.D.); (J.P.C.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Medicine, 5040 WHE, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Jamadar A, Suma SM, Mathew S, Fields TA, Wallace DP, Calvet JP, Rao R. The tyrosine-kinase inhibitor Nintedanib ameliorates autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:947. [PMID: 34650051 PMCID: PMC8517027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and is characterized by progressive growth of fluid-filled cysts. Growth factors binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) stimulate cell proliferation and cyst growth in PKD. Nintedanib, a triple RTK inhibitor, targets the vascular endothelial growth-factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth-factor receptor (PDGFR), and fibroblast growth-factor receptor (FGFR), and is an approved drug for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and idiopathic lung fibrosis. To determine if RTK inhibition using nintedanib can slow ADPKD progression, we tested its effect on human ADPKD renal cyst epithelial cells and myofibroblasts in vitro, and on Pkd1f/fPkhd1Cre and Pkd1RC/RC, orthologous mouse models of ADPKD. Nintedanib significantly inhibited cell proliferation and in vitro cyst growth of human ADPKD renal cyst epithelial cells, and cell viability and migration of human ADPKD renal myofibroblasts. Consistently, nintedanib treatment significantly reduced kidney-to-body-weight ratio, renal cystic index, cystic epithelial cell proliferation, and blood-urea nitrogen levels in both the Pkd1f/fPkhd1Cre and Pkd1RC/RC mice. There was a corresponding reduction in ERK, AKT, STAT3, and mTOR activity and expression of proproliferative factors, including Yes-associated protein (YAP), c-Myc, and Cyclin D1. Nintedanib treatment significantly reduced fibrosis in Pkd1RC/RC mice, but did not affect renal fibrosis in Pkd1f/fPkhd1Cre mice. Overall, these results suggest that nintedanib may be repurposed to effectively slow cyst growth in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeda Jamadar
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sreenath M Suma
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Timothy A Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - James P Calvet
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Liu Q, Kong Y, Guo X, Liang B, Xie H, Hu S, Han M, Zhao X, Feng P, Lyu Q, Dong W, Liang X, Wang W, Li C. GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8 prevents reduction of aquaporin-1 expression via activating autophagy under renal ischemia reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21809. [PMID: 34314052 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100549r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a main cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Aquaporin (AQP)-1 water channel in the kidney is critical for the maintenance of water homeostasis and the urinary concentrating ability. Increasing evidence supports an important role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of AKI induced by renal I/R. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether activation of autophagy prevents downregulation of AQP1 protein induced by renal I/R and potential molecular mechanisms. Renal I/R induced consistently reduced protein expression of AQP1, 2, and 3, as well as sodium cotransporters Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter and α-Na,K-ATPase, which was associated with increased urine output and decreased creatinine clearance in rats. Renal I/R also suppressed autophagy and increased inflammatory responses in the kidney. 4-Benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8), the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor, ameliorated renal injury under I/R, activated autophagy and markedly increased expression of AQPs and sodium transporters in the kidney, which was associated with improved urine output and creatinine clearance in rats. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induced suppression of autophagy and downregulation of AQP1 in murine inner medullary collecting duct 3 (IMCD3) cells, which was fully prevented by TDZD-8 treatment. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or Atg5 gene knockdown attenuated recovery of AQP1 protein expression induced by TDZD-8 in IMCD3 cells with H/R. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) decreased the abundance of AQP1 protein in IMCD3 cells. H/R induced increases in protein expression of nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 and IL-1β, which was reversed by TDZD-8. In conclusion, TDZD-8 treatment prevented downregulation of AQP1 expression under renal I/R injury, likely via activating autophagy and decreasing IL-1β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojuan Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglun Kong
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baien Liang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Xie
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Hu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengke Han
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinning Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Lyu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sinha S, Dwivedi N, Woodgett J, Tao S, Howard C, Fields TA, Jamadar A, Rao R. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibits tubular regeneration in acute kidney injury by a FoxM1-dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2020; 34:13597-13608. [PMID: 32813289 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000526rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by injury to the tubular epithelium that leads to the sudden loss of renal function. Proper tubular regeneration is essential to prevent progression to chronic kidney disease. In this study, we examined the role of FoxM1, a forkhead box family member transcription factor in tubular repair after AKI. Renal FoxM1 expression increased after renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI in mouse kidneys. Treatment with thiostrepton, a FoxM1 inhibitor, reduced FoxM1 regulated pro-proliferative factors and cell proliferation in vitro, and tubular regeneration in mouse kidneys after AKI. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) was found to be an upstream regulator of FoxM1 because GSK3 inhibition or renal tubular GSK3β gene deletion significantly increased FoxM1 expression, and improved tubular repair and renal function. GSK3 inactivation increased β-catenin, Cyclin D1, and c-Myc, and reduced cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. Importantly, thiostrepton treatment abolished the improved tubular repair in GSK3β knockout mice following AKI. These results demonstrate that FoxM1 is important for renal tubular regeneration following AKI and that GSK3β suppresses tubular repair by inhibiting FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sinha
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nidhi Dwivedi
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - James Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Christianna Howard
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Timothy A Fields
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Abeda Jamadar
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Dwivedi N, Tao S, Jamadar A, Sinha S, Howard C, Wallace DP, Fields TA, Leask A, Calvet JP, Rao R. Epithelial Vasopressin Type-2 Receptors Regulate Myofibroblasts by a YAP-CCN2-Dependent Mechanism in Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1697-1710. [PMID: 32554753 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is a major cause of loss of renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In this study, we examined whether vasopressin type-2 receptor (V2R) activity in cystic epithelial cells can stimulate interstitial myofibroblasts and fibrosis in ADPKD kidneys. METHODS We treated Pkd1 gene knockout (Pkd1KO) mice with dDAVP, a V2R agonist, for 3 days and evaluated the effect on myofibroblast deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). We also analyzed the effects of conditioned media from primary cultures of human ADPKD cystic epithelial cells on myofibroblast activation. Because secretion of the profibrotic connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) increased significantly in dDAVP-treated Pkd1KO mouse kidneys, we examined its role in V2R-dependent fibrosis in ADPKD as well as that of yes-associated protein (YAP). RESULTS V2R stimulation using dDAVP increased the renal interstitial myofibroblast population and ECM deposition. Similarly, conditioned media from human ADPKD cystic epithelial cells increased myofibroblast activation in vitro, suggesting a paracrine mechanism. Renal collecting duct-specific gene deletion of CCN2 significantly reduced cyst growth and myofibroblasts in Pkd1KO mouse kidneys. We found that YAP regulates CCN2, and YAP inhibition or gene deletion reduces renal fibrosis in Pkd1KO mouse kidneys. Importantly, YAP inactivation blocks the dDAVP-induced increase in myofibroblasts in Pkd1KO kidneys. Further in vitro studies showed that V2R regulates YAP by an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism in human ADPKD cystic epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which cystic epithelial cells stimulate myofibroblasts in the pericystic microenvironment, leading to fibrosis in ADPKD. The V2R-YAP-CCN2 cell signaling pathway may present a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Dwivedi
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Abeda Jamadar
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sonali Sinha
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Christianna Howard
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Darren P Wallace
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Timothy A Fields
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew Leask
- School of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James P Calvet
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Reena Rao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas .,Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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GSK3: A Kinase Balancing Promotion and Resolution of Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040820. [PMID: 32231133 PMCID: PMC7226814 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK3 has been implicated for years in the regulation of inflammation and addressed in a plethora of scientific reports using a variety of experimental (disease) models and approaches. However, the specific role of GSK3 in the inflammatory process is still not fully understood and controversially discussed. Following a detailed overview of structure, function, and various regulatory levels, this review focusses on the immunoregulatory functions of GSK3, including the current knowledge obtained from animal models. Its impact on pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profiles, bacterial/viral infections, and the modulation of associated pro-inflammatory transcriptional and signaling pathways is discussed. Moreover, GSK3 contributes to the resolution of inflammation on multiple levels, e.g., via the regulation of pro-resolving mediators, the clearance of apoptotic immune cells, and tissue repair processes. The influence of GSK3 on the development of different forms of stimulation tolerance is also addressed. Collectively, the role of GSK3 as a kinase balancing the initiation/perpetuation and the amelioration/resolution of inflammation is highlighted.
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Nobakht N, Hanna RM, Al-Baghdadi M, Ameen KM, Arman F, Nobahkt E, Kamgar M, Rastogi A. Advances in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Clinical Review. Kidney Med 2020; 2:196-208. [PMID: 32734239 PMCID: PMC7380379 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a multiorgan disorder resulting in fluid-filled cyst formation in the kidneys and other systems. The replacement of kidney parenchyma with an ever-increasing volume of cysts eventually leads to kidney failure. Recently, increased understanding of the pathophysiology of PKD and genetic advances have led to new approaches of treatment targeting physiologic pathways, which has been proven to slow the progression of certain types of the disease. We review the pathophysiologic patterns and recent advances in the clinical pharmacotherapy of autosomal dominant PKD. A multipronged approach with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments can be successfully used to slow down the rate of progression of autosomal dominant PKD to kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Nobakht
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ramy M. Hanna
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Maha Al-Baghdadi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Regional Campus, Huntsville, AL
| | - Khalid Mohammed Ameen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Farid Arman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ehsan Nobahkt
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Mohammad Kamgar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anjay Rastogi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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11
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Mendoza LD, Hyndman KA. The contribution of collecting duct NOS1 to the concentrating mechanisms in male and female mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F547-F559. [PMID: 31241990 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00180.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The collecting duct (CD) concentrates the urine, thereby maintaining body water volume and plasma osmolality within a normal range. The endocrine hormone arginine vasopressin acts in the CD to increase water permeability via the vasopressin 2 receptor (V2R)-aquaporin (AQP) axis. Recent studies have suggested that autocrine factors may also contribute to the regulation of CD water permeability. Nitric oxide is produced predominantly by nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) in the CD and acts as a diuretic during salt loading. The present study sought to determine whether CD NOS1 regulates diuresis during changes in hydration status. Male and female control and CD NOS1 knockout (CDNOS1KO) mice were hydrated (5% sucrose water), water deprived, or acutely challenged with the V2R agonist desmopressin. In male mice, water deprivation resulted in decreased urine flow and increased plasma osmolality, copeptin concentration, and kidney AQP2 abundance independent of CD NOS1. In female control mice, water deprivation reduced urine flow, increased plasma osmolality and copeptin, but did not significantly change total AQP2; however, there was increased basolateral AQP3 localization. Surprisingly, female CDNOS1KO mice while on the sucrose water presented with symptoms of dehydration. Fibroblast growth factor 21, an endocrine regulator of sweetness preference, was significantly higher in female CDNOS1KO mice, suggesting that this was reducing their drive to drink the sucrose water. With acute desmopressin challenge, female CDNOS1KO mice failed to appropriately concentrate their urine, resulting in higher plasma osmolality than controls. In conclusion, CD NOS1 plays only a minor role in urine-concentrating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano D Mendoza
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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12
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Hardt S, Valek L, Zeng-Brouwers J, Wilken-Schmitz A, Schaefer L, Tegeder I. Progranulin Deficient Mice Develop Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Aging Dis 2018; 9:817-830. [PMID: 30271659 PMCID: PMC6147595 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of progranulin are associated with frontotemporal dementia in humans, and its deficiency in mice is a model for this disease but with normal life expectancy and mild cognitive decline on aging. The present study shows that aging progranulin deficient mice develop progressive polydipsia and polyuria under standard housing conditions starting at middle age (6-9 months). They showed high water licking behavior and doubling of the normal daily drinking volume, associated with increased daily urine output and a decrease of urine osmolality, all maintained during water restriction. Creatinine clearance, urine urea, urine albumin and glucose were normal. Hence, there were no signs of osmotic diuresis or overt renal disease, other than a concentrating defect. In line, the kidney morphology and histology revealed a 50% increase of the kidney weight, kidney enlargement, mild infiltrations of the medulla with pro-inflammatory cells, widening of tubules but no overt signs of a glomerular or tubular pathology. Plasma vasopressin levels were on average about 3-fold higher than normal levels, suggesting that the water loss resulted from unresponsiveness of the collecting tubules towards vasopressin, and indeed aquaporin-2 immunofluorescence in collecting tubules was diminished, whereas renal and hypothalamic vasopressin were increased, the latter in spite of substantial astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. The data suggest that progranulin deficiency causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice during aging. Possibly, polydipsia in affected patients - eventually interpreted as psychogenic polydipsia - may point to a similar concentrating defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hardt
- 1Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucie Valek
- 1Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- 2General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- 2General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- 1Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Tatsumoto N, Arioka M, Yamada S, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Tokumoto M, Tsuruya K, Kitazono T, Sasaguri T. Inhibition of GSK-3β increases trabecular bone volume but not cortical bone volume in adenine-induced uremic mice with severe hyperparathyroidism. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/21/e13010. [PMID: 27803315 PMCID: PMC5112491 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for bone fractures compared with the general population. Repression of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is associated with bone abnormalities. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β, a critical component of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, increases bone volume through accumulation of β‐catenin. It remains unknown whether inhibition of GSK‐3β increases bone volume in CKD. The present in vivo study examined the effects of GSK‐3β inhibition on bone volume in CKD mice. Wild‐type mice were divided into three groups. One group was fed a control diet (CNT) and the other two groups were fed a diet containing 0.2% adenine and given water with or without lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK‐3 inhibitor (CKD, CKD+LiCl, respectively). GSK‐3β heterozygous knockout mice were fed a diet containing 0.2% adenine (CKD‐GSK‐3β+/−). After 6 weeks, trabecular and cortical bone volumes of the femur were analyzed using microcomputed tomography. CKD mice developed azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperparathyroidism, followed by a decrease in cortical bone volume without any change in trabecular bone volume. Serum levels of urea nitrogen, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone were comparable among the three groups of CKD mice. Trabecular bone volume increased in CKD‐GSK‐3β+/− and CKD+LiCl mice compared with CNT and CKD mice. However, there were no significant differences in cortical bone volume among the three groups of CKD mice. The results suggest that inhibition of GSK‐3β increases trabecular bone volume but not cortical bone volume in adenine‐induced uremic mice with uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Tatsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Arioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Global Medical Science Education Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Tokumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Integrated Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sasaguri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Poulsen SB, Kristensen TB, Brooks HL, Kohan DE, Rieg T, Fenton RA. Role of adenylyl cyclase 6 in the development of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91042. [PMID: 28405619 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric patients treated with lithium (Li+) may develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Although the etiology of Li+-induced NDI (Li-NDI) is poorly understood, it occurs partially due to reduced aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression in the kidney collecting ducts. A mechanism postulated for this is that Li+ inhibits adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, leading to decreased cAMP, reduced AQP2 abundance, and less membrane targeting. We hypothesized that Li-NDI would not develop in mice lacking AC6. Whole-body AC6 knockout (AC6-/-) mice and potentially novel connecting tubule/principal cell-specific AC6 knockout (AC6loxloxCre) mice had approximately 50% lower urine osmolality and doubled water intake under baseline conditions compared with controls. Dietary Li+ administration increased water intake and reduced urine osmolality in control, AC6-/-, and AC6loxloxCre mice. Consistent with AC6-/- mice, medullary AQP2 and pS256-AQP2 abundances were lower in AC6loxloxCre mice compared with controls under standard conditions, and levels were further reduced after Li+ administration. AC6loxloxCre and control mice had a similar increase in the numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in response to Li+. However, AC6loxloxCre mice had a higher number of H+-ATPase B1 subunit-positive cells under standard conditions and after Li+ administration. Collectively, AC6 has a minor role in Li-NDI development but may be important for determining the intercalated cell-to-principal cell ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brandt Poulsen
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Timo Rieg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert A Fenton
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Olesen ETB, Fenton RA. Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: still a conundrum. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F744-F747. [PMID: 28179252 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00010.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) to the apical plasma membrane of kidney collecting duct principal cells is regulated mainly by the antidiuretic peptide hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). This process is of crucial importance for the maintenance of body water homeostasis. In this brief review we assess the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and discuss the emerging concept that type 2 AVP receptor (V2R)-mediated AQP2 trafficking is cAMP-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T B Olesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, InterPrET Center, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Jung HJ, Kwon TH. Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1318-F1328. [PMID: 27760771 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00485.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney collecting duct is an important renal tubular segment for regulation of body water homeostasis and urine concentration. Water reabsorption in the collecting duct principal cells is controlled by vasopressin, a peptide hormone that induces the osmotic water transport across the collecting duct epithelia through regulation of water channel proteins aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and aquaporin-3 (AQP3). In particular, vasopressin induces both intracellular translocation of AQP2-bearing vesicles to the apical plasma membrane and transcription of the Aqp2 gene to increase AQP2 protein abundance. The signaling pathways, including AQP2 phosphorylation, RhoA phosphorylation, intracellular calcium mobilization, and actin depolymerization, play a key role in the translocation of AQP2. This review summarizes recent data demonstrating the regulation of AQP2 as the underlying molecular mechanism for the homeostasis of water balance in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Jung
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Tae-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
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17
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Molecular mechanisms in lithium-associated renal disease: a systematic review. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1843-1853. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Kakade VR, Tao S, Rajagopal M, Zhou X, Li X, Yu ASL, Calvet JP, Pandey P, Rao R. A cAMP and CREB-mediated feed-forward mechanism regulates GSK3β in polycystic kidney disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2016; 8:464-476. [PMID: 27190311 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is commonly known to be regulated at the level of its activity. However, in some diseases including polycystic kidney disease (PKD), GSK3β expression is increased and plays a pathophysiological role. The current studies aimed to determine the mechanism for the increased GSK3β expression in PKD and its significance to disease progression. In mouse models of PKD, increases in renal GSK3β corresponded with increases in renal cAMP levels and disease progression. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that GSK3β is a cAMP-responsive gene, and elevated cAMP levels, as seen in PKD, can increase GSK3β expression. In normal mice, vasopressin signaling induced by water deprivation increased GSK3β expression, which decreased following rehydration. Examination of the GSK3β promoter revealed five potential binding sites for the transcription factor, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). CREB was found to bind to GSK3β promoter and essential for cAMP-mediated regulation of GSK3β. Importantly, this regulation was demonstrated to be part of a feed-forward loop in which cAMP through CREB regulates GSK3β expression, and GSK3β in turn positively regulates cAMP generation. GSK3β or CREB inhibition reduced transepithelial fluid secretion and cyst expansion in vitro Thus, disruption at any point of this destructive cycle may be therapeutically useful to reduce cyst expansion and preserve renal function in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar R Kakade
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Madhumitha Rajagopal
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xia Zhou
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - James P Calvet
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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19
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Li YX, Huang Y, Liu S, Mao Y, Yuan CY, Yang X, Yao LJ. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Modulates Hyperosmotic-Induced Urea Transporter A1 Relocation in the Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 133:71-9. [PMID: 27161213 DOI: 10.1159/000446158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) regulates urine concentration by mediating the vasopressin-induced aquaporin 2 expression and water permeability, although it is unknown whether GSK3 also mediates the accumulation of the urea transporter A1 (UT-A1). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of GSK3 on UT-A1 distribution. METHODS Mouse inner medullary collecting duct 3 cells were transfected with UT-A1-GFP construct. The stable transfected cells were cultured under hypertonic conditions, treated with GSK3 inhibitor lithium chloride, GSK3 activator, lysosome or proteasome inhibitor. The expression levels of UT-A1, GSK3, and phospho-GSK3 were analyzed using western blot. The interaction between UT-A1 and the Golgi apparatus was examined using confocal immunofluorescence microscope. The UT-A1 trafficking was examined using the biotinylation of surface membranes. RESULTS UT-A1 dissociated away from the Golgi apparatus and translocated to the plasma membrane under hypertonic-NaCl and NaCl plus urea stimulation. This movement was accompanied by the increased phosphorylation of GSK3 and its localization on the cellular membrane. Moreover, these results were duplicated by treating the cells with the GSK3 inhibitor, and by contrast, were partially reversed by the GSK3 activator. Treating cells with a lysosome or proteasome inhibitor failed to attenuate the effects of hypertonic stimulus, indicating that the loss of UT-A1 from the Golgi was not due to degradation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that GSK3 may in part modulate the hypertonic-induced intracellular UT-A1 redistribution and its accumulation on the plasma membrane, which may constitute another mechanism by which GSK3 modulates urine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Li
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Gong R, Wang P, Dworkin L. What we need to know about the effect of lithium on the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1168-F1171. [PMID: 27122541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been a valuable treatment for bipolar affective disorders for decades. Clinical use of lithium, however, has been problematic due to its narrow therapeutic index and concerns for its toxicity in various organ systems. Renal side effects associated with lithium include polyuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, proteinuria, distal renal tubular acidosis, and reduction in glomerular filtration rate. Histologically, chronic lithium nephrotoxicity is characterized by interstitial nephritis with microcyst formation and occasional focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless, this type of toxicity is uncommon, with the strongest risk factors being high serum levels of lithium and longer time on lithium therapy. In contrast, in experimental models of acute kidney injury and glomerular disease, lithium has antiproteinuric, kidney protective, and reparative effects. This paradox may be partially explained by lower lithium doses and short duration of therapy. While long-term exposure to higher psychiatric doses of lithium may be nephrotoxic, short-term low dose of lithium may be beneficial and ameliorate kidney and podocyte injury. Mechanistically, lithium targets glycogen synthase kinase-3β, a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine protein kinase implicated in the processes of tissue injury, repair, and regeneration in multiple organ systems, including the kidney. Future studies are warranted to discover the exact "kidney-protective dose" of lithium and test the effects of low-dose lithium on acute and chronic kidney disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Pei Wang
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island; and.,Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lance Dworkin
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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21
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Alsady M, Baumgarten R, Deen PMT, de Groot T. Lithium in the Kidney: Friend and Foe? J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1587-95. [PMID: 26577775 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amounts of lithium are essential for our physical and mental health, and administration of lithium has improved the quality of life of millions of patients with bipolar disorder for >60 years. However, in a substantial number of patients with bipolar disorder, long-term lithium therapy comes at the cost of severe renal side effects, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and rarely, ESRD. Although the mechanisms underlying the lithium-induced renal pathologies are becoming clearer, several recent animal studies revealed that short-term administration of lower amounts of lithium prevents different forms of experimental AKI. In this review, we discuss the knowledge of the pathologic and therapeutic effects of lithium in the kidney. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of these seemingly paradoxical effects of lithium, in which fine-tuned regulation of glycogen synthase kinase type 3, a prime target for lithium, seems to be key. The new discoveries regarding the protective effect of lithium against AKI in rodents call for follow-up studies in humans and suggest that long-term therapy with low lithium concentrations could be beneficial in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alsady
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Peter M T Deen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Theun de Groot
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
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22
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Singh SP, Tao S, Fields TA, Webb S, Harris RC, Rao R. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition attenuates fibroblast activation and development of fibrosis following renal ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:931-40. [PMID: 26092126 PMCID: PMC4527294 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays an important role in renal tubular injury and regeneration in acute kidney injury. However, its role in the development of renal fibrosis, often a long-term consequence of acute kidney injury, is unknown. Using a mouse model of renal fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury, we demonstrate increased GSK3β expression and activity in fibrotic kidneys, and its presence in myofibroblasts in addition to tubular epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 using TDZD-8 starting before or after ischemia-reperfusion significantly suppressed renal fibrosis by reducing the myofibroblast population, collagen-1 and fibronectin deposition, inflammatory cytokines, and macrophage infiltration. GSK3 inhibition in vivo reduced TGF-β1, SMAD3 activation and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Consistently in vitro, TGF-β1 treatment increased GSK3β expression and GSK3 inhibition abolished TGF-β1-induced SMAD3 activation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in cultured renal fibroblasts. Importantly, overexpression of constitutively active GSK3β stimulated α-SMA expression even in the absence of TGF-β1 treatment. These results suggest that TGF-β regulates GSK3β, which in turn is important for TGF-β–SMAD3 signaling and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Overall, these studies demonstrate that GSK3 could promote renal fibrosis by activation of TGF-β signaling and the use of GSK3 inhibitors might represent a novel therapeutic approach for progressive renal fibrosis that develops as a consequence of acute kidney injury. Summary: GSK3 promotes renal fibrosis by activation of TGF-β signaling, and the use of GSK3 inhibitors might represent a novel therapeutic approach for progressive renal fibrosis that develops as a consequence of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra P Singh
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Timothy A Fields
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Sydney Webb
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
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